Cuban Americans ( es, cubanoestadounidenses or ''cubanoamericanos'') are
Americans
Americans are the Citizenship of the United States, citizens and United States nationality law, nationals of the United States, United States of America.; ; Although direct citizens and nationals make up the majority of Americans, many Multi ...
who trace their cultural heritage to
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
regardless of phenotype or ethnic origin. The word may refer to someone born in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
of
Cuban
Cuban may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Cuba, a country in the Caribbean
* Cubans, people from Cuba, or of Cuban descent
** Cuban exile, a person who left Cuba for political reasons, or a descendant thereof
* Cuban citizen, a perso ...
descent or to someone who has emigrated to the United States from Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest
Hispanic American
Hispanic and Latino Americans ( es, Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; pt, Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of Spanish and/or Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include all Americans who identify as ...
group in the United States.
Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations.
[Cuban Ancestry Maps](_blank)
, epodunk.com, accessed March 31, 2011. Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
(1.53 million in 2017) has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the United States,
standing out in part because of its proximity to Cuba, followed by
California
California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...
(110,702),
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
(99,987),
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
(86,183) and
New York (78,478).
South Florida is followed by
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
;
Tampa, Florida
Tampa () is a city on the Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The city's borders include the north shore of Tampa Bay and the east shore of Old Tampa Bay. Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay area and ...
;
Union County and
North Hudson, New Jersey
North Hudson is the area in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, Hudson County, New Jersey, situated on the Hudson Waterfront, west bank of the Hudson River, mostly atop the Hudson Palisades. It comprises Weehawken, New Jersey, Weehawke ...
areas, particularly
Union City,
Elizabeth
Elizabeth or Elisabeth may refer to:
People
* Elizabeth (given name), a female given name (including people with that name)
* Elizabeth (biblical figure), mother of John the Baptist
Ships
* HMS ''Elizabeth'', several ships
* ''Elisabeth'' (sch ...
,
West New York
West New York is a town in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, situated upon the New Jersey Palisades. As of the 2020 United States census, the town's population was 52,912. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates ...
,
Houston, Texas
Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 in ...
, and
Chicago, Illinois
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
.
With a population of 141,250, the New York metropolitan area's Cuban community is the largest outside Florida. Nearly 70% of all Cuban Americans live in Florida.
Immigration
Early migrations
Before the
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase (french: Vente de la Louisiane, translation=Sale of Louisiana) was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or app ...
and the
Adams–Onís Treaty
The Adams–Onís Treaty () of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty,Weeks, p.168. was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined t ...
of 1819,
Spanish Florida
Spanish Florida ( es, La Florida) was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. ''La Florida'' formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, ...
and other
possessions of Spain on the
Gulf Coast
The Gulf Coast of the United States, also known as the Gulf South, is the coastline along the Southern United States where they meet the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississ ...
west of the
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it f ...
were provinces of the
Captaincy General of Cuba. Consequently, Cuban immigration to regions that would eventually form the United States have a long history, beginning in the
Spanish colonial period in 1565 when the settlement of
St. Augustine was established by
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and hundreds of Spanish soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish new lives.
Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to
Louisiana
Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is borde ...
between 1778 and 1802 and
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
during the period of
Spanish rule. Since 1820, the Cuban presence was more than 1,000 people. In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of which about 4,500 resided in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, about 3,000 in
and 2,000 in
Key West
Key West ( es, Cayo Hueso) is an island in the Straits of Florida, within the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Island, it cons ...
. The causes of these movements were both economic and political, which intensified after 1860, when political factors played the predominant role in emigration, as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spanish metropolis.
1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, again centered on Key West. The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco. The reasons are many: the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff, the most direct access to its main market, the United States, the uncertainty about the future of the island, which had suffered years of economic, political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years' War against Spanish rule. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy.
The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force, became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900.
Tampa was added to such efforts, with a strong migration of Cubans, which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890. However, the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population, as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence. The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant: more than 12,000 people.
[ Cuba vs Bloqueo (In Spanish). Posted by Dr. Antonio Aja Díaz – CEMI (Centro de Estudios de la Migración Internacional- Center for the Study of International Migration), July 2000.]
Key West and Tampa, Florida
In the mid- to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to
Key West
Key West ( es, Cayo Hueso) is an island in the Straits of Florida, within the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Island, it cons ...
to get away from growing laboral and political problems. Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as "
La Bayamesa
"" (, ) is the national anthem of Cuba. It was first performed in 1868, during the . Perucho Figueredo, who took part in the battle, wrote and composed the song. The melody, also called "" (), was composed by Figueredo in 1867.
Overview
On Oct ...
", the Cuban national anthem.
In 1885,
Vicente Martinez Ybor
Vicente Martinez Ybor (7 September 1818 – 14 December 1896), was a Spanish entrepreneur who first became a noted industrialist and cigar manufacturer in Cuba, then Key West, and finally Tampa, Florida.
Martinez Ybor is best known for his fou ...
moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of
Tampa, Florida
Tampa () is a city on the Gulf Coast of the United States, Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The city's borders include the north shore of Tampa Bay and the east shore of Old Tampa Bay. Tampa is the largest city in the Tampa Bay area and ...
to escape labor strife.
Ybor City
Ybor City ( ) is a historic neighborhood just northeast of downtown Tampa, downtown Tampa, Florida, United States. It was founded in the 1880s by Vicente Martinez-Ybor and other cigar manufacturers and populated by thousands of immigrants, mainly ...
was designed as a modified
company town
A company town is a place where practically all stores and housing are owned by the one company that is also the main employer. Company towns are often planned with a suite of amenities such as stores, houses of worship, schools, markets and re ...
, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba.
West Tampa
West Tampa is one of the oldest neighborhoods within the city limits of Tampa, Florida, United States. It was an independently incorporated city from 1895 until 1925, when it was annexed by Tampa.
West Tampa is located west of the Hillsborough ...
, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly. Between these communities, the
Tampa Bay area
The Tampa Bay area is a major populated area surrounding Tampa Bay on the west coast of Florida in the United States. It includes the main cities of Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater. It is the 18th largest metropolitan area in the United St ...
's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.
Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence. Inspired by revolutionaries such as
Jose Martí
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Galile ...
, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of ''Cuba Libre''. After the
Spanish–American War
, partof = the Philippine Revolution, the decolonization of the Americas, and the Cuban War of Independence
, image = Collage infobox for Spanish-American War.jpg
, image_size = 300px
, caption = (clock ...
, some Cubans returned to their native land, but many chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island.
Other early waves (1900–1959)
Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900–1959). Most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts), but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties. During the '20s and '30s, emigration from Cuba to U.S. territory, basically comprised workers looking for jobs, mainly in New York and New Jersey. They were classified as labor migrants and workers, much like other immigrants in the area at that time. Thus migrated more than 40,149 in the first decade, encouraged by U.S. immigration facilities at the time and more than 43,400 by the end of the 30s.
Subsequently, the flow of Cubans to the United States fluctuated, due to both the domestic situation in the 40s and 50s in Cuba, and U.S. immigration policies, plus intermittent anti-immigrant sentiment. Cuban Migration in those years included, in addition to workers, a small mass of the population who could afford to leave the country and live abroad. The U.S. was considered a favored destination by the Cuban bourgeoisie and the middle classes of society, to send their children to school, take vacations and bring some of their capital to establish small and medium-sized businesses.
The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959.
Post-1959 revolution (1959–present)
After the
Cuban revolution
The Cuban Revolution ( es, Revolución Cubana) was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in cou ...
led by
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (; ; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 200 ...
in 1959, a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. The first Cubans to come to America after the revolution were those affiliated with former dictator
Fulgencio Batista
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar, January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban military officer and politician who served as the elected president of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and as its U.S.-backed military dictator ...
, next were Cuba's professionals. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States initially came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes centered in Cuba's capital Havana. This middle class arose in the period after the Platt Amendment when Cuba became one of the most successful countries in Latin America. Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14,000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U.S. Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible.
This program was called Operation Peter Pan (
Operacion Pedro Pan). When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes, orphanages or boarding schools until their parents could leave Cuba. From 1965 to 1973, there was another wave of immigration known as the Freedom Flights. In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
passed the
Cuban Adjustment Act
The Cuban Adjustment Act (in Spanish, Ley de Ajuste Cubano), Public Law 89-732, is a United States federal law enacted on November 2, 1966. Passed by the 89th United States Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson, the law applies ...
in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.3 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for
public assistance
Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifical ...
,
Medicare, free English courses,
scholarship
A scholarship is a form of financial aid awarded to students for further education. Generally, scholarships are awarded based on a set of criteria such as academic merit, diversity and inclusion, athletic skill, and financial need.
Scholarsh ...
s and low-interest college
loan
In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, or other entities to other individuals, organizations, etc. The recipient (i.e., the borrower) incurs a debt and is usually liable to pay interest on that d ...
s.
Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living,
Miami, Florida
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a East Coast of the United States, coastal metropolis and the County seat, county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade C ...
and
Union City, New Jersey
Union City is a city in the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census the city had a total population of 68,589,[Havana on the Hudson
Havana on the Hudson is a nickname for the northern part of Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The name is derived from the Cuban capital Havana and from northern Hudson County's geographic proximity to the Hudson River.
During the latter ...]
)''
[Gettleman, Jeffrey (February 5, 2006)]
"On Politics; A Cuban Revolution, Only It's in New Jersey"
''The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
''. were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban-American culture. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s.
It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination.
Westchester within
Miami-Dade County
Miami-Dade County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. The county had a population of 2,701,767 as of the 2020 census, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in ...
, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by
Hialeah
Hialeah ( ; ) is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. With a population of 223,109 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Hialeah is the sixth-largest city in Florida. It is the second largest city by population in the Mi ...
in second.
Communities like Miami, Tampa and Union City, which Cuban Americans have made their home, have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and
cigar
A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. Cigars are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made of three distinct components: the filler, the binder l ...
-making.
1980s
Another large wave (an estimated 125,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the
Mariel boatlift
The Mariel boatlift () was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April and 31 October 1980. The term "" (plural "Marielitos") is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and En ...
s. Most of the "Marielitos" were people wanting to escape from economic stagnation.
Fidel Castro sent some 20,000 criminals directly from Cuban prisons, as well as mentally ill persons from Cuban mental institutions, with the alleged double purpose of cleaning up Cuban society and poisoning the USA. Those people were labeled "inadmissible" by the US government, and with time, through many negotiations, have been returned to Cuba.
Mid-1990s to 2000s
Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "Wet feet, dry feet" policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the
Yucatán Peninsula
The Yucatán Peninsula (, also , ; es, Península de Yucatán ) is a large peninsula in southeastern Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala. The peninsula extends towards the northeast, separating the Gulf of Mexico to the north ...
in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
; many landed on
Isla Mujeres
Isla Mujeres (, Spanish language, Spanish for "Women Island" (formally “Isla de Mujeres”) is an island where the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea meet, about off the Yucatán Peninsula coast in the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is ap ...
. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the
Texas-Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in
Houston
Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 in ...
; this has caused Houston's Cuban-American community to increase in size. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans emigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the
Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terr ...
had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.
Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues. By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.
In recent years,
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...
has become a major drop-off point for Cubans trying to reach the United States illegally. As a U.S.
Commonwealth
A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...
, Puerto Rico is seen as a stepping stone for Cubans trying to get to the continental U.S., though Puerto Rico itself is home to a number of Cubans.
Immigration policy
Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "
wet foot, dry foot policy". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy still affords Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S. This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latino citizens and residents in the United States, adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.
According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans as well as
Latinos
Hispanic and Latino Americans ( es, Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; pt, Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of Spaniards, Spanish and/or Latin Americans, Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include a ...
lived in all fifty states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that fewer immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S.-born Cuban Americans moved out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.
In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of
Elián González
Elián González Brotons (born December 6, 1993) is a Cuban technician who, as a child, became embroiled in a heated international custody and immigration controversy in 2000 involving the governments of Cuba and the United States, his father Ju ...
, the six-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The boy's mother died trying to bring him to the United States. On April 22, 2000, immigration enforcement agents took Elián González into custody. González was returned to Cuba to live with his father.
On January 12, 2017, President
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the U ...
announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet, dry feet policy. The Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals. Beginning with the
United States–Cuban Thaw
The Cuban thaw ( es, Deshielo cubano) was the normalization of Cuba–United States relations that began in December 2014 ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the nations. In March 2016, Barack Obama became the first U.S. president t ...
in 2014, anticipation of the end of the policy had led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants.
Demographics
In the census in 2000 there were 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, and in the 2010 census there were 1,785,547 (both native and foreign born), and represented 3.5% of all Latinos, and 0.58% of the US population. Of the 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, 983,147 were born abroad in Cuba and 628,331 were U.S born. Of the 1.6 million, 415,212 were not U.S citizens. In the 2013 ACS, there were 2,013,155 Cuban Americans. The
2010 US Census
The United States census of 2010 was the twenty-third United States national census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. The census was taken via mail-in citizen self-reporting, with enumerators servin ...
shows that 85% of Cuban Americans self-identified as being white. The most recent 2012 Cuban census has the island population at 64.12% white, 26.62%
mulatto
(, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is ...
, 9.26%
black
Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have o ...
, and 0.1%
Asian
Asian may refer to:
* Items from or related to the continent of Asia:
** Asian people, people in or descending from Asia
** Asian culture, the culture of the people from Asia
** Asian cuisine, food based on the style of food of the people from Asi ...
.
This means that, according to most estimates non-white individuals make up a lower proportion of the Cuban American population than they do of Cuba itself. Though, the larger Cuban community in Florida is more white in comparison to the more mixed-race Cuban community that historically settled the New York/New Jersey area.
Ancestry
The ancestry of Cuban Americans is primarily from
Spaniards
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance peoples, Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of National and regional identity in Spain, national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex Hist ...
and
Africans, as well as more distant ancestry from among the
indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
At the time of first contact between Europe and the Americas, the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean included the Taíno of the northern Lesser Antilles, most of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas, the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles, the Ciguay ...
and
those of Florida. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, there were waves of
Spanish immigration to Cuba
Spanish immigration to Cuba began in 1492, when the Spanish first landed on the island, and continues to the present day. The first sighting of a Spanish boat approaching the island was on 27 October 1492, probably at Bariay on the eastern point o ...
(
Castilians
Castilians (Spanish: ''castellanos'') are those people who live in certain former areas of the historical Kingdom of Castile, but the region's exact limits are disputed. A broader definition is to consider as Castilians the population belonging ...
,
Basques
The Basques ( or ; eu, euskaldunak ; es, vascos ; french: basques ) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. Bas ...
,
Canarians
Canary Islanders, or Canarians ( es, canarios), are a Romance people and ethnic group. They reside on the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain near the coast of northwest Africa, and descend from a mixture of European settlers and ab ...
,
Catalans
Catalans (Catalan language, Catalan, French language, French and Occitan language, Occitan: ''catalans''; es, catalanes, Italian language, Italian: ''catalani'', sc, cadelanos) are a Romance languages, Romance ethnic group native to Cataloni ...
,
Andalusians
The Andalusians ( es, andaluces) are a European ethnic group, native to Andalusia, an autonomous community in southern Spain. Andalusia's statute of autonomy defines Andalusians as the Spanish citizens who reside in any of the municipalitie ...
,
Asturians
Asturians ( ast, asturianos) are a Celtic-Romance ethnic group native to the autonomous community of Asturias, in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula.
Culture and society Heritage
Asturians are directly descended from the Astures, who wer ...
and
Galicians
Galicians ( gl, galegos, es, gallegos, link=no) are a Celtic-Romance ethnic group from Spain that is closely related to the Portuguese people and has its historic homeland is Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Two Romance l ...
).
Canarians
Canary Islanders, or Canarians ( es, canarios), are a Romance people and ethnic group. They reside on the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain near the coast of northwest Africa, and descend from a mixture of European settlers and ab ...
immigrated to many countries along the Caribbean from Louisiana to Venezuela. But Cuba was the
Latin American culture
Latin American culture is the formal or informal expression of the people of Latin America and includes both high culture (literature and high art) and popular culture (music, folk art, and dance), as well as religion and other customary practices. ...
most influenced by the emigration of Canary Islanders (they developed the production of sugar in Cuba), and Cuban Spanish is closest to that of the Canary Islands. Canary Islanders were viewed by other Spanish-Cubans as superstitious but also hard-working. Some of Haiti's white population (
French) migrated to Cuba after the
Haitian War of Independence in the early 18th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine.
There was also a significant influx of
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
, especially between the World Wars, from many countries, including
Sephardi Jews
Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), pt, Judeus sefar ...
from Turkey and
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews ( ; he, יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, translit=Yehudei Ashkenaz, ; yi, אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or ''Ashkenazim'',, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: , singu ...
from
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. Other Europeans that have contributed include
Britons
British people or Britons, also known colloquially as Brits, are the citizens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies.: British nationality law governs mod ...
,
Italians
, flag =
, flag_caption = The national flag of Italy
, population =
, regions = Italy 55,551,000
, region1 = Brazil
, pop1 = 25–33 million
, ref1 =
, region2 ...
,
Germans
, native_name_lang = de
, region1 =
, pop1 = 72,650,269
, region2 =
, pop2 = 534,000
, region3 =
, pop3 = 157,000
3,322,405
, region4 =
, pop4 = ...
,
Swedes
Swedes ( sv, svenskar) are a North Germanic ethnic group native to the Nordic region, primarily their nation state of Sweden, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countr ...
and
Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...
. Many Chinese also arrived in Cuba as
indentured laborers and they formerly boasted the largest
Chinatown
A Chinatown () is an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside Greater China, most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world, including Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Austra ...
in Western Hemisphere as most
Chinese Cubans
Chinese Cubans ( es, chino-cubano) are Cubans of full or mixed Chinese ancestry who were born in or have immigrated to Cuba. They are part of the ethnic Chinese diaspora (or Overseas Chinese).
History
Chinese immigration to Cuba started in 183 ...
left for Florida.
U.S. states with largest Cuban-American populations
US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations
The largest populations of Cubans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2010):
#
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL MSA
The Miami metropolitan area (also known as Greater Miami, the Tri-County Area, South Florida, or the Gold Coast) is the ninth largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the 34th largest metropolitan area in the world with a ...
– 982,758
#
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA-CT MSA – 135,391
#
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA
The Tampa Bay area is a major populated area surrounding Tampa Bay on the west coast of Florida in the United States. It includes the main cities of Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater. It is the 18th largest metropolitan area in the United S ...
– 81,542
#
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA
Greater Los Angeles is the second-largest metropolitan region in the United States with a population of 18.5 million in 2021, encompassing five counties in Southern California extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino Coun ...
– 49,702
#
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA
The Orlando metropolitan area, commonly referred to as Greater Orlando, Metro Orlando, Central Florida as well as for U.S. Census purposes as the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, is a metropolitan area in the ...
– 36,724
#
Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA
The Chicago metropolitan area, also colloquially referred to as Chicagoland, is a metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. Encompassing 10,286 sq mi (28,120 km2), the metropolitan area includes the city of Chicago, its suburbs and hi ...
– 20,633
#
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA – 20,569
#
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA
Greater Houston, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, is the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States, encompassing nine counties along the Gulf Co ...
– 19,130
#
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA – 17,648
#
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA
The Washington metropolitan area, also commonly referred to as the National Capital Region, is the metropolitan area centered on Washington, D.C. The metropolitan area includes all of Washington, D.C. and parts of the states of Maryland, Virgi ...
– 14,527
U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry
![Census Bureau 2000, Cubans in the United States](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cubans_in_the_United_States.png)
The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are (all of which are in Florida while the top 22 are in
Miami-Dade County
Miami-Dade County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. The county had a population of 2,701,767 as of the 2020 census, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in ...
):
#
Hialeah, Florida
Hialeah ( ; ) is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. With a population of 223,109 as of the 2020 census, Hialeah is the sixth-largest city in Florida. It is the second largest city by population in the Miami metropolitan area
...
80%
#
Westchester, Florida
Westchester is a census-designated place (CDP) and neighborhood in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Prior to the 2020 U.S. Census, neighboring University Park CDP was merged into Westchester CDP, effectively doubling its geography and population. Pe ...
78%
#
Coral Terrace, Florida 76.7%
#
West Miami, Florida 75.9%
#
University Park, Florida
University Park is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It was merged into Westchester CDP for the 2020 U.S. Census. In 2010, the population was 26,995. It encompassed the Modesto A. Maidique Camp ...
73.9%
#
Olympia Heights, Florida 72.9%
#
Tamiami, Florida
Tamiami is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 55,271 at the 2010 census.
Name
The name ''Tamiami'' is a portmanteau of the phrase "Tampa to Miami". The Tamiami Trail, a roadway that ...
71.1%
#
Hialeah Gardens, Florida
Hialeah Gardens is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 19,297 at the 2000 census. As of 2010, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 21,744, with a population density of 6690.1 per mi2, made up ...
70%
#
Medley, Florida
Medley is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The community was named after its founder, Sylvester Medley. The town was incorporated in 1949, but Sylvester settled the current town in 1905 and farmed there until his death in 1950 ...
