citrus medica

The citron (''Citrus medica'') is a large fragrant

citrus

fruit with a thick rind. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization. Though citron cultivars take on a wide variety of physical forms, they are all closely related genetically. It is used widely in Asian cuisine, and also in traditional medicines, perfume, and for religious rituals and offerings. Hybrids of citrons with other citrus are commercially more prominent, notably

lemon

s and many limes.

Etymology

The fruit's English name "citron" derives ultimately from Latin, ''citrus'', which is also the origin of the genus name.

Other languages

A source of confusion is that ''citron'' in French and English are false friends, as the French word refers to the

lemon

, meanwhile the English word is translated ''cédrat''. Indeed, into the 16th century, the English name ''citron'' included the lemon and perhaps the lime as well. Other languages that use variants of ''citron'' to refer to the lemon include German, Dutch, Czech, Latvian, Lithuanian, Finnish, Hungarian, Esperanto, Polish and the Scandinavian languages.

In Italian it is known as , the same name used also to indicate the coniferous tree cedrus, cedar. Similarly, in Latin, citrus, or thyine wood referred to the wood of a North African cypress, Tetraclinis articulata.
In Indo-Iranian languages, it is called , as against ('bitter orange'). Both names were borrowed into Arabic and introduced into Spain and Portugal after their occupation by Muslims in AD 711, whence the former became the source of the name ''Orange (fruit), orange'' through rebracketing (and the latter of 'toronja', which today describes the grapefruit in Spanish language, Spanish).

Origin and distribution

The citron is an old and original citrus species. There is molecular evidence that most cultivated citrus species arose by Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants, hybridization of a small number of ancestral types, including citron, pomelo, Mandarin orange, mandarin and to a lesser extent, Papeda (citrus), papedas and kumquat. The citron is usually fertilized by self-pollination, which results in their displaying a high degree of genetic zygosity, homozygosity. It is the male parent of any citrus hybrid rather than a female one.

Archaeological evidence for Citrus fruits has been limited, as neither seeds nor pollen are likely to be routinely recovered in archaeology. The citron is thought to have been native to India, in valleys at the foothills of the eastern Himalayas. It is thought that by the 4th century BC, when Theophrastus mentions the "Median apple", the citron was mostly cultivated in the Caspian Sea on its way to the Mediterranean basin, where it was cultivated during the later centuries in different areas as described by Erich Isaac. Many mention the role of Alexander the Great and his armies as they attacked Achaemenid Empire, Iran and what is today Pakistan, as being responsible for the spread of the citron westward, reaching the European countries such as Greece and Italy.

Antiquity

Leviticus mentions the "fruit of the beautiful ('hadar') tree" as being required for ritual use during the Feast of Tabernacles
Lev. 23:40
. According to Rabbinical tradition, the "fruit of the tree hadar" refers to the citron. Sukkah (Talmud), Mishna Sukkah, c. 2nd century CE, deals with halakhic aspects of the citron.

The Egyptologist and archaeologist Victor Loret claimed to have identified it depicted on the walls of the botanical garden at the Karnak Temple, which dates back to the time of Thutmosis III, approximately 3,500 years ago. Citron was also cultivated in Sumer as early as the 3rd millennium BC.

The citron has been cultivated since ancient times, predating the cultivation of other citrus species.

Theophrastus

The following description on citron was given by Theophrastus

In the east and south there are special plants... i.e. in Media and Persia there are many types of fruit, between them there is a fruit called Median or Persian Apple. The tree has a leaf similar to and almost identical with that of the ''andrachn'' (''Arbutus andrachne'' L.), but has Thorns, spines, and prickles, thorns like those of the ''apios'' (the wild pear, ''Pyrus amygdaliformis'' Vill.) or the firethorn (''Cotoneaster pyracantha'' Spach.), except that they are white, smooth, sharp and strong. The fruit is not eaten, but is very fragrant, as is also the leaf of the tree; and the fruit is put among clothes, it keeps them from being moth-eaten. It is also useful when one has drunk deadly poison, for when it is administered in wine; it upsets the stomach and brings up the poison. It is also useful to improve the breath, for if one boils the inner part of the fruit in a dish or squeezes it into the mouth in some other medium, it makes the breath more pleasant.

The seed is removed from the fruit and sown in the Spring (season), spring in carefully tilled beds, and it is watered every fourth or fifth day. As soon the plant is strong it is Transplanting, transplanted, also in the spring, to a soft, well watered site, where the soil is not very fine, for it prefers such places.

And it bears its fruit at all seasons, for when some have gathered, the flower of the others is on the tree and is ripening others. Of the flowers I have said those that have a sort of distaff [meaning the carpel, pistil] projecting from the middle are fertile, while those that do not have this are sterile. It is also sown, like date palms, in pots punctured with holes.

This tree, as has been remarked, grows in ''Media'' and ''Persia''.

Pliny the Elder

Citron was also described by Pliny the Elder, who called it ''nata Assyria malus''. The following is from his book Natural History (Pliny), Natural History:

There is another tree also with the same name of "citrus," and bears a fruit that is held by some persons in particular dislike for its smell and remarkable bitterness; while, on the other hand, there are some who esteem it very highly. This tree is used as an ornament to houses; it requires, however, no further description.

The citron tree, called the Assyrian, and by some the Median apple, is an antidote against poisons. The leaf is similar to that of the Arbutus, arbute, except that it has small prickles running across it. As to the fruit, it is never eaten, but it is remarkable for its extremely powerful smell, which is the case, also, with the leaves; indeed, the odour is so strong, that it will penetrate clothes, when they are once impregnated with it, and hence it is very useful in repelling the attacks of noxious insects.

The tree bears fruit at all seasons of the year; while some is falling off, other fruit is ripening, and other, again, just bursting into birth. Various nations have attempted to naturalize this tree among them, for the sake of its medical properties, by planting it in pots of clay, with holes drilled in them, for the purpose of introducing the air to the roots; and I would here remark, once for all, that it is as well to remember that the best plan is to pack all slips of trees that have to be carried to any distance, as close together as they can possibly be placed.

It has been found, however, that this tree will grow nowhere except in Media or Persia. It is this fruit, the pips of which, as we have already mentioned, the Parthian grandees employ in seasoning their ragouts, as being peculiarly conducive to the sweetening of the breath. We find no other tree very highly commended that is produced in Media.

Citrons, either the pulp of them or the pips, are taken in wine as an antidote to poisons. A decoction of citrons, or the juice extracted from them, is used as a gargle to impart sweetness to the breath. The pips of this fruit are recommended for pregnant women to chew when affected with qualmishness. Citrons are good, also, for a weak stomach, but it is not easy to eat them except with vinegar.

Medieval authors

Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural encyclopedia, ''Book on Agriculture'' contains an article on citron tree cultivation in Spain.

Description and variation

Fruit

The citron fruit is usually Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate, ovate or oblong, narrowing towards the Etrog#Pitom, stylar end. However, the citron's fruit shape is highly variable, due to the large quantity of Mesocarp#Mesocarp, albedo, which forms independently according to the fruits' position on the tree, twig orientation, and many other factors. The rind is leathery, furrowed, and adherent. The inner portion is thick, white and hard; the outer is uniformly thin and very fragrant. The pulp is usually acidic, but also can be sweet, and some varieties are entirely pulpless.

Most citron varieties contain a large number of monoembryonic seeds. The seeds are white with dark innercoats and red-purplish chalazal spots for the acidic varieties, and colorless for the sweet ones. Some citron varieties have persistent carpel, styles which do not fall off after fecundation. Those are usually preferred for ritual ''etrog'' use in Judaism.

Some citrons have medium-sized oil bubbles at the outer surface, medially distant to each other. Some varieties are ribbed and faintly warted on the outer surface. A fingered citron variety is commonly called Buddha's hand.

The color varies from green, when unripe, to a yellow-orange when overripe. The citron does not fall off the tree and can reach 8–10 pounds (4–5 kg) if not picked before fully mature.The Search for the Authentic Citron: Historic and Genetic Analysis; ''HortScience'' 40(7):1963–1968. 2005
However, they should be picked before the winter, as the branches might bend or break to the ground, and may cause numerous fungal diseases for the tree.

Despite the wide variety of forms taken on by the fruit, citrons are all closely related genetically, representing a single species. Genetic analysis divides the known cultivars into three clusters: a Mediterranean cluster thought to have originated in India, and two clusters predominantly found in China, one representing the fingered citrons, and another consisting of non-fingered varieties.

Plant

''Citrus medica'' is a slow-growing shrub or small tree that reaches a height of about . It has irregular straggling branches and stiff twigs and long spine (botany), spines at the leaf axils. The evergreen leaves are green and lemon-scented with slightly serrate edges, ovate-lanceolate or ovate elliptic 2.5 to 7.0 inches long. Petiole (botany), Petioles are usually wingless or with minor wings. The clustered flowers of the acidic varieties are purplish tinted from outside, but the sweet ones are white-yellowish.

The citron tree is very vigorous with almost no dormancy, blooming several times a year, and is therefore fragile and extremely sensitive to frost.

Varieties and hybrids

The acidic varieties include the Florentine citron, Florentine and Diamante citron from Italy, the Greek citron and the Balady citron from Israel. The sweet varieties include the Corsican citron, Corsican and Moroccan citrons. The pulpless varieties also include some Fingered citron, fingered varieties and the Yemenite citron.

There are also a number of citron hybrid (biology), hybrids; for example, ponderosa lemon, the lumia (citrus), lumia and rhobs el Arsa are known citron hybrids. Some claim that even the Florentine citron is not pure citron, but a citron hybrid.

Uses

Culinary

While the

lemon

and Orange (fruit), orange are primarily peeled to consume their pulpy and juice, juicy flavedo, segments, the citron's pulp is dry, containing a small quantity of juice, if any. The main content of a citron fruit is its thick white rind, which adheres to the segments and cannot easily be separated from them. The citron gets halved and depulped, then its rind (the thicker the better) is cut into pieces. Those are cooked in sugar syrup and used as a spoon sweet known in Greek as "kitro glyko" (κίτρο γλυκό), or diced and candied with sugar and used as a confection in cakes. In Italy, a soft drink called "Cedrata" is made from the fruit.

In Samoa a refreshing drink called "vai tipolo" is made from squeezed juice. It is also added to a raw fish dish called "oka" and to a variation of palusami or luáu.

Citron is a regularly used item in Asian cuisine. In Korea, a popular tea, yuja-cha, is made by mixing citron meat and julienned peels with sugar and honey. This tea is consumed both hot and iced, and is often taken for sore throats and colds in winter.

Today the citron is also used for the fragrance or Zest (ingredient), zest of its flavedo, but the most important part is still the inner rind (known as pith or ''Fruit anatomy#Mesocarp, albedo''), which is a fairly important article in international trade and is widely employed in the food industry as succade, as it is known when it is candied in sugar.

The dozens of varieties of citron are collectively known as ''Lebu'' in Bengali cuisine, Bangladesh, West Bengal, where it is the primary citrus fruit.

In Iran, the citron's thick white rind is used to make jam; in Pakistan the fruit is used to make jam but is also pickled; in South Indian cuisine, some varieties of citron (collectively referred to as "Narthangai" in Tamil language, Tamil and "Heralikayi" in Kannada) are widely used in pickles and preserves. In Karnataka, heralikayi (citron) is uses to make lemon rice. In Kutch, Gujarat, it is used to make pickle, wherein entire slices of fruits are salted, dried and mixed with jaggery and spices to make sweet spicy pickle. In the United States, citron is an important ingredient in holiday fruitcakes.

