Colpocephalum Subzerafae

''Colpocephalum'' is a genus of chewing louse. Christian Ludwig Nitzsch named the genus in 1818. The Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature selected ''Colpocephalum zebra'' as its type species in the 1950s. There are approximately 135 species in this genus, and they are ectoparasites of birds in at least a dozen different orders.

Taxonomic history and the type species

''Colpocephalum'' was circumscribed by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch in 1818. Nitzsch classified this taxon as a subgenus of the genus ''Liotheum''. He included four species, which in his taxonomy were called ''L.'' (''C.'') ''zebra'', ''L.'' (''C.'') ''flavescens'', ''L.'' (''C.'') ''subaequale'', and ''L.'' (''C.'') ''ochraceum''. The first three species were '' nomina nuda''; only the last was accompanied with an indication to a previously-published illustration, namely a 17th-century illustration by Francesco Redi. He wrote the indication as "Pulex avis pluvialis Redi exp. fig. sup." In order to keep this name valid, Theresa Clay and George Henry Evans Hopkins restricted Carl Linnaeus's 1758 name ''Pediculus charadrii'' to only the bottom figure of Redi's plate. Strictly applying the ICZN Code, the type species should have been ''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''ochraceum'', as it was the only available name included in the original circumscription.

However, in 1906, Louis Georges Neumann designated "''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''zebra'' " as the type species for this taxon instead. Other phthirapterists followed Neumann's designation. In 1948, Hopkins petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to officially allow this species to remain the genus's type species instead of "''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''ochraceum''; this was published in 1951. Hopkins also notes that ''L.'' (''C.'') ''ochraceum'' is congeneric with ''Colpocephalum uniseriatum'' , the type species of ''Actornithophilus'', which would further complicate the situation. As the species ''C. zebra'' only became valid with Hermann Burmeister's species description of ''Colpocephalum zebra'' in 1838, he requested that the Plenary Powers of the ICZN designate ''Colpocephalum zebra'' as the type species of ''Colpocephalum'' in order to "avoid disastrous confusion."

Prior to petitioning the ICZN, Hopkins asked other experts in Mallophaga for their opinion on this matter. He received support from W. Büttiker, T. Clay, W. Eichler, , , W. J. Jellison, S. v. Kéler, R. Meinertzhagen, E. O'Mahony, G. B. Thompson and F. L. Werneck; he received opposition from J. Bequaert and J. E. Webb, who both opposed the use of Plenary Powers in general. Later support came from Ernst Mayr. In 1952, the ICZN voted 17 to 0 in favor of Hopkins's proposal. The members of the commission who voted affirmatively were, in the order their ballots were received, N. D. Riley, E. M. Hering, W. T. Calman, J. R. Dymond, , P. B. Bonnet, H. E. Vokes, A. do Amaral, J. Pearson, J. C. Bradley, F. Hemming, T. Esaki, H. Lemche, R. Mertens, Á. Cabrera, N. R. Stoll, and H. Boschma. A ballot was not received from T. Jaczewski, the remaining member of the commission. The decision was published as part of Opinion 342 in 1955.

Biology

Species in this genus parasitize birds of at least 13 orders, including:

* Accipitriformes
* Ciconiiformes (storks)
* Columbiformes (pigeons)
* Cuculiformes (cuckoos)
* Falconiformes (falcons)
* Galliformes (gamefowl)
* Gruiformes
* Passeriformes (passerines)
* Pelecaniformes (pelicans)
* Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)
* Piciformes (woodpeckers)
* Psittaciformes (parrots)
* Strigiformes (owls)

''Colpocephalum'' species are examples of "rapid running l ce. ''C. turbinatum'', an ectoparasite of various birds including the Galápagos hawk, has been described as "highly mobile". Due to their speed, they can easily escape a bird trying to remove them through preening; this allows them to inhabit birds' breast, anal, and back regions, where slower lice would be readily removed.

''Colpocephalum'' species eat feathers; pigeons with large infestations of ''C. turbinatum'' can have almost all of their vent region feathers' fluff eaten. High numbers of ''Colpocephalum'' can also damage a pigeon's flight feathers and decrease their flying power. ''Colpocephalum'' lice can live within flight feathers' quills. In addition to eating feathers, ''C. turbinatum'' consume their hosts' skin. Adults of this species have also been reported to engage in cannibalism in laboratory colonies, eating their own eggs and up to 80% of their nymphs.

Species

The genus has approximately 135 species, including:

* †''Colpocephalum californici''
* ''Colpocephalum cooki''
* ''Colpocephalum falconii''
* ''Colpocephalum fregili''
* ''Colpocephalum pectinatum''
* '' Colpocephalum scopinum''
* ''Colpocephalum subzerafae''
* ''Colpocephalum turbinatum''
* ''Colpocephalum zebra''
* ''Colpocephalum zerafae''

References

Further reading

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q13654668

Lice
Ectoparasites
Parasites of birds
Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch