Chrysolina bicolor (Fabricius, 1775) (2991758086)

Chrysolina numida Reiche, 1864 (3502036144)

''Chrysolina'' is a large

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

leaf beetle The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle ...

s in the subfamily

Chrysomelinae The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world. The best-known member is the notorious Colorado pot ...

. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and

introduced species An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there ...

in Australia. The species ''

Chrysolina cerealis ''Chrysolina cerealis'', the rainbow leaf beetle or Snowdon beetle, is a beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. Subspecies Subspecies within this genus include: * ''Chrysolina cerealis cerealis'' (Linnaeus, 1767) (Central and Western Eur ...

'' and '' C. graminis'' are protected in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

. All species of ''Chrysolina'' are

phytophagous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpar ...

, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for

biological control Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also invo ...

weed A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place", or a plant growing where it is not wanted.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. ...

s. To control ''

Hypericum perforatum ''Hypericum perforatum'', known as St. John's wort, is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae and the type species of the genus ''Hypericum''. Possibly a hybrid between '' H. maculatum'' and '' H. attenuatum'', the species can be found a ...

'' (St John's wort), ''C. hyperici'' was successfully naturalized in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

in the 1930sWilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. ''Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual''. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162. and several species, especially ''C. quadrigemina'', were introduced to

California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

in the late 1940s.Richard E. White. ''A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. . P. 296.

Systematic classification of European species

*Order

Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

*:Suborder

Polyphaga Polyphaga is the largest and most diverse suborder of beetles. It comprises 144 families in 16 superfamilies, and displays an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 350,000 described species, or approximately 90% of the b ...

*::Superfamily

Chrysomeloidea The Chrysomeloidea are an enormous superfamily of beetles, with tens of thousands of species. The largest families are Cerambycidae, long-horned beetles, with more than 35,000 species, and Chrysomelidae, leaf beetles, with more than 13,000 specie ...

Latreille, 1802 *:::Family

Chrysomelidae The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle ...

Latreille, 1802 *::::Subfamily

Latreille, 1802 *:::::Genus ''Chrysolina''

Motschulsky Victor Ivanovich Motschulsky (sometimes Victor von Motschulsky, russian: link=no, Виктор Иванович Мочульский, 11 April 1810, in St. Petersburg – 5 June 1871, in Simferopol) was a Russian entomologist mainly interested in ...

, 1860 *::::::Subgenus ''

Allochrysolina ''Allochrysolina'' is a subgenus of the genus '' Chrysolina'' of the subfamily Chrysomelinae within the family of leaf beetles. Species of this subgenus are found in Europe and North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompa ...

'' *:::::::''

Chrysolina fuliginosa ''Chrysolina fuliginosa'' is a species of beetle from a family of Chrysomelidae, that can be found in France, Northern Italy, Northern Spain, and West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Ge ...

'' (

Olivier Olivier is the French form of the given name Oliver. It may refer to: * Olivier (given name), a list of people and fictional characters * Olivier (surname), a list of people * Château Olivier, a Bordeaux winery *Olivier, Louisiana, a rural popul ...

, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina lepida'' (

1807) *::::::Subgenus ''Anopachys'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina aurichalcea'' (

Mannerheim Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (, ; 4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman. He served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918, as Regent of Finland (1918–1919), as comma ...

, 1825) *:::::::'' Chrysolina eurina'' ( Frivaldszky, 1883) *:::::::'' Chrysolina relucens'' (Rosenhauer, 1847) *:::::::'' Chrysolina schatzmayri'' (Muller, 1916) *::::::Subgenus ''Arctolina'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina septentrionalis'' (Menetries, 1851) *::::::Subgenus ''Bechynia'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina milleri'' (Weise, 1884) *:::::::'' Chrysolina philotesia'' Daccordi & Ruffo, 1980 *:::::::'' Chrysolina platypoda'' ( Bechyné, 1950) *:::::::'' Chrysolina substrangulata'' Bourdonne, 1986 *::::::Subgenus ''Bittotaenia'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina salviae'' ( Germar, 1824) *::::::Subgenus ''Cecchiniola'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina platyscelidina'' (Jacobson, 1898) *::::::Subgenus ''Centoptera'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina bicolor'' ( Fabricius, 1775) *::::::Subgenus ''Chalcoidea'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina analis'' (

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, 1767) *:::::::'' Chrysolina carnifex'' melanaria (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina carnifex'' ( Fabricius, 1792) *:::::::'' Chrysolina cinctipennis'' (Harold, 1874) *:::::::'' Chrysolina curvilinea'' (Weise, 1884) *:::::::'' Chrysolina hyrcana'' (Weise, 1884) *:::::::'' Chrysolina interstincta'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina marginata'' (

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

) *:::::::'' Chrysolina taygetana'' Bechyné, 1952 *::::::Subgenus ''Chrysolina'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina bankii'' ( Fabricius, 1775) *:::::::'' Chrysolina costalis'' (

, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina fortunata'' ( Wollaston, 1864) *:::::::'' Chrysolina obsoleta'' (Brulle, 1838) *:::::::'' Chrysolina rufa'' (Duftschmid, 1825) *:::::::'' Chrysolina staphylaea'' (

) *:::::::'' Chrysolina wollastoni'' Bechyné, 1957 *::::::Subgenus ''Chrysomorpha'' *:::::::''

'' (

, 1767) *::::::Subgenus ''Colaphodes'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina haemoptera'' (

) *::::::Subgenus ''Colaphoptera'' *:::::::''

Chrysolina globosa ''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...

'' (

Panzer This article deals with the tanks (german: panzer) serving in the German Army (''Deutsches Heer'') throughout history, such as the World War I tanks of the Imperial German Army, the interwar and World War II tanks of the Nazi German Wehrmacht, ...

, 1805) *:::::::'' Chrysolina pliginskii'' (Reitter, 1913) *:::::::'' Chrysolina purpurascens'' ( Germar, 1822) *::::::Subgenus ''Colaphosoma'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina sturmi'' (Westhoff, 1882) *::::::Subgenus ''Craspeda'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina jenisseiensis'' (Breit, 1920) *:::::::''

Chrysolina limbata ''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...

'' ( Fabricius, 1775) *::::::Subgenus ''Cyrtochrysolina'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina marcasitica'' ( Germar, 1824) *::::::Subgenus ''Erythrochrysa'' *:::::::''

Chrysolina polita ''Chrysolina polita '' is a species of leaf beetle native to Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe ...

'' (

) *::::::Subgenus ''Euchrysolina'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina graminis'' (

) *:::::::''

Chrysolina virgata ''Chrysolina virgata'' is a species of leaf beetle in the genus Chrysolina. Taxonomy The genus ''Chrysolina'' currently contains 39 subgenus, subgenera. ''C. virgata'' is located in the subgenus ''Euchrysolina'' which additionally contains only ...

'' (

, 1860) *::::::Subgenus ''Fastuolina'' *:::::::''

Chrysolina fastuosa ''Chrysolina fastuosa'', also known as the dead-nettle leaf beetle, is a species of beetle from a family of leaf beetle, Chrysomelidae found in Europe, Caucasus and northern Turkey. Description The species has a length ranging from . ''C. fastuo ...

'' (

Scopoli Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational European" and the "Linnaeus of the Au ...

, 1763) *::::::Subgenus ''Heliostola'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina carpathica'' (Fuss, 1856) *:::::::'' Chrysolina lichenis'' (Richter, 1820) *:::::::'' Chrysolina schneideri'' (Weise, 1882) *::::::Subgenus ''Hypericia'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina brunsvicensis'' (Gravenhorst, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina corcyria'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina cuprina'' (Duftschmid, 1825) *:::::::'' Chrysolina didymata'' (Scriba, 1791) *:::::::'' Chrysolina geminata'' (Paykull, 1799) *:::::::''

Chrysolina hyperici ''Chrysolina hyperici'', the Saint John's Wort Beetle is a species of beetles of the family Chrysomelidae. Life cycle The species lays up to 2.000 eggs on the host plant during the fall. Larvae emerge in the spring. They spend the winter as ad ...

'' (Forster, 1771) *:::::::''

Chrysolina quadrigemina ''Chrysolina quadrigemina'' is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae. The species was described by Suffrian in 1851. It is native to Europe and North Africa. It feeds on ''Hypericum perforatum'' and other members of the genus. This plant is an i ...

