Conjunctive Mood

The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of the utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude towards it. Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as: wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of the irrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with the indicative, a realis mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact.

Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, in subordinate clauses, particularly ''that''-clauses. Examples of the subjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that you ''be'' careful" and "It is important that she ''stay'' by your side."

Indo-European languages

Proto-Indo-European

The Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and the optative. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.

In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the full ablaut grade of the root of the verb, and appending the thematic vowel *''-e-'' or *''-o-'' to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-European ''irrealis'', used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.

The optative mood was formed with a suffix *''-ieh₁'' or *''-ih₁'' (with a laryngeal). The optative used the clitic set of secondary personal inflections. The optative was used to express wishes or hopes.

Among the Indo-European languages, only Albanian, Avestan, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit kept the subjunctive and the optative fully separate and parallel. However, in Sanskrit, use of the subjunctive is found only in the Vedic language of the earliest times, and the optative and imperative are comparatively less commonly used. In the later language (from c. 500 BC), the subjunctive fell out of use, with the optative or imperative being used instead, or merged with the optative as in Latin. However, the first-person forms of the subjunctive continue to be used, as they are transferred to the imperative, which formerly, like Greek, had no first person forms.

Germanic languages

In the Germanic languages, subjunctives are also usually formed from old optatives (a mood that indicates a wish or hope), with the present subjunctive marked with *''-ai-'' and the past with *''-ī-''. In German, these forms have been reduced to a schwa, spelled ''-e''. The past tense, however, often displays i- umlaut. In Old Norse, both suffixes evolved into ''-i-'', but i-umlaut occurs in the past subjunctive, which distinguishes them. The table below shows the Old Norse active paradigm (set of rules) for the verb '' grafa'' (“to dig”):

English

In Modern English, the subjunctive is realised as a finite but tenseless clause where the main verb occurs in the ''bare'' form. Since the bare form is also used in a variety of other constructions, the English subjunctive is reflected by a clause type rather than a distinct inflectional paradigm.

German

German has two forms of the subjunctive mood, namely ''Konjunktiv I'' (KI) 'present subjunctive' and ''Konjunktiv II'' (KII) 'past subjunctive'. Despite their English names, both German subjunctives can be used for past and present time.

''Konjunktiv I''

The present subjunctive occurs in certain expressions, (e.g. ''Es lebe der König!'' "Long live the king!") and in indirect (reported) speech. Its use can frequently be replaced by the indicative mood. For example, ''Er sagte, er sei Arzt'' ('He said he was a physician') is a neutral representation of what was said and makes no claim as to whether the speaker thinks the reported statement is true or not.

The past subjunctive can often be used to express the same sentiments: ''Er sagte, er wäre Arzt.'' Or, for example, instead of the formal, written ''Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit'' 'He said he had no time' with present subjunctive 'habe', one can use past subjunctive 'hätte': ''Er sagte, er ''hätte'' keine Zeit.''

In speech, however, the past subjunctive is common without any implication that the speaker doubts the speech he is reporting. As common is use of the indicative ''Er sagte, er ist Arzt'' and ''Er sagte, er hat keine Zeit.'' This is often changed in written reports to the forms using present subjunctive.

The present subjunctive is completely regular for all verbs except the verb ''sein'' ("to be"). It is formed by adding ''-e'', ''-est'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-et'', ''-en'' to the stem of the infinitive. The verb ''sein'' has the stem ''sei-'' for the present subjunctive declension, but it has no ending for the first and third person singular. While the use of present subjunctive for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline.

It is possible to express the subjunctive in various tenses, including the perfect (''er sei da gewesen'' 'he has pparentlybeen there') and the future (''er werde da sein'' 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with a somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to switch to the perfect tense, so that: "Er sagte: 'Ich war da.'" becomes "Er sagte, er sei da gewesen".

''Konjunktiv II''

The ''KII'' or past subjunctive is used to form the conditional tense and, on occasion, as a replacement for the present subjunctive when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable.

Every German verb has a past subjunctive conjugation, but in spoken German the conditional is most commonly formed using ''würde'' (Konjunktiv II form of ''werden'' which in here is related to the English ''will'' or ''would'' rather than the literal ''to become''; dialect: ''täte'', KII of ''tun'' 'to do') with an infinitive. For example: ''An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen'' 'I would not help him if I were you'. In the example, the Konjunktiv II form of ''helfen'' (hülfe) is very unusual. However, using 'würde' instead of ''hätte'' (past subjunctive declension of ''haben'' 'to have') and ''wäre'' (past subjunctive declension of ''sein'' 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in-the-present use of the past subjunctive) to incorrect (in the past subjunctive). There is a tendency to use the forms in ''würde'' rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like the indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard.

Some verbs exist for which either construction can be used, such as with ''finden'' (''fände'') and ''tun'' (''täte''). Many dictionaries consider the past subjunctive declension of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German.

The past subjunctive is declined from the stem of the preterite (imperfect) declension of the verb with the appropriate present subjunctive declension ending as appropriate. In most cases, an ''umlaut'' is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it is ''a'', ''o'', ''u'' or ''au''), for example: ''ich war'' → ''ich wäre'', ''ich brachte'' → ''ich brächte''.

Dutch

Dutch has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above), though they are rare in contemporary speech. The same two tenses as in German are sometimes considered subjunctive mood (''aanvoegende wijs'') and sometimes conditional mood (''voorwaardelijke wijs''). In practice, potential subjunctive uses of verbs are difficult to differentiate from indicative uses. This is partly because the subjunctive mood has fallen together with the indicative mood:
* The plural of the subjunctive (both present and past) is always identical to the plural of the indicative. There are a few exceptions where the usage is clearly subjunctive, like: "''Mogen zij in vrede rusten''" (May they rest in peace); compare to singular: "''Moge hij/zij in vrede rusten''" (May he/she rest in peace).
* In the present tense, the singular form of the subjunctive differs from the indicative, having an extra ''-e''. E.g., the subjunctive "''God'' zegene ''je, mijn kind''" (May God bless you, my child) differs from the indicative "''God'' zegent ''je, mijn kind''" (God blesses you, my child.)
* In the past tense, the singular form of the subjunctive of weak verbs (the vast majority of verbs) does not differ from the indicative at all, so that for those verbs there is no difference between indicative and subjunctive whatsoever in the past tense. Only for strong verbs, the preterite-present verbs and some irregular weak verbs does the past subjunctive differ from the past indicative, and only in the singular form. E.g., the subjunctive "''hadde''", "''ware''" and "''mochte''" differ from the indicative "had", "was" and "''mocht''" ("had", "was" and "could").

Archaic and traditional phrases still contain the subjunctive mood:
* ''Men'' neme ''...'' ( ake (literally "one take" ... - as found in recipes)
* ''Uw naam'' worde ''geheiligd'' (Thy name be hallowed - from the Lord's Prayer)
* ''Geheiligd'' zij ''Uw naam'' (Hallowed be thy name - from the Lord's Prayer, as used in Belgium until 2016)
* ''Zo waarlijk'' helpe ''mij God almachtig'' (So truly help me God almighty - when swearing an oath)
* God''verdomme'' (now a commonly used curse word in Dutch but originally meaning a request to God to curse something)
* God ''zij'' dank (meaning Thanks be to God)
* Dank ''zij'' (Thanks to - literally meaning Thank ''be'')
* Leve ''de koning'' (Long live the king)
Of these, the last 4 examples are still part of daily speech

Latin and the Romance languages

Latin

The Latin subjunctive has many uses, contingent upon the nature of a clause within a sentence:

Within independent clauses:
* Exhortation or command
*Concession
*Wish
*Question of doubt
*Possibility or contingency

Within dependent clauses:
*Condition
*Purpose
*Characteristic
*Result
*Time
* Indirect questions

Historically, the Latin subjunctive originates from the ancestral optative inflections, while some of the original subjunctive forms went on to compose the Latin future tense, especially in the Latin third conjugation. The *''-i-'' of the old optative forms manifests itself in the fact that the Latin subjunctives typically have a high vowel even when the indicative mood has a lower vowel; for example, Latin ''rogamus'', "we ask", in the indicative mood, corresponds to the subjunctive ''rogemus'', "let us ask", where ''e'' is a higher vowel than ''a''.

The subjunctive mood retains a highly distinct form for nearly all verbs in Portuguese, Spanish and Italian (among other Latin languages), and for a number of verbs in French. All of these languages inherit their subjunctive from Latin, where the subjunctive mood combines both forms and usages from a number of original Indo-European inflection sets, including the original subjunctive and the optative mood.

In many cases, the Romance languages use the subjunctive in the same ways that English does; however, they use them in other ways as well. For example, English generally uses the auxiliary ''may'' or ''let'' to form desiderative expressions, such as "Let it snow". The Romance languages use the subjunctive for these; French, for example, says, "''Qu'il neige''" and "''Qu'ils vivent jusqu'à leur vieillesse''". However, in the case of the first-person plural, these languages have imperative forms: "Let us go" in French is "''Allons-y''". In addition, the Romance languages tend to use the subjunctive in various kinds of subordinate clauses, such as those introduced by words meaning ''although'' English: "Although I am old, I feel young"; French: ''Bien que je sois vieux, je me sens jeune''.

In Spanish, phrases with words like ''lo que'' (that which, what), ''quien'' (who), or ''donde'' (where) and subjunctive verb forms are often translated to English with some variation of "whatever" or sometimes an indefinite pronoun. Spanish "''lo que sea''", which is, by a literal interpretation, along the lines of "the thing which is", is translated as English "whatever" or "anything"; similarly, Spanish "''donde sea''" is English "wherever" and Spanish "''quien sea''" is English "whoever". For example, Spanish "''lo que quieras''", literally "that which you want", is translated as English "whatever you may want"; Spanish "''cueste lo que cueste''" is translated to English as "whatever it may cost"; and Spanish "''donde vayas, voy''" is translated to English as "wherever you go, I go".

French

Present and past subjunctives

The subjunctive is used mostly with verbs or adverbs expressing desire, doubt or eventuality; it may also express an order. It is almost always preceded by the conjunction ().

Use of the subjunctive is in many respects similar to English:
* Jussive (issuing orders, commanding, or exhorting): ("It is necessary that he ''understand'' that")
* Desiderative: ' ("Long ''live'' the republic!")

Sometimes it is not:
* Desiderative: ' ("''Let'' there ''be'' light!")
* In certain subordinate clauses:
** : ("Even though it ''is'' my birthday") (although English does introduce a similar subjunctive element in an alternative: "It ''might'' be my birthday, but I am working"
** ("Before I ''go'' away")

French uses a past subjunctive, equivalent in tense to the ''passé composé'' in the indicative mood, called "''passé du subjonctif''". It is the only other subjunctive tense used in modern-day conversational French. It is formed with the auxiliary ''être'' or ''avoir'' and the past participle of the verb. Unlike other Romance languages, such as Spanish, it is not always necessary that the preceding clause be in the past to trigger the ''passé du subjonctif'' in the subordinate clause:

Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives

French also has an imperfect subjunctive, which in older, formal, or literary writing, replaces the present subjunctive in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in a past tense (including in the French conditional, which is morphologically a future-in-the-past):

Similarly, pluperfect subjunctive replace past subjunctive in same context:

Italian

The Italian subjunctive (''congiuntivo'') is commonly used, although, especially in the spoken language, it is sometimes substituted by the indicative.

The subjunctive is used mainly in subordinate clauses following a set phrase or conjunction, such as ''benché'', ''senza che'', ''prima che'', or ''perché''. It is also used with verbs of doubt, possibility and expressing an opinion or desire, for example with ''credo che'', ''è possibile che'' and ''ritengo che'', and sometimes with superlatives and virtual superlatives.
* English: I believe (that) she ''is'' the best.
* Italian: ''(Io) credo (che) (ella/lei) sia la migliore.''

Differently from the French subjunctive, the Italian one is used after expressions like "''Penso che''" ("I think that"), where in French the indicative would be used. However, it is also possible to use the subjunctive after the expression "''Je ne pense pas que...''" ("I don't think that..."), and in questions like "''Penses-tu que...''" ("Do you think that..."), even though the indicative forms are correct, too.

Present subjunctive

The present subjunctive is similar to, but still mostly distinguishable from, the present indicative. Subject pronouns are often used with the present subjunctive where they are normally omitted in the indicative, since in the first, second and third person singular forms they are the same, so the person is not implicitly implied from the verb. Irregular verbs tend to follow the first person singular form, such as the present subjunctive forms of ''andare'', which goes to ''vada'' etc. (first person singular form is ''vado'').

The present subjunctive is used in a range of situations in clauses taking the subjunctive.
* English: "It is possible that they have to leave".
* Italian: "''È possibile che debbano partire''".
* English: "My parents want me to play the piano".
* Italian: "''I miei genitori vogliono che io suoni il pianoforte''".

The present subjunctive is used mostly in subordinate clauses, as in the examples above. However, exceptions include imperatives using the subjunctive (using the third person), and general statements of desire.
* English: "Be careful!"
* Italian: "''Stia attento''!"
* English: "Long live the republic!"
* Italian: "''Viva la repubblica''!"
Imperfect subjunctive

The Italian imperfect subjunctive is very similar in appearance to (but used much more in speech than) the French imperfect subjunctive, and forms are largely regular, apart from the verbs ''essere, dare'' and ''stare'' (which go to ''fossi, dessi'' and ''stessi'' etc.). However, unlike in French, where it is often replaced with the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is far more common. Verbs with a contracted infinitive, such as ''dire'' (short for ''dicere'') revert to the longer form in the imperfect subjunctive (to give ''dicessi'' etc., for example).

The imperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses taking the subjunctive where the sense of the verb requires the imperfect.
* English: "It seemed that Elsa ''was not coming''."
* Italian: "''Sembrava che Elsa non venisse''."
* English: "The teacher slowed down, so that we ''would understand'' everything."
* Italian: "''L’insegnante rallentava, affinché capissimo tutto''."

The imperfect subjunctive is used in "if" clauses, where the main clause is in the conditional tense, as in English and German.
* English: "If I ''had'' a lot of money, I would buy many cars."
* Italian: "''Se avessi molti soldi, comprerei tante macchine''."
* English: "You would know if we ''were lying''."
* Italian: "''Sapresti se mentissimo''."
Perfect and pluperfect subjunctives

The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are formed much like the indicative perfect and pluperfect, except the auxiliary (either ''avere'' or ''essere'') verb takes the present and imperfect subjunctive respectively.

They are used in subordinate clauses which require the subjunctive, where the sense of the verb requires use of the perfect or pluperfect.
* English: "Although they ''had'' not ''killed'' the doctor, the police arrested the men."
* Italian: "''Benché non avessero ucciso il medico, la polizia arrestò gli uomini''."
* English: "I would have done it, provided you ''had helped'' me."
* Italian: "''Lo avrei fatto, purché tu mi avessi assistito''."

Spanish

The subjunctive mood (''subjuntivo'') is a fundamental element of Spanish. Its spoken form makes use of it to a much larger degree than other Latin languages and it is in no case homonymous to any other mood. Furthermore, it is common to find long complex sentences almost entirely in the subjunctive.

The subjunctive is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, desire or viewpoint. More importantly, it applies to most hypothetical situations, likely or unlikely, desired or not. Normally, only certitude of (or statement of) a fact will remove the possibility of its use. Unlike French, it is also used in phrases expressing the past conditional. The negative of the imperative shares the same form with the present subjunctive.

Common introductions to the subjunctive would include the following:
* ''que...'' or ''de que...'' as in ''que sea'' (present subjunctive) ''lo que Dios quiera'' (present subjunctive): "Let it be what God wills".
* ''Si...'': "If.." (e.g. ''si estuvieras'': "if you were...")
* ''Donde'': "Where.." (e.g. ''donde sea'', "anywhere")
* ''Cuando'': "When.." (referring to a future time, e.g. ''cuando vaya'', "when I go")
* ''Aunque'': "Despite/although/even if..."
* ''Ojalá...'' "I hope..." (derived from Arabic ''in šāʾ ʾallāh'' "God willing") e.g. ''Ojalá que llueva'' (present subjunctive) "I hope it rains" or ''Ojalá que lloviera'' (past subjunctive) "I wish it would rain".

Nevertheless, the subjunctive can stand alone to supplant other tenses.

For example, "I would like" can be said in the conditional ''Querría'' or in the past subjunctive ''Quisiera'', as in ''Quisiera'' (past subjunctive) ''que vinieras'' (past subjunctive), i.e. "I would like you to come".

Comfort with the subjunctive form and the degree to which a second-language speaker attempts to avoid using it is a good way to gauge his or her fluency in the language. Complex use of the subjunctive is a constant pattern of everyday speech among native speakers but difficult to interiorize even by relatively proficient Spanish learners (e.g. I would have liked you to come on Thursday: ''Me habría gustado'' (conditional perfect) ''que vinieras'' (past subjunctive) ''el jueves.''

An example of the subtlety of the Spanish subjunctive is the way the tense (past, present or future) modifies the expression "be it as it may" (literally "be what it be"):
* ''Sea lo que sea'' (present subjunctive + present subjunctive): "No matter what/whatever."
* ''Sea lo que fuera'' (present subjunctive + past subjunctive): "Whatever it were."
* ''Fuera lo que fuera'' (past subjunctive + past subjunctive): (Similar meaning to above).
* ''Sea lo que fuere''. (Present subjunctive + future subjunctive): "Whatever it may be."
* ''Fuera lo que hubiera sido''. (Past subjunctive + past pluperfect subjunctive): "Whatever/no matter what it may have been".

The same alterations could be made to the expression ''Sea como sea'' or "no matter how" with similar changes in meaning.

Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the "first form" has ''-ra-'', the "second form" has ''-se-''. Both forms are usually interchangeable although the ''-se-'' form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The ''-ra-'' forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.

Present subjunctive

In Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak" or French "''qu'ils parlent''" can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanish "''que hablen''" is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would be "''que hablan''".) The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.

When to use:
* When there are two clauses, separated by ''que''. However, not all ''que'' clauses require the subjunctive mood. They must have at least one of the following criteria:
* As the fourth edition of ''Mosaicos'' states, when the verb of the main clause expresses emotion (e.g. fear, happiness, sorrow, etc.)
* Impersonal expressions are used in the main clause. (It is important that...)
* The verb in the second clause is the one that is in subjunctive.

