Definition and distinction
TheSubject-matter expert (SME) vs. consultant
According to ''Institute of Management Consultants USA,'' "The value of a consultant staffing, which a client procures for more generalized labor, whereas consulting is for more specialized labor. Thus, in contrast to adviser">advisory services, which is not a labor contract but an actual service (advisory services never become part of the procuring organization) the market for consulting agreements follows the demand for specialized labor in the form of a consulting procurement, and so while competence and experience is naturally an advantage for when looking to sell consulting services, it is not a prerequisite in the same way that it is for advisory services where the service provider per definition relies on some level of competence and experience for its relevance.Contractor vs. consultant
Sometimes, the word consultant applies specifically to someone or organization that provides knowledge, advice or service; whereas the contractor builds something for the client.Consultants' view of a consultant
A study found that business consultants maintain a very humble approach in their partnership with the client and believe that the ultimate goal is to make the customer move forward. Further, consultants are conscious in amount of control and discretion which comes from the customer and understand that criticism of their role is part of the work and sometimes even justified.Role of a consultant
The role of a consultant outside the medical sphere (where the term is used specifically for a grade of doctor) can fall under one of two general categories: * Internal consultant: someone who is either employed by or contracted by a client organization, and operates within a client-organization (maybe as part of an ''internal consultancy unit''); or * External consultant: someone who is employed externally to the client (either by a consulting firm, some other agency or as an Self-employment, independent freelancer), whose expertise is provided as part of a contract for a fee or rate.Business case for hiring a consultant
Traditionally, through the act of procuring consulting services, clients may acquire access to higher grades of expertise than would be financially feasible for them to retain in-house on a long-term basis. Moreover, clients can control their expenditures on consulting services by only purchasing as much services from the outside consultant as desired. Additionally, consultants are key persons with specific domain-skills in creating strategies, leading change (e.g. digitalization), leadership coaching, interim management (also called ''consultant manager''), etc. Another business-case is that a consultant may save the company money: for example, a specialist tax-consultant who saves the company 20% on its taxes, and only charges 10% in fees, enables the company to net a 10% savings. A portion of professional services in demand for clients are simply not necessary to retain in house, as they may be sporadic in nature, at which a consultant offers a reduction in payroll for the client. In the UK government sector, since 2010 the Cabinet Office has required government departments to implement spending controls which restrict the appointment of consultants and temporary staff in order to regulate consultancy expenditure and ensure that the use of consultants offers value for money.National Audit OfficeDelivery of service
Consultants provide their services to their clients in a variety of forms. Reports and presentations are often used. Advice can be general (high degree of quality of communication) and also domain-focused. However, in some specialized fields, the consultant may develop as well as implement customized software or other products for the client. Depending on the nature (also namedEmployment status and career distinction
Consultants work for (consulting) firms or as freelance contractors. A consultant differs from a temporary worker insofar as she or he has, as detailed above, a highly specialized career and domain knowledge. This could be true for a temporary worker too, however, for example a medical consultant is unlikely to suddenly become a hotel receptionist, whereas a temporary worker might change domains and branches more frequently. Furthermore, a consultant usually signs a service-type employee contract (known as fixed-term, full-time, part-time), whereas a temporary worker will only be offered a temporary (and scope limited) contract or a work-results type contract (e. g. in Germany a specific type of contract called ''Werksvertrag'') to fulfill or create a specific work. Additionally, a temporary worker might be directed and managed by a client, whereas a consultant is employed by a company (or self) and provides services for a client. The consultant may not be provided work-related instruments or tools, but only the necessary infrastructure and accesses the consultant needs to fulfill the statement of work, e. g. access to internal IT networks or client-side laboratory. Moreover, a consultant might engage in multi-project services ( matrix organization) for the client or for internal projects/activities at the employer firm. The consultant's career path is usually not at the client's side, however the consultant will very likely be introduced into the client's organizational program or project structure. Novel collaborations of expert-contractors or ''independent consultants'' especially inConsulting scope