68.9%
#
Sweetwater, Florida 65%
#
Palm Springs North, Florida 64.2%
#
Miami Lakes, Florida
Miami Lakes is a suburb of Miami, an incorporated town and former census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. US Census, 31,628 people live in Miami Lakes.
History
The development was constructed by Sengra (now the ...
62.2%
#
Kendale Lakes, Florida
Kendale Lakes is a census-designated place (CDP) and a suburb of Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 55,646 at the 2020 census.
History
Kendale Lakes (and all of West Kendall) once had a large Miami Jewish pop ...
60.9%
#
Fontainebleau, Florida
Fontainebleau (also spelled Fountainebleau) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The population was 59,870 during the 2020 census.
Geography
Fontainebleau is located at (25.770144, -80.345917).
According to the ...
56.4%
#
Miami, Florida
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a East Coast of the United States, coastal metropolis and the County seat, county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade C ...
52%
#
Miami Springs, Florida
Miami Springs is a city located in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city was founded by Glenn Hammond Curtiss, "The Father of Naval Aviation", and James Bright, during the famous "land boom" of the 1920s and was originally named Country Club Estat ...
45%
#
Richmond West, Florida
Richmond West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 35,884 at the 2020 census, up from 31,973 at the 2010 census.
History
Richmond West has its origins as an early 1900s settlement ...
41%
#
Coral Gables, Florida
Coral Gables, officially City of Coral Gables, is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city is located southwest of Downtown Miami. As of the 2020 U.S. census, it had a population of 49,248.
Coral Gables is known globally as home to the ...
38.2%
#
Virginia Gardens, Florida
Virginia Gardens is a village in Miami-Dade County, Florida. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the village had a population of 2,375 in 2010.
History
In 1947, Miami Springs (of which it was then a part) passed an ordinance outlawing horses ...
32.1%
#
South Miami Heights, Florida
South Miami Heights is a census-designated place (CDP), originally known as Eureka, in Miami-Dade County, within the U.S. state of Florida. The population was 35,696 as of the 2010 census.
Geography
South Miami Heights is located at (25.588784 ...
31.70%
#
Kendall, Florida
Kendall is a census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida. At the 2020 census, the area had a population of 80,241.
While the US Census Bureau has set definite boundaries for Kendall as a CDP, the community has a highly ambiguous local ...
31%
#
Miami Beach, Florida
Miami Beach is a coastal resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915. The municipality is located on natural and artificial island, man-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the ...
30%
#
Ybor City, Florida
Ybor City ( ) is a historic neighborhood just northeast of downtown Tampa, Florida, United States. It was founded in the 1880s by Vicente Martinez-Ybor and other cigar manufacturers and populated by thousands of immigrants, mainly from Cuba, Spa ...
28.2%
#
West Tampa, Florida
West Tampa is one of the oldest neighborhoods within the city limits of Tampa, Florida, United States. It was an independently incorporated city from 1895 until 1925, when it was annexed by Tampa.
West Tampa is located west of the Hillsborough ...
28.1%
#
Surfside, Florida 20.15%
U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba
''For total 101 communities, see the reference given.''
Top 20 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are (all of which are located within the
Miami
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a East Coast of the United States, coastal metropolis and the County seat, county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade C ...
Florida area):
# Westchester, Florida 55.8%
# Hialeah, Florida 53.5%
# Coral Terrace, Florida 51.9%
# West Miami, Florida 50.5%
# South Westside, FL 48.3%
# University Park, Florida 48.1%
# Hialeah Gardens, Florida 47.5%
# Medley, Florida 46.0%
# Tamiami, Florida 45.7%
# Olympia Heights, Florida 45.2%
# Sweetwater, Florida 45.2%
#
Westwood Lakes, Florida 44.9%
#
Sunset, Florida
Sunset is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 15,912 at the 2020 census. The U.S. Postal Service uses the Miami ZIP Codes of 33173 and 33183 for Sunset.
Geography
The community is loc ...
32.7%
# Fountainbleau, Florida 32.3%
# North Westside, FL 30.4%
# Miami, Florida 30.3%
# Miami Lakes, Florida 30.1%
# Palm Springs North, Florida 29.8%
# Kendale Lakes, Florida 28.9%
# Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL 24.3%
According to the 2015-2019 American Community Survey, there were 1,289,900 immigrants from Cuba in the US, the top counties of residence being:
#
Miami-Dade, Florida - 697,900
#
Broward, Florida - 60,400
#
Hillsborough, Florida - 58,000
#
Palm Beach, Florida
Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida. Located on a barrier island in east-central Palm Beach County, the town is separated from several nearby cities including West Palm Beach and Lake Worth Beach by the Intracoas ...
- 36,100
#
Harris, Texas - 24,900
#
Lee, Florida
Lee is a town in Madison County, Florida, United States. The population was 375 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Lee is located in eastern Madison County at . U.S. Route 90 passes through the north side of the town, leading northwest to Madison, ...
- 23,700
#
Collier, Florida - 19,300
#
Clark, Nevada
Clark is an Unincorporated area, unincorporated community in northern Storey County, Nevada, Storey County and southern Washoe County, Nevada, Washoe County, about east of Reno, Nevada, Reno and Sparks, Nevada, Sparks. Clark can be accessed fro ...
- 19,300
#
Orange, Florida - 19,100
#
Hudson, New Jersey - 18,100
#
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the world' ...
- 17,300
#
Jefferson, Kentucky - 10,000
#
Union, New Jersey - 6,600
#
Maricopa, Arizona
Maricopa is a city in the Gila River Valley in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. With 62,720 residents as of 2021, Maricopa is the largest incorporated municipality in Pinal County
History
Maricopa has had three locations over the years: ...
- 6,300
#
Bergen, New Jersey - 6,000
Culture
Assimilation
![LittleHavanOct06BayOfPigsMonument](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/LittleHavanOct06BayOfPigsMonument.jpg)
Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.
Cuban Americans live in all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...
, which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s. Since the 1980s, Cuban Americans have moved out of "
Little Havana
Little Havana ( es, Pequeña Habana) is a neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. Home to many Cuban exiles, as well as many immigrants from Central and South America, Little Havana is named after Havana, the capital and largest city i ...
" and "Hialeah" to the suburbs of Miami, such as
Kendall, as well in the more affluent
Coral Gables and
Miami Lakes
Miami Lakes is a suburb of Miami, an incorporated town and former census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. US Census, 31,628 people live in Miami Lakes.
History
The development was constructed by Sengra (now the ...
. Many new
South
South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west.
Etymology
The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...
and
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
ns, along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida (
Fort Lauderdale
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...
,
Orlando
Orlando () is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and is the county seat of Orange County. In Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 2,509,831, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures rele ...
,
Tampa Bay
Tampa Bay is a large natural harbor and shallow estuary connected to the Gulf of Mexico on the west-central coast of Florida, comprising Hillsborough Bay, McKay Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay. The largest freshwater in ...
and
West Palm Beach
West or Occident is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east and is the direction in which the Sunset, Sun sets on the Earth.
Etymology
The word "west" is a Germanic languages, German ...
) and dispersed throughout the nation. Nevertheless, Cubans are still heavily concentrated in Florida, which slows assimilation; according to the 2010 Census, 68% of Cuban Americans still live in Florida.
More recently, there has been substantial growth of new Cuban American communities in places like
Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville ( , , ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 28th most-populous city in the United States. Louisville is the historical seat and, since 2003, the nominal seat of Jefferson County, on the Indiana border ...
, the
Research Triangle
The Research Triangle, or simply The Triangle, are both common nicknames for a metropolitan area in the Piedmont region of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the cities of Raleigh and Durham and the town of Chapel Hill, home to ...
area of North Carolina,
Katy, Texas
Katy is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the Greater Katy area, itself forming the western part of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. Homes and businesses may have Katy postal addresses without being in the City of Katy. The city of ...
, and
Downey, California
Downey is a city located in Southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States, southeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is considered part of the Gateway Cities. The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program. It is also the home of ...
; the latter city now has the second-highest percentage of Cubans and Cuban Americans in the Western United States at 1.96% of the population.
Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout in Miami. Cuban Americans have also contributed to and participated in many areas of American life including academia, business, acting, politics, and literature.
In the last 15 years, due to the growth of interest around the world for genealogy,
Cuban genealogy has become a major interest for Cuban Americans and a growing segment in the family research industry. This has complemented assimilation by preserving Cuban and colonial roots, while also adopting American culture and value.
religion
Cuban Americans are mostly
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
, but some Cubans practice African traditional religions (such as
Santería
Santería (), also known as Regla de Ocha, Regla Lucumí, or Lucumí, is an African diaspora religions, African diasporic religion that developed in Cuba during the late 19th century. It arose through a process of syncretism between the tradit ...
or
Ifá
Ifá is a Yoruba religion and system of divination. Its literary corpus is the ''Odu Ifá''. Orunmila is identified as the Grand Priest, as he revealed divinity and prophecy to the world. Babalawos or Iyanifas use either the divining chain kno ...
), which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion. Cuban Catholicism was also influenced by the Catholicism practiced by the Canarian people. However, there are many
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
(primarily
Pentecostal
Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement ) with small numbers of
syncretist, nonreligious or tiny communities of
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
and
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
Cuban Americans. The Protestant movement in Cuba started after the Spanish–American War when many Americans came to Cuba.
Language
Similar to the 67% of other Latinos, 69% of Cubans under 18 speak a language other than English at home. For Cubans over the age of 18, the percent speaking a language other than English at home climbs to 89%, which is higher than the 80% among other Latino groups.
Only 12% of Cubans under the age of 18 speak English less than very well, which is much lower than the 20% among other Latino groups.
While roughly half of all Cuban-Americans indicate that they feel more proficient in Spanish, around 60% of all Cuban-Americans do speak English proficiently.
36% of all Cuban-Americans consider themselves bilingual.
The choice of many Cuban-Americans to utilize Spanish in the home connects to the desire of Cuban-Americans to retain their ethnic heritage. While many Cuban-Americans are open to some assimilation into American culture, ultimately they still consider themselves a unique group of people who bear their own traditions and perspectives.
Food and drink
Cuban food is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are ''
arroz con pollo
''Arroz con pollo'' (Spanish for ''rice with chicken'') is a traditional dish of Latin America, closely related to paella. It typically consists of chicken cooked with rice, onions, saffron, and a potential plethora of other grains or vegetables ...
'' (chicken and rice), ''pan con bistec'' (
steak sandwich), ''platanos maduros'' (sweet
plantains
Plantain may refer to:
Plants and fruits
* Cooking banana, banana cultivars in the genus ''Musa'' whose fruits are generally used in cooking
** True plantains, a group of cultivars of the genus ''Musa''
* ''Plantaginaceae'', a family of flowerin ...
), ''lechon asado'' (pork), ''
yuca
''Manihot esculenta'', commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated ...
'' (
cassava root
''Manihot esculenta'', commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated a ...
), ''
flan'', ''
batido
Licuados (also known regionally as batidos) are a Latin American handmade blended beverage similar to smoothies, made with milk, fruit, and usually ice. They are also sometimes called "preparados" (meaning "prepared").
Licuados and other fresh f ...
de mamey'' (mamey
milkshake
A milkshake (sometimes simply called a shake) is a sweet beverage made by blending milk, ice cream, and flavorings or sweeteners such as butterscotch, caramel sauce, chocolate syrup, fruit syrup, or whole fruit into a thick, sweet, cold mixture ...
),
papaya
The papaya (, ), papaw, () or pawpaw () is the plant species ''Carica papaya'', one of the 21 accepted species in the genus ''Carica'' of the family Caricaceae. It was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, within modern-day southern Mexico and ...
s and
guava
Guava () is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. The common guava ''Psidium guajava'' (lemon guava, apple guava) is a small tree in the myrtle family ( Myrtaceae), native to Mexico, Central America, the ...
paste.
A common lunch staple is the
Cuban sandwich
A Cuban sandwich ( es, link=no, Sándwich cubano) is a variation of a ham and cheese sandwich that likely originated in cafes catering to Cuban workers in Tampa
or Key West,[Cuban bread
Cuban bread is a fairly simple white bread, similar to French bread and Italian bread, but has a slightly different baking method and ingredient list (in particular, it generally includes a small amount of fat in the form of lard or vegetable s ...]
and was created and standardized among cigar workers who traveled between Cuba and Florida (especially
Ybor City
Ybor City ( ) is a historic neighborhood just northeast of downtown Tampa, downtown Tampa, Florida, United States. It was founded in the 1880s by Vicente Martinez-Ybor and other cigar manufacturers and populated by thousands of immigrants, mainly ...
) around the turn of the 20th century.
Cuban versions of pizza contain bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that has been sautéed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.
Beverages
Cuban coffee is popular in the Cuban-American community. Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened with sugar, with a little foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a
cafe con leche
A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that primarily serves coffee of various types, notably espresso, latte, and cappuccino. Some coffeehouses may serve cold drinks, such as iced coffee and iced tea, as well as other non-ca ...
for a larger cup.
A common soft drink is
Materva
Materva is a mate-based soft drink, originally produced and popularized in Cuba prior to the Cuban Revolution. It has been produced in Miami since the 1960s by Cawy Bottling Company.
Drink
Materva is a carbonated drink made from yerba mate, ...
, a Cuban soda made of
yerba mate
Yerba mate or yerba-maté (''Ilex paraguariensis''; from Spanish ; pt, erva-mate, or ; gn, ka'a, ) is a plant species of the holly genus ''Ilex'' native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire. The leave ...
.
Jupiña,
Ironbeer
Ironbeer is a soft drink that originated in Cuba in 1917 and was created by Manuel Rabanal. It has been described as tasting like "a fruitier Dr Pepper" or like Ironport (beverage), Ironport soda. After Fidel Castro became Cuba's leader and oversaw ...
and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks that originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami. Other famous Cuban drinks include guarapo de caña.
A popular drink of Cuban origin is the Cuba Libre, a mix of Cuban rum and cola, usually Coca-Cola and mojitos.