File:Halv sukat.JPG, A citron halved and depulped, cooked in sugar
File:Bicchiere di tassoni1.jpg, ''Cedrata'', a citron soft drink from Italy
File:Citron cake.jpg, Citron torte

Medicinal

From ancient through medieval times, the citron was used mainly for medical purposes: to combat seasickness, pulmonary troubles, intestine, intestinal ailments, scurvy and other disorders. The essential oil of the flavedo (the outermost, pigmented layer of rind) was also regarded as an antibiotic. Citron juice with wine was considered an effective antidote to poison, as Theophrastus reported. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the juice is still used for treating conditions like nausea, vomiting, and excessive thirst.

The juice of the citron has a high Vitamin C content and is used in the Indian system of medicine as an anthelmintic, appetizer, tonic, in cough, rheumatism, vomiting, flatulence, haemorrhoids, skin diseases and weak eyesight.

There is also an increasing market for the soluble fiber (pectin) which can be extracted from the thick flavedo, albedo of the citron.

Religious

In Judaism

The citron is used by Jews (the word for it in Hebrew is ''etrog'') for a religious ritual during the Jewish harvest holiday of Sukkot, the Feast of Tabernacles; therefore, it is considered to be a Jewish symbol, one found on various Hebrew antiques and archaeological findings.

In Buddhism

A variety of citron native to China has sections that separate into finger-like parts and is used as an offering (Buddhism), offering in Buddhist temples.

In Hinduism

In Nepal, citron(Devanagari : बिमिरो, ''bimiro'' in Nepali language) is worshipped during the Bhai Tika ceremony in Tihar (festival), Tihar festival.

Perfumery

For many centuries, citron's fragrant essential oil has been used in perfumery, the same oil that was used medicinally for its antibiotic properties. Its major constituent is limonene.

See also

* Etrog#Biblical references, Archaeological finds of citrons in Israel
* Etrog#Gallery, Gallery of Etrog citrons
* Buddha's hand#Gallery, Gallery of Fingered citrons

Gallery

File:Cedri BMK.jpg, In a German market, for culinary use
File:4642 - Cedri al mercato di Ortigia, Siracusa - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 20 marzo 2014.jpg, In fruit market of Italy
File:Citrons leaves.jpg, Naxos citrons and leaf
File:Lipari-Citrons (3).jpg, Citron or citrus hybrid, hybrid in Sicily
File:മാതളനാരകം.JPG, A wild citron in India
File:Cidra flor.JPG, Citron flowers
File:Citrus 3859.JPG, Unknown citron type in pot
File:Cédrat.jpg, A Corsican citron
File:Bijora.jpg, Bijora - Citron fruit for sale at Bhujpur, Kutch district, Kutch, Gujarat, India

Citations

General sources

* H. Harold Hume,
Citrus Fruits and Their Culture
'
* Richard S. Barnett
''All Kinds of Scented Wood
'
* Frederick J. Simoons,
Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry
'
* Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Eliezer E. Goldschmidt,
Biology of Citrus
'
* Hugh Chisholm, ed.,
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature ...
'

Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo

Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information
* G. S. Nijjar
"Fruit Breeding in India"

Proceedings, Google Book Search
*
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Culture
'

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D By Geoffrey William Bromiley
* Allen Susser,
The Great Citrus Book: A Guide With Recipes
'

Citrus: The Genus Citrus By Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo - "Peel confection and candying"

Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
* Alphonse de Candolle,
Origin of Cultivated Plants
'
* Evyatar Marienberg and David Carpenter,
The Stealing of the 'Apple of Eve' from the 13th century Synagogue of Winchester
', Henri III Fine Rolls Project, Fine of the Month

External links

USDA Plants Profile – ''Citrus medica''



Purdue University

University of California- "Citrus Diversity"


* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217173424/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Citrus/index.html UCLA: "Give Me A Squeeze"]

Wildflowers of Israel – Citron

Buddha's Hand citron
by David Karp (pomologist)

{{Taxonbar, from=Q150064

Citron,
Citrus
Essential oils
False friends
Four species (Sukkot)
Fruit trees
Fruits originating in Asia
Garden plants of Asia
Medicinal plants of Asia
Ornamental trees
Perfumes
Sukkot