Cyclone Ulli

Cyclone Ulli (also named Cyclone Emil by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute) was an intense European windstorm. Forming on December 31, 2011 off the coast of New Jersey, Ulli began a rapid strengthening phase on January 2 as it sped across the Atlantic. Ulli was the costliest disaster in January 2012 globally. The damage from the storm in Glasgow was also compared to a storm in 1968.

Ulli was one of many storms to affect Europe during the winter of 2011–2012. The storm clustering began in late-November when Xaver and Yoda hit the United Kingdom and Norway. In early to mid-December, Friedhelm, Hergen and Joachim hit northern Europe. Another storm, Patrick hit Scandinavia on Christmas Day. Ulli was followed by Andrea which formed the next day and struck northern Europe on 5 January.

Meteorological history

The system was first noted over the United States Midwest as a surface trough. The storm moved offshore on December 31, 2011, when it was named Ulli by the Free University of Berlin. The low deepened slightly to by January 1, 2012 while south of Nova Scotia. By January 2, the storm system was located just east of Newfoundland. From 1800 UTC January 2 to 0000 UTC January 3, the barometric pressure of Ulli plummeted from to . By midnight on January 3, Ulli was situated to the northwest of Scotland. The storm then made landfall on Scotland during the early morning the same day with a central pressure of . Hours later, the storm was named ''Emil'' by the Norwegian Weather Service. By January 4, the storm was centered over southern Norway and it slowly moved across to Finland the next day. Ulli began to rapidly weaken as it stalled on January 6, and was absorbed by Windstorm Andrea on January 7. The storm has been proposed as displaying a Sting jet.

Preparation

In the late hours of January 1, Met Éireann issued a national severe weather warning for Connacht and Ulster and forecasters predicting winds speeds up to 87 mph with heavy driving rain. On January 2, the Met Office issued an amber weather warning for most of Scotland for heavy snow and strong winds. Forecasters predicted wind speeds up to 80 mph, and heavy rain, leading to localized flooding. During the late hours of January 2, the European Storm Forecast Experiment (ESTOFEX) issued a Level Two warning for southeast England, the Netherlands, north Belgium, north Germany and Denmark.

Naming

All low pressure areas that affect Europe are named by the Free University of Berlin. On some occasions, storms that affect Norway are named by the Norwegian Weather Service. The Free University of Berlin have six lists of names which they use each year. Every odd year they use male names, while every even year they use female names.

Impact

United Kingdom and Ireland

Prior to the passage of Ulli, many parts of the UK saw heavy squally downpours on January 2. On January 3, the Kingston, Erskine, Tay and Forth bridges were closed due to high winds. Major travel disruption which resulted in many bus, rail and ferry services being withdrawn. Winds gusted to in Edinburgh and in Malin Head. Wind gusts were higher in Great Dun Fell in the North Pennines, where winds gusted to . The storm hit Scotland during a public holiday which helped reduced the number of people travelling about. A man was killed in Kent after an oak tree fell on his car, while another man was killed after being injured on board a tanker in the English Channel. A man was later reported missing in Scotland.

Ten-thousand people were left without power in Northern Ireland due to the storm. While in Scotland approximately 140,000 homes were left without power, by 5 January the number had dropped to around 10,000. During the course of the storm over 488 weather-related incidents were reported in Strathclyde area, with 170 being reported in the Lothians, and Fife having more than a 100 reports.

A tornado, which uprooted trees and damaged roofs, touched down in Hainault, London later in the day. Another tornado was reported about 30 minutes later in Clacton-on-Sea. Epsom Downs Racecourse was evacuated after sustaining partial damage to the roof of the grandstand. Over 90 severe wind gust reports were submitted to the European Severe Weather Database. Torrential downpours affected parts of southern England and into France. The Met Office were also criticized because of the late upgrade from amber to red warnings in the Central Belt. The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency