Croatisation

Croatisation or Croatization ( hr, kroatizacija, or ''pohrvaćenje''; it, croatizzazione; sr, хрватизација / ''hrvatizacija'' or похрваћење / ''pohrvaćenje'') is a process of cultural assimilation, and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically only partially Croatian or non-Croatian become Croatian.

Croatisation of Serbs

Religion

Serbs in the Roman Catholic Croatian Military Frontier were out of the jurisdiction of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and in 1611, after demands from the community, the Pope establishes the Eparchy of Marča (''Vratanija'') with seat at the Serbian-built Marča Monastery and instates a Byzantine vicar as bishop sub-ordinate to the Roman Catholic bishop of Zagreb, working to bring Serbian Orthodox Christians into communion with Rome which caused struggle of power between the Catholics and the Serbs over the region. In 1695 Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of ''Lika-Krbava and Zrinopolje'' is established by metropolitan Atanasije Ljubojević and certified by Emperor Josef I in 1707. In 1735 the Serbian Orthodox protested in the Marča Monastery and becomes part of the Serbian Orthodox Church until 1753 when the Pope restores the Roman Catholic clergy. On 17 June 1777 the Eparchy of Križevci is permanently established by Pope Pius VI with see at Križevci, near Zagreb, thus forming the Croatian Greek Catholic Church which would after World War I include other people; Rusyns and Ukrainians of Yugoslavia.

Croatisation in Dalmatia

Even with a predominant Croatian majority, Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian communities in the coast (Italian majority in some cities and islands, largest concentration in Istria). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort to get Croatian language into schools and offices. Most Dalmatian Italians gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although Italian language and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II.

Croatisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

19th century

During the 19th century, with the emergence of ideologies and active political engagements on introduction of ethno-national identity and nationhood among South Slavs, strong pressure was exerted on Bosnia and Herzegovina's diverse religious communities from outside forces, mainly from Serbia and Croatia. At the time, this pressure provoked some resistance, especially among Bosnian Franciscans, some of whom fiercely advocated against imminent ''Croatisation'' of Bosnian Catholics on one side, as well as imminent ''Serbianisation'' of Bosnian Orthodox people on the other, as prominent friar and historian, Antun Knežević, called them in his works, Catholic Bosniaks and Orthodox Bosniaks. Knežević's position and doctrine was that all Bosnians or Bosniaks are one people of three faiths, and that up to late 19th century, Croatian identity (and/or Serbian for that matter) never existed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although Fra Antun Knežević was not a unique phenomenon in this sense, he was certainly among the most articulate ones, and along with Fra. Ivan Franjo Jukić, who was his teacher and mentor earlier in his life and from whom he learned and adopted ideas, championed the notion that Catholics, Orthodox and Muslims are one nation and Bosnia and Herzegovina the country with deep cultural and historical roots. These two had the strongest impact and left the deepest mark on Bosnian culture and history, albeit insufficient to eventually halt the process. Even earlier, since at least the 17th century, many other members of the Franciscan order in Bosnia were developing and adopting the idea of a ''Bosniak'' identity regardless of religion, nurturing it within the brotherhood and carrying it over into 18th and 19th century.

Meanwhile, contemporary scholars saw Croatisation as a long lasting process of influencing and changing historical memory, through various methods and strategies. Dubravko Lovrenović, for instance, saw it as influencing a reception and interpretation of Bosnian medieval times, underlining its contemporary usage via revision and re-interpretation, in forms spanning from historical mythmaking by domestic and especially neighboring ethno-nationalist, to identity and culture politics, often based on fringe science and public demagoguery of academic elite, with language and material heritage in its midst.

Late 20th century

Following the establishment of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia in November 1991, and especially from May 1992 forward, the Herzeg-Bosnia leadership engaged in continuing and coordinated efforts to dominate and "Croatise" (or ethnically cleanse) the municipalities which they claimed were part of Herzeg-Bosnia, with increasing persecution and discrimination directed against the Bosniak population. The Croatian Defence Council (HVO), the military formation of Croats, took control of many municipal governments and services, removing or marginalising local Bosniak leaders. Herzeg-Bosnia authorities and Croat military forces took control of the media and imposed Croatian ideas and propaganda. Croatian symbols and currency were introduced, and Croatian curricula and the Croatian language were introduced in schools. Many Bosniaks were removed from positions in government and private business; humanitarian aid was managed and distributed to the Bosniaks' disadvantage; and Bosniaks in general were increasingly harassed. Many of them were deported to concentration camps: Heliodrom, Dretelj, Gabela, Vojno, and Šunje.

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, the official language Serbo-Croatian broke up into separate official languages and the process in relation to Croatian involved the Croatisation of its lexicon.

Croatisation in the NDH

The Croatisation during Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and to a lesser degree and towards Italians, Jews and Roma. The Ustaše aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serb population of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as Mile Budak in Gospić and, a month later, by Mladen Lorković.

*One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism.
*One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed).
*One third of the Serbs were to be killed.

Notable individuals who voluntarily Croatised

*Dimitrija Demeter, a playwright who was the author of the first modern Croatian drama, was from a Greek family.
*Vatroslav Lisinski, a composer, was originally named ''Ignaz Fuchs''. His Croatian name is a literal translation.
* Bogoslav Šulek, a lexicographer and inventor of many Croatian scientific terms, was originally ''Bohuslav Šulek'' from Slovakia.
*Stanko Vraz, a poet and the first professional writer in Croatia, was originally ''Jakob Frass'' from Slovenia.
*August Šenoa, a Croatian novelist, poet and writer, is of Czech- Slovak descent. His parents never learned the Croatian language, even when they lived in Zagreb.
*Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, a geologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist who discovered Krapina man (Krapinski pračovjek), was of German descent. He added his second name, Gorjanović, to be adopted as a Croatian.
*Slavoljub Eduard Penkala was an inventor of Dutch/Polish origins. He added the name Slavoljub in order to Croatise.
*Lovro Monti, Croatian politician, mayor of Knin. One of the leaders of the Croatian national movement in Dalmatia, he was of Italian roots.
* Adolfo Veber Tkalčević -linguist of German descent
*Ivan Zajc (born'' Giovanni von Seitz'') a music composer was of German descent
*Josip Frank, nationalist Croatian 19th century politician, born as a Jew
*Vladko Maček, Croatian politician, leader of the Croats in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after Stjepan Radić and one time opposition reformist, maker of the Cvetković-Maček agreement that founded the Croatian Banate, born in a Slovene-Czech family

Other

Notable individuals, of Croatian origin, partially ''Magyarized'' through intermarriages and then ''Croatized'' again, include families:
* Keglević
* Pejačević (Pejasevich)
*Ladislav Pejačević
* Teodor Pejačević
*Dora PejačevićDora Pejačević ANCESTRY 6] Dora Pejačević
Budapest, 1885 –
Munich, 1923

(Roman Catholic)
Father:
Teodor Pejačević Našice, 1855 –
Vienna, 1928)

(Roman Catholic)
Grandfather:
Ladislav Pejačević 9]
(Sopron, 18 – Našice, Veröce 1901 )

(Roman Catholic)
Great-grandfather:
Ferdinánd Pejačević 0Sopron1800-Graz,(A) 1878(...)

(Roman Catholic)(mother:Erdödy)
Great-grandmother:
Mária Döry de Jobaháza 1Zomba, 1800 – Zalabér,Zala 1880) (Roman Catholic) mother: felsöbüki Julianna Nagy
Grandmother:
Gabriella Döry de Jobaháza?

Zomba 1830 –
Našice 1913)

(Roman Catholic)

Great-grandfather:
Gábor Döry de Jóbaháza 2(Pécs 1803,Szentgál 1871)

(Roman Catholic) (mother: felsöbüki Júlia Nagy 1766-1828)
Great-grandmother:
Erzsébet Döry de Jóbaháza

Zomba 1806 – Našice 18... (Roman Catholic) (f: Pál Döry/ m: Anna Krisztina Tallián, 1787 Ádánd-1809 Pécs)
Mother:
Elisabeth Vay

Alsózsolca, Borsod 1860-1941 (Roman Catholic)
Grandfather:
báró vajai Béla Vay

(1829 Alsózsolca, Borsod-1910 Alsózsolca-
)
(Roman Catholic)
Great-grandfather:
báró vajai Lajos Vay

1803 Golop,Borsod – 1888 Vatta
)
(Roman Catholic)
Great-grandmother:
gróf Erzsébet Teleki de Szék.

(1812 Sáromberke, Maros-Torda – 1881 Budapest) (Roman Catholic)
Grandmother:
gróf széki Zsófia Teleki Gernyeszeg 1836,Maros-Torda, Transylvania, –
, 1898)

(Roman Catholic)
Great-grandfather:
gróf Domokos Teleki de Szék

1810 Marosvásárhely, Maros-Torda – 1876 Kolozsvár, Kolozs
(Roman Catholic)
Great-grandmother:
Jozefa Bánffy de Losonc

1810 Déva, Hunyad

(Roman Catholic)

*George Martinuzzi

See also

* Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
* Dalmatian Italians
* Istrian Italians
* Serbs in Croatia
* Independent State of Croatia
* Ustaše

Notes

External links

* http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/europe/croatiepolcroa.htm
* http://www.serbianunity.net/culture/library/genocide/k3.htm
* http://www.aimpress.ch/dyn/trae/archive/data/199809/80930-018-trae-zag.htm
* http://www.southeasteurope.org/subpage.php?sub_site=2&id=16431&head=if&site=4
* http://www.nouvelle-europe.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=172&Itemid=
* http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18696
* http://www.gimnazija.hr/?200_godina_gimnazije:OD_1897._DO_1921.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080328060638/http://www.hdpz.htnet.hr/broj186/jonjic2.htm

{{Cultural assimilation, sp=ize

Social history of Croatia
Cultural assimilation
Slavicization