''Copelandia'' is a now

deprecated In several fields, especially computing, deprecation is the discouragement of use of some terminology, feature, design, or practice, typically because it has been superseded or is no longer considered efficient or safe, without completely removing ...

genus of

mushrooms A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the na ...

consisting of at least 12 species. Many American

mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a so ...

s previously placed members of ''Panaeolus'' which stain blue into ''Copelandia'', whilst European mycologists generally used the name ''Panaeolus'' instead. Now all mushrooms previously categorised under ''Copelandia'' are universally classified in ''Panaeolus''. The genus ''Copelandia'' was created as a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

of ''Panaeolus'' by Abbé

Giacomo Bresadola Giacomo Bresadola ( Mezzana, Trento; often given as Giacopo) 14 February 1847 – Trento 9 June 1929) was an eminent Italian mycologist. Fungi he named include the deadly '' Lepiota helveola'' and ''Inocybe patouillardii'', though the latter ...

(1847–1929) in honor of

Edwin Bingham Copeland Edwin Bingham Copeland (September 30, 1873 – March 16, 1964) was an American botanist and agriculturist. He is known for founding the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture at Los Baños, Laguna and for being one of the America's l ...

(1873–1964), an American who gathered fungi in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

and sent some collections to Bresadola. ''Copelandia'' species are white to gray or tan, usually with long, thin fragile stem and are delicate. They are found in the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and

neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

of both hemispheres, growing in

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur natur ...

s, on dead

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hor ...

, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. Blue staining on the caps and stems can often be observed where the mushroom has been bruised due to

psilocin Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counte ...

content. The cap is never viscid and often develops a cracked appearance as it dries out. None of the mushrooms in ''Copelandia'' have a partial veil and the gills always have thick walled pseudocystidia, often with crystals at the ends. Chrysocystidia are never present. All species of ''Copelandia'' are known to contain the hallucinogens

and

psilocybin Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P.&nbs ...

Species list

*'' C. affinis'' (E. Horak) *'' C. bispora'' (Malençon & Bertault)

Singer Singing is the act of creating musical sounds with the voice. A person who sings is called a singer, artist or vocalist (in jazz and/or popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without ...

*'' C. cambodginiensis'' (Ola'h & R. Heim)

*'' C. chlorocystis''

& R.A. Weeks *'' C. cyanescens'' (

Berkeley Berkeley most often refers to: *Berkeley, California, a city in the United States **University of California, Berkeley, a public university in Berkeley, California * George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher Berkeley may also refer ...

& Broome)

*'' C. lentisporus'' (Ew. Gerhardt)

Guzmán Guzmán or de Guzmán ( or ) is a Spanish surname. The Portuguese language equivalent is Gusmão. Origins The surname is of toponymic origin, ''de Guzmán'' ("of Guzmán"), deriving from the village of Guzmán ( es) in the region of Burgos. T ...

*'' C. mexicana''

*'' C. tirunelveliensis'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropica'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropicalis'' (Ola'h)

& R.A. Weeks

References

Bibliography

Copelandia and other Psychoactive Mushrooms in Hawaii
* Pollock. S. 1974. A novel experience with Panaeolus: A case study from Hawaii. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs vol. 6(1): 85–89.

* Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina, by Ew. Gerhardt, 1996 {{Taxonbar, from=Q2886493 Bolbitiaceae Entheogens Psychoactive fungi Psychedelic tryptamine carriers

Species list

See also

References

Bibliography