'' (Suffrian, 1851) *::::::Subgenus ''Maenadochrysa'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina affinis'' ( Fabricius, 1787) *:::::::'' Chrysolina aveyronenesis'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina baetica'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina femoralis'' (

, 1790) *::::::Subgenus ''Melasomoptera'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina grossa'' ( Fabricius, 1792) *:::::::'' Chrysolina lucida'' (

, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina lutea'' (Petagna, 1819) *::::::Subgenus ''Mimophaedon'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina pourtoyi'' Bourdonne, 1996 *::::::Subgenus ''Ovosoma'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina atrovirens'' ( Frivaldszky, 1876) *:::::::'' Chrysolina cretica'' (

, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina halysa'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina orientalis'' (

, 1807) *:::::::'' Chrysolina rhodia'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina sahlbergi'' (Menetries, 1832) *:::::::'' Chrysolina susterai'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina turca'' (Fairmaire, 1865) *:::::::'' Chrysolina vernalis'' (Brulle, 1832) *::::::Subgenus ''Ovostoma'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina globipennis'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina olivieri'' (Bedel, 1892) *::::::Subgenus ''Palaeosticta'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina diluta'' ( Germar, 1824) *::::::Subgenus ''Rhyssoloma'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina fragariae'' ( Wollaston, 1854) *::::::Subgenus ''Sphaerochrysolina'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina umbratilis'' (Weise, 1887) *::::::Subgenus ''Sphaeromela'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina varians'' (Schaller, 1783) *::::::Subgenus ''Stichoptera'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina colasi'' (Cobos, 1952) *:::::::'' Chrysolina grancanariensis'' (Lindberg, 1953) *:::::::'' Chrysolina gypsophilae'' (Kuster, 1845) *:::::::'' Chrysolina latecincta'' (Demaison, 1896) *:::::::'' Chrysolina kuesteri'' (Helliesen, 1912) *:::::::'' Chrysolina lucidicollis'' (Kuster, 1845) *:::::::'' Chrysolina mactata'' (Fairmaire, 1859) *:::::::'' Chrysolina rossia'' (Illiger, 1802) *:::::::'' Chrysolina sanguinolenta'' (

) *:::::::'' Chrysolina stachydis'' (Gene, 1839) *:::::::'' Chrysolina variolosa'' (Petagna, 1819) *::::::Subgenus ''Sulcicollis'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina chalcites'' ( Germar, 1824) *:::::::'' Chrysolina oricalcia'' (Muller O. F., 1776) *:::::::'' Chrysolina peregrina'' (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839) *:::::::'' Chrysolina rufoaenea'' (Suffrian, 1851) *::::::Subgenus ''Synerga'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791) *:::::::''

Chrysolina herbacea ''Chrysolina herbacea'', also known as the mint leaf beetle, or green mint beetle (in the UK), is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Description The species is green, with black legs and antennae. Females can range in colour from ...

'' (Duftschmid, 1825) *:::::::'' Chrysolina suffriani'' (Fairmaire, 1859) *:::::::'' Chrysolina viridana'' (Kuster, 1844) *::::::Subgenus ''Taeniochrysea'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina americana'' (

) *::::::Subgenus ''Taeniosticha'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina reitteri'' (Weise, 1884) *::::::Subgenus ''Threnosoma'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina cribrosa'' (Ahrens, 1812) *:::::::'' Chrysolina fimbrialis'' (Kuster, 1845) *:::::::'' Chrysolina helopioides'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina inflata'' (Weise, 1916) *:::::::'' Chrysolina joliveti'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina obenbergeri'' Bechyné, 1950 *:::::::'' Chrysolina obscurella'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::'' Chrysolina osellai'' (Daccordi & Ruffo, 1979) *:::::::'' Chrysolina tagana'' (Suffrian, 1851) *:::::::''

Chrysolina timarchoides ''Chrysolina'' is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduce ...

'' (Brisout, 1882) *:::::::'' Chrysolina weisei'' ( Frivaldszky, 1883) *::::::Subgenus ''Timarchida'' *:::::::'' Chrysolina deubeli'' (Ganglbauer, 1897)

References

Fauna europaea

Biolib

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1318293 Chrysomelinae Chrysomelidae genera Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky

Systematic classification of European species

See also

References

External links