A consultant's activity can last anywhere from an hourly consultation, to a one-day service, three months, 12 months or more. For complex projects, a longer period is needed for the consultant to analyze, resolve the root cause, get to know the stakeholders and organizational-situation, etc. Usually the engagement has set legal boundaries under given law to avoid (specifically for freelance-contractors) the problem of false self-employment (see also Umbrella company). The person at client location is sometimes called a ''Resident''. By spending time at the client's organization, the consultant is able to observe work processes, interview workers, managers, executives, board members, or other individuals, and study how the organization operates to provide hers or his services. In some settings, a consultant is signing a specific contract and is hired as an interim manager or executive with advanced authority or shared responsibility or decision making of client-side activities, filling a vacant position which could and cannot be filled with an internal candidate. This is often the case by the client-organization due to other constraints, such asWork location
Research and analysis can occur at the consultants' offices (sometimes called back office) or home-offices) or viaIn-house consulting
Also known as ''ICUs - Internal Consulting Units'', which are departments or specialists groups created by or maintained by usually larger companies for their own consulting service needs along the business chain. ''ICUs'' might be internal or own-run businesses.Success factors of consulting
The following qualities are found to be helpful for a successful consulting career.Accenture success factors
From Accenture blog, one of the main IT consultancies in the world, the following factors play an important role: * A service-oriented mindset * Sharing of great work * Seizing of opportunities * Setting of goals, seeking of advice and taking time to reflect''Bronnenmayer's'' success factors
Bronnenmayer et al. investigated, by applying a structural equation model, and due to little empirical research, the management consulting's success factors from a client perspective. It is found that Consultant Expertise, Intensity of Collaboration and Common Vision have strongest performance impact on success. # Common Vision # Intensity of Collaboration # Trust # Project Management # Consultant Expertise # Provided Resources # Top Management SupportSindermann and Sawyer success factors
Sindermann and Sawyer conclude in their book ''The Scientist as Consultant'', that a cientificconsultant is successful, if she or he has "achieved a viable mix of technical proficiency and business skills" with "technical proficiency" meaning excellence in competence, credibility, effective networking with colleagues, and ability to negotiate.Hartel's 10 Golden Rules
According to management consultant Dirk Hartel, the following ten objectives or rules are key to a successful consulting career: # Customer first - Especially the meaning of being available (time) for customer needs # Appearance - Understanding of self-image and dress for the job # Determined friendliness - Having concrete mindset and goals, but being diplomatic too # Punctuality - Leading time management, starting and finishing on time, being prepared # Engagement and productivity - Supporting, being pro-active, etc. # Critical questioning - Nobody is born a consultant; asking the right questions is a key skill # Feedback - Request regular feedback, asking for critique rather than waiting for it # Acceptance of hierarchies - Professional navigation in client organization, knowing authority-levels, being respectful and being confidential with customer information # Stakeholder behavior - Study and understanding of client behavior and culture; inspiring stakeholders with presentations, etc. # Being courageous - Consulting-life is challenging, never lose trust in yourself, but also reflect and lead a positive and good lifeConsulting challenges
Distinctness
Consultants are often outsiders to the client organization. On one hand, this means their work methods, expertise, behaviors, etc. differ from the client-employees and organizational, and is exactly what the client needs, however it can also be a considerable disadvantage for a successful engagement and may lead to a less intimate cooperation with the client's business.Domain
Next to general challenges, domain-specific challenges for consultants exist. In palliative medicine consulting, emotions, beliefs, sensitive topics, difficulty communicating and prognosis interpretation, or patients expectations despite critical illness are some of the challenges faced by the consultant.Ethical conflict (manipulation)
According to Kelman, "One danger is thatExpectations (customer)
Hartel mentions several challenges that are based on the types of consultants, including a consultant in a short-term role, as integrator, as driver, as project manager or methodology guru, know-how expert, or as scapegoat. In case of ''consultant as integrator'', the consultant has the challenging task to resolve, negotiate, facilitate, mediate political situations in companies to move forward, such as different opinions, critical characters (persons), difficult relationships or interfaces, goal conflicts, power games, etc. In case of ''consultant as scapegoat'', the consultant, who is external to the company, is the one to announce difficult company decisions such as layoffs or reorganizations, but it is important that the consultant acts professional and competent, not just as " Rambo in suit".Organizational
Consultants may face several organizational challenges, e. g. internal consultants are faced with the paradoxes to maintain a good balance between knowing the internal company structure and at the same time staying neutral and objective, keeping a marginal position between the client and the provided service. Further, depending on the hiring company's understanding how to work with a consultant, the consultant might be seen as disruption to the inhouse employees status.Other general challenges
General issues faced by a consultant can be stress, productivity issues with meetings, general "technostresses", high-paced and changing business environments and situations, etc.Stakeholder management
In case of corporate and industrial consultants, the role is further challenged to act and become the "translator of information" from various different client-company cultures and procedures (processes) and between her or his employer-side team, managers and leadership team. What is an important goal to the current client is usually not similar for any other client due to multiple variations in company size, history, product, program, organizational structure, leadership, etc. Hence the consultant must be excellent in sensing and communicating between different layers in the organization and further across it, while maintaining authenticity, integrity and trustworthiness with all parties involved.Taxation and legal status
Independent consultants (contractors or freelancer) usually need to fulfil taxation requirements given by laws, specifically challenging employment status to avoid 'disguised' employment. Compared to contracting, consulting can be seen as being "in business in your own right", not controlled by your client, etc. placing a consultant "well outside" of e. g. IR35. Alan Weiss provides 20 "factors" for consultants in the US (IRS), which are similar in other countries, to avoid or understand in terms of their business activity. Amongst those, the consultant is not supposed to be instructed by the client, should not receive similar training as employees, has the right to sub-contract, should not be integrated into the organizational structure, etc. to avoid legal-status and taxation issues.Qualifications
There is no single qualification to becoming a consultant, other than those laid down in relation to medical, psychological and engineering personnel who have attained this level-degree in it or professional licenses, such as Chartered Engineer. Consultants may hold undergraduate degrees, graduate degrees, professional degrees or professional designations pertaining to their field(s) of expertise. In some fields, a consultant may be required to hold certain professional licenses (e.g., a civil engineer providing consulting on a bridge project may have to be a professional engineer). In other types of consulting, there may be no specific qualification requirements. A legal consultant may have to be a member of the bar or hold a law degree. An accounting consultant may have to have an accounting designation, such as Chartered Accountant status. Some individuals become consultants after a lengthy and distinguished career as an executive or political leader or employee, so their lengthy and exposed experience may be their main asset.Accreditation
Various accreditation bodies for consultants exist today: * AACSB - Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business * AMBA - Association of MBAs *CIMC - Chartered Institute of Management Consultants (US) *Code of Ethics
Accredited practitioners in all fields (incl. medical) can be bound by a Code of Ethics orConsulting domains
There exist various forms, types and areas or industries of consultants. The following list provides some examples:Business (general)
* Franchise consulting * Human resource consulting - Specialists who provide expertise around employment practice and people management. * Interim management - Often independent consultants who act as interim executives (any CxO) with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees. * Performance consulting - Consultants who focus on the execution of an initiative or overall performance of their client. *Technology
* Information-technology consulting - Experts in Computer-technology disciplines such as computer hardware, software engineering, or networks.Construction
* Elevator consultantEntertainment
* Creative consultant * Image consulting * Theatre consultantHealth
* Biotechnology consulting * Consultant (medical) - the most senior grade of hospital doctor in the United Kingdom. * Consultant pharmacist * Consulting psychology *Law and politics
* Economic analyst * Employment consultant * Environmental consulting * Foreclosure consultant *Education
*List of notable (management) consultants
* Alan Weiss (entrepreneur) *See also
* Business school * Consulting firm * Contingent workforce * Interim management * IRS Reclassification *References
Further reading
*Nissen, Volker, ed. ''Advances in Consulting Research: Recent Findings and Practical Cases''. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019. Print. *CMI - Management Consulting Journal * CMC - Management Consulting Journal *Treichler, Christoph. “Consulting Industry and Market Trends: A Two-Sided View.” ''Contributions to Management Science''. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. 253–272. Print.