Examples:
* ''Ojalá que me compren (comprar) un regalo''. (I hope that they will buy me a gift.)
* ''Te recomiendo que no corras (correr) con tijeras''. (I recommend that you not run with scissors.)
* ''Dudo que el restaurante abra (abrir) a las seis''. (I doubt that the restaurant might open at six.)
* ''Lo discutiremos cuando venga (venir)''. (We will talk about it when he/she comes.)
* ''Es importante que (nosotros) hagamos ejercicio''. (It is important that we exercise.)
* ''Me alegro de que (tú) seas mi amiga''. (I am happy that you are my friend.)
Past (imperfect) subjunctive

Used interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in "''-se''" or "''-ra''". Both forms stem from the third-person plural (''ellos, ellas, ustedes'') of the preterite. For example, the verb "''estar''", when conjugated in the third-person plural of the preterite, becomes "''estuvieron''". Then, drop the "''-ron''" ending, and add either "''-se''" or "''-ra''". Thus, it becomes "''estuviese''" or "''estuviera''". The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
* ''Si yo fuera/fuese el maestro, no mandaría demasiados deberes''. (If I ''were'' the teacher, I would not give too much homework.)
Future subjunctive

In Spanish, the future subjunctive tense is now rare but still used in certain dialects of Spanish and in formal speech. It is usually reserved for literature, archaic phrases and expressions, and legal documents. (The form is similar to the "''-ra''" form of the imperfect subjunctive, but with a "''-re''" ending instead of "''-ra''", "''-res''" instead of "''-ras''" and so on.) Example:
* ''Si así yo no lo hiciere, que Dios y la patria me lo demanden.'' (If I don't do it, may God and the fatherland demand it from me.)

Phrases expressing the subjunctive in a future period normally employ the present subjunctive. For example: "I hope that it ''will rain'' tomorrow" would simply be "''Espero que llueva mañana''" (where ''llueva'' is the third-person singular present subjunctive of ''llover'', "to rain").

Pluperfect (past perfect) subjunctive

In Spanish, the pluperfect subjunctive tense is used to describe a continuing wish in the past. "''Desearía que (tú) hubieras ido al cine conmigo el viernes pasado''." (I wish that you had gone to the movies with me last Friday). To form this tense, first the subjunctive form of ''haber'' is conjugated (in the example above, "''haber''" becomes "''hubieras''"). Then the participle of the main verb (in this case is added, "''ir''" becomes "''ido''").
* ''Me gustaría que 'hubieras ido'/'hubieses ido', pero él suspendió su examen de matemáticas''. (I would have liked if you ''had gone'', but he failed his math test.)

Though the "''-re''" form appears to be more closely related to the imperfect subjunctive "''-ra''" form than the "''-se''" form, that is not the case. The "''-se''" form of the imperfect subjunctive derives from the pluperfect subjunctive of Vulgar Latin and the "''-ra''" from the pluperfect indicative, combining to overtake the previous pluperfect subjunctive ending. The "''-re''" form is more complicated, stemming (so to speak) from a fusion of the perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative—which, though in different moods, happened to be identical in the second and third persons—before losing the perfect in the shift to future subjunctive, the same perfect nature that was the only thing the forms originally shared. So the "''-ra''" and "''-se''" forms always had a past (to be specific, pluperfect) meaning, but only the "''-se''" form always belonged with the subjunctive mood that the "''-re''" form had since its emergence.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, as in Spanish, the subjunctive (''subjuntivo'' or ''conjuntivo'') is complex, being generally used to talk about situations which are seen as doubtful, imaginary, hypothetical, demanded, or required. It can also express emotion, opinion, disagreement, denial, or a wish. Its value is similar to the one it has in formal English:

Present subjunctive
* Command: '' Faça-se luz!'' "Let there be light!"
* Wish: '' Viva o rei!'' "Long live the king!"
* Necessity: ''É importante que ele compreenda isso.'' "It is important that he ''understand'' that."
* In certain, subordinate clauses:
** ''Ainda que seja o meu aniversário...'' "Even though ''it be'' my birthday..."
** ''Antes que eu vá...'' "Before ''I go''..."
Imperfect (past) subjunctive

As in Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is in vernacular use, and it is employed, among other things, to make the tense of a subordinate clause agree with the tense of the main clause:
* English: ''It is'' resent indicativenecessary that ''he speak'' resent subjunctive → ''It was'' ast indicativenecessary that ''he speak'' resent subjunctive
* Portuguese: ''É'' resent indicative''necessário que ele fale'' resent subjunctive → ''Era necessário'' ast (imperfect) indicative''que ele falasse'' ast (imperfect) subjunctive

The imperfect subjunctive is also used when the main clause is in the conditional:
* English: It ''would be'' onditionalnecessary that ''he speak'' resent subjunctive
* Portuguese: ''Seria'' onditional''necessário que ele falasse'' mperfect subjunctive

There are authors who regard the conditional of Portuguese as a "future in the past" of the indicative mood, rather than as a separate mood; they call it ''futuro do pretérito'' ("future of the past"), especially in Brazil.

Future subjunctive

Portuguese differs from other Ibero-Romance languages in having retained the medieval future subjunctive (''futuro do subjuntivo''), which is rarely used in Spanish and Galician and has been lost in other West Iberic languages. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled in the future, or is assumed to be fulfilled, before an event can happen. Spanish and English will use the present tense in this type of clause.

For example, in conditional sentences whose main clause is in the conditional, Portuguese, Spanish and English employ the past tense in the subordinate clause. Nevertheless, if the main clause is in the future, Portuguese will employ the future subjunctive where English and Spanish use the present indicative. (English, when being used in a rigorously formal style, takes the present subjunctive in these situation, example: "Should I be, then...") Contrast the following two sentences.
* English: If ''I were'' ast subjunctiveking, I would end onditionalhunger.
** Spanish: ''Si fuera'' mperfect subjunctive''rey, acabaría con'' onditional''el hambre''.
** Portuguese: ''Se fosse'' mperfect subjunctive''rei, acabaria com'' onditional''a fome''.
* English: If ''I am'' resent indicative echnical English is "should I ''be''" present subjunctiveelected president, I will change uture indicativethe law.
** Spanish: ''Si soy'' resent indicative''elegido presidente, cambiaré'' uture indicative''la ley''.
** Portuguese: ''Se for'' uture subjunctive''eleito presidente, mudarei'' uture indicative''a lei''.

The first situation is counterfactual; the listener knows that the speaker is not a king. However, the second statement expresses a promise about the future; the speaker may yet be elected president.

For a different example, a father speaking to his son might say:
* English: When ''you are'' resent indicativeolder, you will understand uture indicative
* Spanish: ''Cuando seas'' resent subjunctive ''mayor, comprenderás'' uture indicative
* French: ''Quand tu seras'' uture indicative''grand, tu comprendras'' uture indicative
* Italian: ''Quando sarai'' uture indicative''grande, comprenderai'' uture indicative
* Portuguese: ''Quando fores'' uture subjunctive''mais velho, compreenderás'' uture indicative

The future subjunctive is identical in form to the personal infinitive in regular verbs, but they differ in some irregular verbs of frequent use. However, the possible differences between the two tenses are due only to stem changes. They always have the same endings.

The meaning of sentences can change by switching subjunctive and indicative:
* ''Ele pensou que eu fosse alto'' (He thought that I was tall nd I am not
* ''Ele pensou que eu era alto'' (He thought that I was tall nd I am or I am not sure whether I am or not
* ''Se formos lá'' (If we go there)
* ''Se vamos lá'' (equivalent to "if we are going there")

Below, there is a table demonstrating subjunctive and conditional conjugation for regular verbs of the first paradigm (-ar), exemplified by ''falar'' (to speak) .

Compound subjunctives

Compound verbs in subjunctive are necessary in more complex sentences, such as subordinate clauses with embedded perfective tenses e.g., perfective state in the future. To form compound subjunctives auxiliar verbs (''ter'' or ''haver'') must conjugate to the respective subjunctive tense, while the main verbs must take their participles.

*Queria que ''houvesses sido eleito'' presidente (I wish you ''had been elected'' president)
*É importante que ''hajas compreendido'' isso. (It is important that you ''have comprehended'' that)
*Quando ''houver sido eleito'' presidente, mudarei a lei (When I ''will have been elected'' president, I will change the law)
*A cidade ''haver-se-ia afundado'' se não fosse por seus alicerces (The city ''would have sunk'', if not for its foundation)

Romanian

Romanian is part of the Balkan Sprachbund and as such uses the subjunctive (''conjunctiv'') more extensively than other Romance languages. The subjunctive forms always include the conjunction ''să'', which within these verbal forms plays the role of a morphological structural element. The subjunctive has two tenses: the past tense and the present tense. It is usually used in subordinate clauses.