Politics
![-NEVER FORGET-MONUMENT TO THE VICTIMS OF THE COMMUNISM IN CUBA-FIDEL CASTRO CRIMES-MONUMENT MADE BY CUBAN EXILES IN MIAMI - panoramio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/-NEVER_FORGET-MONUMENT_TO_THE_VICTIMS_OF_THE_COMMUNISM_IN_CUBA-FIDEL_CASTRO_CRIMES-MONUMENT_MADE_BY_CUBAN_EXILES_IN_MIAMI_-_panoramio.jpg)
Until the early 2010s, Cuban Americans historically tended to be more
Republican
Republican can refer to:
Political ideology
* An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law.
** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
than
Democratic, thanks to the anti-communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s. The failed
Bay of Pigs invasion
The Bay of Pigs Invasion (, sometimes called ''Invasión de Playa Girón'' or ''Batalla de Playa Girón'' after the Playa Girón) was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles, covertly fina ...
left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party, blaming
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...
for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion. Cuban exiles began an alliance with the
Republican Party of Florida
The Republican Party of Florida (RPOF) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Florida. It is currently the state's favored party, controlling the majority of Florida's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, supermajori ...
. In Florida, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Republican, beginning with Representative
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (; born Ileana Carmen Ros y Adato, July 15, 1952) is a politician and lobbyist from Miami, Florida, who represented from 1989 to 2019. By the end of her tenure, she was the most senior U.S. Representative from Florida. She ...
(Joe Garcia, a Democrat, is an exception). The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race, which featured U.S. Senators
Ted Cruz
Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas from ...
and
Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the senior United States senator from Florida, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Speaker of the Florida Hous ...
as prominent candidates, both of whom are of Cuban descent. But in New Jersey, another state with many Cuban Americans, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Democrats, for example, Representative
Albio Sires
Albio B. Sires (; born January 26, 1951) is a Cuban-born American businessman and politician who has served as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jers ...
and Senator
Bob Menendez
Robert Menendez (; born January 1, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from New Jersey, a seat he has held since 2006. Gale Biography In Context. A member of the Democratic Party, he was firs ...
.
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( ; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician, actor, and union leader who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He also served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 ...
is particularly popular in the Cuban-American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Fidel Castro's so-called "exportation of revolution" to Central America and Africa (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan), and
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...
received 75 and 78 percent (in 2000 and 2004 respectively) of the Cuban-American vote. The Cuban-American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans.
In recent years, the Cuban-American vote has become more contested between the parties. In the
2008 United States presidential election
The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, the senior senator from ...
, Democrat Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban-American vote in Florida. According to Bendixen's
exit polls
An election exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations. A similar poll conducted before actual voters have voted is called an entrance poll. Pollsters – usually private companies working for ...
, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban-American voters 65 or older backed
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a United States senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He previously served two terms ...
, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama. In 2012, Barack Obama received 49 percent of the Cuban-American vote in Florida, compared to 47 percent for Mitt Romney according to Edison Research exits polls. By spring 2014, this trend increased among Cuban American voters having a preference for Democratic Party candidates increased particularly for younger voters aged 18–49, increasing to some 56% for the younger voter demographic, versus Cuban-American voters over 50 years of age having a 39% preference for Democratic candidates. As in the
2012 United States presidential election
The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and his running mate, incumbent Vice President Joe Biden, were re-el ...
,
Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American politician, businessman, and lawyer serving as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019, succeeding Orrin Hatch. He served as the 70th governor of Massachusetts f ...
got more support than Barack Obama. The
2016 United States presidential election
The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket ...
saw Donald Trump garner about the same level support within the community, garnering 50–54 percent of the Floridian Cuban-American vote, as opposed to 41–48 percent for Hillary Clinton, as some Cuban Americans were dissatisfied with Obama's Cuba policy, which restored foreign relations with the Cuban government.
In regards to the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida, Trump increased his level of support with younger Cuban Americans. In the aftermath of Trump Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election, attempting to overturn the election and the subsequent 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, a report by ''Foreign Policy'' alleged that Cuban Americans within Miami were among the most ardent believers of his conspiracy theories.
Socioeconomics
The median household income for U.S.-born Cuban Americans is $57,000, higher than the overall U.S. median household income of $52,000.
However, the median annual personal earnings for foreign born Cuban Americans is $25,000, which is lower than that of US population at $30,000.
Around 20% of Cuban-Americans live in poverty, compared to 25% of Latinos generally and 16% of non-Hispanic Americans.
The ability of the average Cuban-American to out-earn the average Latino makes it easier for Cuban-Americans to avoid poverty.
Historically, Cuban-Americans have also enjoyed greater benefits due to their "refugee" status within U.S. immigration policy.
These benefits, such as those provided by the Cuban American Act of 1966, have allowed Cuban-Americans to enjoy an easier time of navigating economic obstacles.
Education
Among U.S.-born Cuban Americans, 36% have a college degree or higher, compared to 30% for the overall U.S. population. Of foreign-born Cuban Americans, 27% have a college degree. This is higher than the U.S. Latino population (14%) but lower than that of the overall U.S. population.
According to the Pew Research Center, Cuban-Americans 25 or older who emigrated to the United States after 1990 have the highest graduation rate, at 26%.
According to this same data, Cuban-Americans 25 or older who entered the United States before 1980 had a graduation rate of 24%, while those entering between 1980 and 1990 had a graduation rate of 13%.
The decline in graduation rate from 1980 to 1990 can in part be attributed to the presence of Afro-Cubans among immigrants, who generally favor more poorly in multiple areas due to systemic inequalities in Cuba.
Almost half of all Cuban-Americans have at least a high school diploma.
Notable Cuban Americans
In the United States Congress
Ten Cuban Americans currently serve in the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
. There have been eleven Cuban-American US representatives elected from Florida, two from New Jersey and New York, and one each from Texas, Ohio and West Virginia.
Marco Rubio, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg, *Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the senior United States senator from Florida, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Speaker of the Florida Hous ...
, U.S Senator from Florida (2011–present)
Ted Cruz official 116th portrait (cropped).jpg, *Ted Cruz
Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas from ...
, U.S Senator from Texas (2013–present)
Robert Menendez official Senate portrait.jpg, *Bob Menendez
Robert Menendez (; born January 1, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from New Jersey, a seat he has held since 2006. Gale Biography In Context. A member of the Democratic Party, he was firs ...
, U.S Senator from New Jersey (2006–present)
Maria Elvira Salazar.jpg, *Maria Elvira Salazar, Congresswoman from Florida's 27th Congressional District (2021–present)
Rep. Carlos Gimenez official photo, 117th Congress.jpg, *Carlos A. Gimenez, Congressman from Florida's 26th Congressional District (2021–present)
albio sires.jpg, *Albio Sires
Albio B. Sires (; born January 26, 1951) is a Cuban-born American businessman and politician who has served as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jers ...
, Congressman from New Jersey's 13th Congressional District (2006-2013), and 8th Congressional District (2013–present)
Three United States Senators:
*
Ted Cruz
Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (; born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Cruz served as Solicitor General of Texas from ...
,
Republican
Republican can refer to:
Political ideology
* An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law.
** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
(2013–present)
*
Bob Menendez
Robert Menendez (; born January 1, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the senior United States senator from New Jersey, a seat he has held since 2006. Gale Biography In Context. A member of the Democratic Party, he was firs ...
, Democratic Party (United States), Democrat,
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
(2006–present), Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's 13th district (1993–2006)
*
Marco Rubio
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the senior United States senator from Florida, a seat he has held since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as Speaker of the Florida Hous ...
,
Republican
Republican can refer to:
Political ideology
* An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law.
** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
,
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...
, (2011–present)
Seven are United States House of Representatives, United States Representatives:
* Mario Díaz-Balart, Republican, Florida's 21st congressional district (2011-2013), and Florida's 25th congressional district (2003-2011) (2013–present)
* Anthony Gonzalez (politician), Anthony Gonzalez, Republican, Ohio's 16th District (2019–present)
* Alex Mooney, Republican, West Virginia's 2nd district (2015–present)
*
Albio Sires
Albio B. Sires (; born January 26, 1951) is a Cuban-born American businessman and politician who has served as the U.S. representative for since 2006. The district, numbered as the from 2006 to 2013, includes most of northern and eastern Jers ...
, Democrat, New Jersey's 13th congressional district (2006–2013), and New Jersey's 8th congressional district (2013–present)
* Maria Elvira Salazar, Republican, Congresswoman from Florida's 27th Congressional District (2021–present)
* Carlos A. Gimenez, Republican, Congressman from Florida's 26th Congressional District (2021–present)
* Nicole Malliotakis, Republican, Congresswoman from New York's 11th Congressional District (2021–present)
Former Congressmen:
* Carlos Curbelo (politician), Carlos Curbelo, Republican, Florida's 26th district (2015–2019)
* Lincoln Díaz-Balart, Republican, Miami, U.S House of Representatives (1993–2011)
* Joe Garcia, Democrat, Florida's 26th congressional district (2013–15)
* Mel Martínez, Republican, U.S Senator from Florida (2005–09)
* David Rivera, Republican, Miami, U.S House of Representatives (2011–13)
*
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (; born Ileana Carmen Ros y Adato, July 15, 1952) is a politician and lobbyist from Miami, Florida, who represented from 1989 to 2019. By the end of her tenure, she was the most senior U.S. Representative from Florida. She ...
, Republican, Florida's 27th congressional district (1989–2019), first Cuban-American elected to Congress
In state government
Cuban Americans have had much success at the state level. In Florida, where Cuban-American legislators hold more seats than anywhere else in the nation, pro-democracy, anti-Castro, and anti-Chavez legislation is often promoted and passed even though states cannot dictate foreign policy. Even in states where Cuban Americans are not concentrated in large numbers they have had successes especially in New Jersey, where albeit a tiny minority concentrated in Union City, Elizabeth, and Newark, they have had enormous political successes.
LG Carlos Lopez-Cantera Headshot.jpg, Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos Lopez-Cantera (2014-2019)
Jeanette Nunez official photo.jpg, Jeanette Nunez, Lieutenant Governor of Florida (2019–Present)
Anthony Gonzalez, official portrait, 116th Congress 2.jpg, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 16th district Anthony Gonzalez (politician), Anthony Gonzalez (2019–Present)
John D. Couriel (cropped).jpg, Florida Supreme Court Justice John Couriel (2020–Present)
State Representative Ana Maria Rodriguez.jpg, Florida state senate, Florida State Senator Ana Maria Rodriguez (politician), Ana Maria Rodriguez (2020–Present)
In Florida:
* Frank Artiles, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district
* José Félix Díaz, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 116th district
* Manny Díaz, Jr., Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 103rd district
* Miguel Díaz de la Portilla, former Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 40th district
* Anitere Flores, Republican, former Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district
* Erik Fresen, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 114th district
* Ileana Garcia, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (2020–Present)
* René García (politician), René García, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 38th district
* Eduardo González (politician), Eduardo Gonzalez, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th
* Carlos Lopez-Cantera, Republican, former Lieutenant Governor of Florida, (2014–2019)
* Jeanette Núñez, Republican, Lieutenant Governor of Florida, (2019–present), Former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 119th district
* José R. Oliva, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 110th district
* Ana Maria Rodriguez (politician), Ana Maria Rodriguez, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 39th district (2020–Present)
* José Javier Rodríguez (Florida), José Javier Rodríguez, Democrat, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (2016-2020), House of Representatives from the 112th district (2012-2016)
* Mike La Rosa, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd district
* Carlos Trujillo, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 105th district
In New Hampshire:
* John H. Sununu, Republican, Governor of New Hampshire, (1983–1989)
* Christopher T. Sununu, Republican, Governor of New Hampshire, (2017–present)
In New Jersey:
* Marlene Caride. Democrat, New Jersey
* Carmelo Garcia, Democrat, New Jersey
* Angelica Jimenez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2012–present)
* Vincent Prieto, Democrat, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (2014–present), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2004–present)
In New York:
* Nicole Malliotakis, Republican, Staten Island, Member of the New York General Assembly from the 64th district
In Connecticut:
* Art Linares, Republican, Westbrook, Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district
In Nevada:
* Moises "Mo" Denis, Democrat, Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd district
In Virginia:
* Jason Miyares, Republican, Virginia Beach, Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from the 82nd district and Attorney General of Virginia (2022–present)
Eduardo Aguirre (diplomat), Eduardo Aguirre (R) served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the Presidency of George W. Bush, George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high-profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu (R) Mauricio Claver-Carone serves as the President of the Inter-American Development Bank.
Florida-based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion-dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family's fruit plantations. He is one of the most low-profile philanthropists in the Southern States.
Judicial positions:
* Danny Boggs is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (1986–present)
* Barbara Lagoa is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (2019–present)
* Jorge Labarga is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court (2009–present)
* John D. Couriel is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court (2020–present)
* Raoul G. Cantero, III, served as a justice on the Florida Supreme Court. (2002–2008)
Notable people
José_Martí_retrato_más_conocido_Jamaica_1892.jpg, José Martí
José Raúl Capablanca 1931.jpg, José Raúl Capablanca
Finlay Carlos 1833-1915.jpg, Carlos Finlay
Maria Teresa Mestre.jpg, Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Maria Consuelo (née Yznaga), Duchess of Manchester.jpg, Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester
Richard Blanco.JPG, Richard Blanco
Potsdam1 Bildarchiv Alfred de Zayas.JPG, Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
Hijuelos.jpg, Oscar Hijuelos
Ambrosio José Gonzales.png, Ambrosio José Gonzales
Alicia Alonso 1955.jpg, Alicia Alonso
File:Calixto García Iñíguez 1898.jpg, Calixto García
Secretary Mayorkas Official Photo.jpg, Alejandro Mayorkas
Television and entertainment
Desi Arnaz 1950.JPG, Desi Arnaz
Mel Ferrer - 1960.jpg, Mel Ferrer
Andy Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg, Andy García
EvaMendescropped.jpg, Eva Mendes
CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg, Cameron Diaz
Cesar Romero 3 Allan Warren.jpg, Cesar Romero
Joanna Garcia.jpg, JoAnna Garcia
Gina-torres-gesf-2018-5560.jpg, Gina Torres
Bella Thorne March 18, 2014 (cropped).jpg, Bella Thorne
William Levy in 2015 (2).jpg, William Levy (actor), William Levy
CUN2008 Oscar party Christina Milian.jpg, Christina Milian
Cesar Evora.jpg, César Évora
EnriqueMurciano.png, Enrique Murciano
NestorCarbonellMay09.jpg, Néstor Carbonell
Danny Pino by Gage Skidmore.jpg, Danny Pino
Marilyn Milian by Gage Skidmore.jpg, Marilyn Milian
Ana de Armas by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg, Ana de Armas
David Gallagher.jpg, David Gallagher
Cristina Saralegui 2001.jpg, Cristina Saralegui
Raúl De Molina.jpg, Raúl De Molina
Lili Estefan at 2014 MIFF.jpg, Lili Estefan
Raúl Esparza SDCC 2014.jpg, Raúl Esparza
Daisy Fuentes 2013 Alma Awards.jpg, Daisy Fuentes
Estelita Rodriguez.jpg, Estelita Rodriguez
Singers, songwriters and musicians
File:Celia Cruz 1cropped.jpg, Celia Cruz
File:Gloria Estefan in Narciso Rodriguez 01.jpg, Gloria Estefan
File:171207 Camila Cabello for MTV International (cropped).png, Camila Cabello
File:Arturo Sandoval photo.jpg, Arturo Sandoval
File:Gloria Estefan and Emilio Estefan at 2014 MIFF edited.jpg, Emilio Estefan
File:Sammy Davis Jr 1989 (cropped).jpg, Sammy Davis Jr.
File:Pitbull the rapper in Sydney, Australia (2012).jpg, Pitbull (entertainer), Pitbull
File:Cypress Hill @ Metro City (29 9 2010) (5106185121).jpg, B-Real
File:Rosita Fornés en casa de Los Chirinos.jpg, Willy Chirino
File:LecuonaE.jpg, Ernesto Lecuona
File:Bebo Valdés - 2008 (cropped).jpg, Bebo Valdés
File:Chris Cab at Mizzou.jpg, Cris Cab
File:Jencarlos Canela.jpg, Jencarlos Canela
File:FatJoeApr2011.jpg, Fat Joe
File:Olga guillot.jpg, Olga Guillot
File:Jon Secada Headshot.jpg , Jon Secada
File:Trio Corrente Paquito D'Rivera Horizonte 2015 4578.jpg, Paquito D'Rivera
File:Cypress Hill - Sen Dog - Nova Rock - 2016-06-11-17-19-37-0002.jpg, Sen Dog
Athletes
File:Al Montoya - Winnipeg Jets.jpg, Al Montoya
File:Dara Torres 2crop.jpg, Dara Torres
File:Ryan Lochte at 2013 Zajac.jpg, Ryan Lochte
File:Amy Rodriguez 2010.jpg, Amy Rodriguez
File:KikoAlonso.jpg, Kiko Alonso
File:Tino Martinez 2015.jpg, Tino Martinez
File:Luis Gonzalez by Gage Skidmore.jpg, Luis Gonzalez (outfielder, born 1967), Luis Gonzalez
File:Dolf Luque, Cincinnati NL (baseball) LCCN2014709351 (cropped).jpg, Dolf Luque
File:TSM350 2015 - Aric Almirola - Stierch 2.jpg, Aric Almirola
File:Willy Miranda.jpg, Willy Miranda
File:Reggie Otero 1963.png, Reggie Otero
File:J. D. Martinez on July 2, 2012.jpg, J. D. Martinez
File:Bronson Arroyo 2011.jpg, Bronson Arroyo
File:Aroldis Chapman on June 4, 2016 (2).jpg, Aroldis Chapman
File:Brook Lopez NJ Nets.jpg, Brook Lopez
File:Robin Lopez Hornets 2.jpg, Robin Lopez
File:John Carlos, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman 1968cr.jpg, John Carlos
File:Puig US16 (38) (29236398233).jpg, Monica Puig
File:Luis Tiant 1965.jpeg, Luis Tiant
File:J. P. Arencibia on September 1, 2015.jpg, J. P. Arencibia
File:Alex Avila 2013.jpg, Alex Avila
File:Frank Mir.jpg, Frank Mir
File:Jose_Canseco_2009.jpg, Jose Canseco
File:Tony Perez All Star Parade 2008.jpg, Tony Pérez
File:Yoenis Céspedes on September 10, 2014.jpg, Yoenis Céspedes
File:José Fernández on March 17, 2016.jpg, José Fernández (pitcher), José Fernández
File:Orlando Hernández.jpg, Orlando Hernández
File:Liván Hernández 2010.jpg, Liván Hernández
File:Jorge Posada 2009.jpg, Jorge Posada
See also
* List of Cuban Americans
* Cuban Canadians
* Cubans in Miami
* Cubans
* Cuba–United Kingdom relations, Cuban British
* Cubans#White or European, Criollo, White Cubans
* Spanish Americans
* Afro-Cubans
* Latinos
* History of Cuban Americans
* White Hispanic and Latino Americans, White Latino Americans
* White Latin Americans
* Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, Black Latino Americans
* Afro-Latin Americans
* Cuba–United States relations
* Cuban immigration to the United States
* History of Ybor City
* Cuban exile
* United States embargo against Cuba
* Isleños
* Canarian people
* CubaOne Foundation
* Cuban-American lobby
General:
* Diaspora politics in the United States
* Hyphenated American
Notes
References
Further reading
* Álvarez-Borland, Isabel. ''Cuban-American Literature and Art: Negotiating Identities'' (State University of New York Press, 2009).
* Bishin BG, Klofstad CA. "The Political Incorporation of Cuban Americans: Why Won't Little Havana Turn Blue?" ''Political Research Quarterly''. 2012;65(3):586-599.
* Boswell, Thomas D., and James R. Curtis. ''The Cuban American Experience: Culture, Images, and Perspectives'' (Rowman and Allanheld, 1983).
* Buffington, Sean T. "Cuban Americans". in ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America'', edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 591–605
online* De la Garza, Rodolfo O., et al. ''Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics'' (Westview Press, 1992).
* Miguel A. De La Torre, De La Torre, Miguel A., ''La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami'', (University of California Press, 2003).
* Interviews with Cuban-American women in Miami about Cuban-American identity.
* García, María Cristina. ''Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994'' (U of California Press, 1996).
* González-Pando, Miguel. ''The Cuban Americans'' (Greenwood Press, 1998).
* Herrera, Andrea O'Reilly, ed. ''Remembering Cuba: Legacy of a Diaspora'' (U of Texas Press, 2001).
* Kami, Hideaki, "Ethnic Community, Party Politics, and the Cold War: The Political Ascendancy of Miami Cubans, 1980–2000", ''Japanese Journal of American Studies'' (Tokyo), 23 (2012), 185–208.
* Gustavo Pérez Firmat, ''Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way''. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded edition, 2012.
* Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. ''City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami'' (U of California Press, 1993).
External links
Cuban American National Foundation (CANF)Cuban American National Council (CNC)* Andres Schipani
"Expats Flock to Cuba as U.S. Reforms Spark A Party" ''The Observer'', May 31, 2009
at the University of Miami
"Cubans in Miami, an historical perspective" Center for Cuban Studies (CCS), providing resource materials to educational and cultural institutions.
{{Authority control
American people of Cuban descent,
Hispanic and Latino American
Cuban American,
Cuban-American history,
Cuba–United States relations
Caribbean American
Cuban diaspora