Present subjunctive

The present subjunctive is usually built in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural by adding the conjunction ''să'' before the present indicative (indicative: ''am'' I have; conjunctive: ''să am'' (that) I have; indicative: ''vii'' you come; conjunctive: ''să vii'' (t/hat) you come). In the 3rd person most verbs have a specific conjunctive form which differs from the indicative either in the ending or in the stem itself; there is however no distinction between the singular and plural of the present conjunctive in the 3rd person (indicative: ''are'' he has; conjunctive: ''să aibă'' (that) he has; indicative: ''au'' they have; conjunctive: ''să aibă'' (that) they have; indicative: ''vine'' he comes; conjunctive: ''să vină'' (that) he comes; indicative: ''vin'' they come; conjunctive: ''să vină'' (that) they come).

The present tense is by far the most widely used of the two subjunctive tenses and is used frequently after verbs that express wish, preference, permission, possibility, request, advice, etc.: ''a vrea'' to want, ''a dori'' to wish, ''a prefera'' to prefer, ''a lăsa'' to let, to allow, ''a ruga'' to ask, ''a sfătui'' to advise, ''a sugera'' to suggest, ''a recomanda'' to recommend, ''a cere'' to demand, to ask for, ''a interzice'' to forbid, ''a permite'' to allow, to give permission, ''a se teme'' to be afraid, etc.

When used independently, the subjunctive indicates a desire, a fear, an order or a request, i.e. has modal and imperative values. The present subjunctive is used in questions having the modal value of ''should'':
* ''Să plec?'' Should I leave?
* ''Să mai stau?'' Should I stay longer?
* ''De ce să plece?'' Why should he/she leave?

The present subjunctive is often used as an imperative, mainly for other persons than the second person. When used with the second person, it is even stronger than the imperative. The first-person plural can be preceded by the interjection ''hai'', which intensifies the imperative meaning of the structure:
* ''Să mergem!'' Let us go! or ''Hai să mergem!'' Come on, let's go!
* ''Să plece imediat!'' I want him to leave immediately!
* ''Să-mi aduci un pahar de apă!'' Bring me a glass of water!

The subjunctive present is used in certain set phrases used as greetings in specific situations:
* ''Să creşti mare!'' (to a child, after he or she declared his or her age or thanked for something)
* ''Să ne (să-ţi, să vă) fie de bine!'' (to people who have finished their meals)
* ''Să-l (să o, să le etc.) porţi sănătos / sănătoasă!'' (when somebody shows up in new clothes, with new shoes)
* ''Dumnezeu să-l (s-o, să-i, să le) ierte!'' (after mentioning the name of a person who died recently)
Past subjunctive

The past tense of the subjunctive mood has one form for all persons and numbers of all the verbs, which is ''să fi'' followed by the past participle of the verb. The past subjunctive is used after the past optative-conditional of the verbs that require the subjunctive (''a trebui, a vrea, a putea, a fi bine, a fi necesar'', etc.), in constructions that express the necessity, the desire in the past:
* ''Ar fi trebuit să fi rămas acasă.'' You should have stayed home.
* ''Ar fi fost mai bine să mai fi stat.'' It would have been better if we had stayed longer.

When used independently, the past subjunctive indicates a regret related to a past-accomplished action that is seen as undesirable at the moment of speaking:
* ''Să fi rămas acasă'' We should have stayed at home. (Note: the same construction can be used for all persons and numbers.)

Celtic languages

Welsh

In Welsh, there are two forms of the subjunctive: present and imperfect. The present subjunctive is barely ever used in spoken Welsh except in certain fixed phrases, and is restricted in most cases to the third person singular. However, it is more likely to be found in literary Welsh, most widely in more old-fashioned registers. The third-person singular is properly used after certain conjunctions and prepositions but in spoken Welsh the present subjunctive is frequently replaced by either the infinitives, the present tense, the conditional, or the future tense (this latter is called the present-future by some grammarians).

The imperfect subjunctive, as in English, only affects the verb ''bod'' ("to be"). It is used after ''pe'' (a form of "if") and it must be accompanied by the conditional subjunctive e.g. ''Pe bawn i'n gyfoethog, teithiwn i trwy'r byd.'' = "If I were rich, I would travel throughout the world."

For all other verbs in Welsh, as in English, the imperfect subjunctive takes the same stems as do the conditional subjunctive and the imperfect indicative.

Scottish Gaelic

In Scottish Gaelic, the subjunctive does exist but still takes the forms from the indicative: the present subjunctive takes the future indicative and the imperfect subjunctive takes the imperfect indicative. The subjunctive is normally used in proverbs or truisms in phrases that start with 'May...'
For example,
* ''Gum bi Rìgh Ruisiart beò fada!'' – Long live King Richard (lit. May King Richard live long).
* ''Gum bi beanachd Dè oirbh uile!'' – May God bless you all!
* ''Gun gabh e a fhois ann sìth'' – May he rest in peace.

Or when used as the conjunction, the subjunctive is used, like every other language, in a more demanding or wishful statement:
* ''Se àm gum fàg e a-nis.'' – It is time that he leave now.
* ''Tha e riatanach gun tèid iad gu sgoil gach là.'' – It is necessary that they go to school every day.
* ''Dh'fhaighnich e nach faic mi ise.'' – He asked that I not see her.

The subjunctive in Gaelic will sometimes have the conjunction ''gun'' (or ''gum'' before words beginning with ''b'', ''f'', ''m'' or ''p'') can be translated as 'that' or as 'May ...' while making a wish. For negatives, ''nach'' is used instead.

In Scottish Gaelic, the imperfect subjunctive is exactly the same as the indicative only that it uses ''robh'' in both the affirmative and negative forms, as the interrogative does not exist in any subjunctive form in any language, of ''bi''- 'to be' although ''robh'' is taken from the interrogative form in the imperfect indicative of ''bi''.

For every other verb in Gaelic, the same follows for the imperfect subjunctive where the interrogative or negative form of the verb is used for both the affirmative and negative form of the verb and, like Welsh, the imperfect subjunctive forms can be exactly the same as the conditional subjunctive forms apart from ''bi''.

Examples:
* ''Nan robh mi beartach, shiubhalainn air feadh an t-saoghail.'' - If I were rich, I would travel throughout the world.
* ''Nan nach dèanadh mi m' obair-dhachaigh, bhithinn air bhith ann trioblaid.'' - If I had not done my homework, I would have been in trouble.

Native speakers would tend to use the following for the second of the above examples:
* ''Mur nach robh mi air m'obair-dhachaigh a dhèanamh, bhithinn ann an trioblaid''

Irish

In the Irish language (Gaeilge), the subjunctive, like in Scottish Gaelic (its sister language), covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech (except in set phrases) but still appears often in print.

The subjunctive is normally formed from "Go" (which eclipses, and adds "n-" to a verb beginning with a vowel), plus the subjunctive form of the verb, plus the subject, plus the thing being wished for. For instance, the subjunctive form of "téigh" (go) is "té":
* Go dté tú slán. – May you be well. (lit: may you go well)

Or again, the subjunctive of "tabhair" (give) is "tuga":
* Go dtuga Dia ciall duit. – May God give you sense.

Or to take a third example, sometimes the wish is also a curse, like this one from Tory Island in Donegal:
* Go ndéana an Diabhal toirneach de d'anam in Ifreann. – May the Devil make thunder of your soul in Hell.

The subjunctive is generally formed by taking the stem of the verb and adding on the appropriate subjunctive ending depending on broad or slender, and first or second conjugation. For example, to the stem of bog ''(to move)'' is added -a giving as its subjunctive in the first person boga mé:

First conjugation:

Second conjugation:

E.g. "go mbeannaí Dia thú" – May God bless you.

There is also some irregularity in certain verbs in the subjunctive. The verb bí ''(to be)'' is the most irregular verb in Irish (as in most Indo-European languages):

The Irish phrase for "thank you" – go raibh maith agat – uses the subjunctive of "bí" and literally means "may there be good at-you".

Some verbs do not follow the conjugation of the subjunctive exactly as conjugated above. These irregularities apply to verbs whose stem ends already in a stressed vowel and thus due to the rules of Irish orthography and pronunciation, cannot take another. For example:

* Although feoigh doesn't have a ''síneadh fada'' (accent), the 'o' in this position is stressed (pronounced as though it is ó) and thus the subjunctive is irregular.

Where the subjunctive is used in English, it may not be used in Irish and another tense might be used instead. For example:
* If I were (past subjunctive) you, I would study for the exam tomorrow. – Dá mba (past/conditional of the copula) mise tusa, dhéanfainn (conditional) staidéar le haghaidh an scrúdaithe amárach.
* I wish *(that) you were (past sub.) here. – Is mian liom go raibh (present sub.) tú anseo.
* It is important that he choose (present sub.) the right way—Tá sé tábhachtach go roghnóidh (future indicative) sé ar an mbealach ceart.
*** When you're older (present ind.), you'll understand – Nuair a bheidh/bheas (future ind.) tú níos sine, tuigfidh tú.
** Note that in English, the relative pronoun that can be omitted; in Irish, the corresponding go must be retained.
*** Note that in English, the present tense is often used to refer to a future state whereas in Irish there is less freedom with tenses (i.e. time is more strictly bound to the appropriate tense, present for present, past for past, future for future). In this particular example, ''you will be older'' and it is then that ''you will understand''.

Indo-Aryan languages

Hindi-Urdu

There are two subjunctive moods in Hindi-Urdu