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''Codium'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of seaweed in the
Chlorophyta Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a ...
of the order
Bryopsidales Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae. Characteristics The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic, having multi-nucleate cells consisting of cytoplasm contained withi ...
.
Paul Silva Paul Claude Silva (October 31, 1922 – June 12, 2014) was a phycologist, marine biologist, and algal taxonomist considered to be the world's leading expert in the chlorophyte green algal genus '' Codium''. Silva was also an expert in botanical ...
was an expert on the genus ''Codium'' taxonomy at the
University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...
. There are about 50 species worldwide.


Description

The genus has
thalli Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms were ...
of two forms, either erect or prostrate. The erect plants are dichotomously branched to long with branches forming a compact spongy structure, not calcareous. The final branches form a surface layer of close palisade cortex of utricles. The non-erect species form either a prostrate or globular thallus with a
velvet Weave details visible on a purple-colored velvet fabric Velvet is a type of woven tufted fabric in which the cut threads are evenly distributed, with a short pile, giving it a distinctive soft feel. By extension, the word ''velvety'' means ...
-like surface, the final branches forming a close cortex of utricles.


Distribution


Ireland

Two of these species are very rare in
Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...
. '' Codium adhaerens'' has been recorded from a few sites on the west coast and from
Tory Island Tory Island, or simply Tory (officially known by its Irish name ''Toraigh''),Toraigh/Tory Island
County Donegal County Donegal ( ; ga, Contae Dhún na nGall) is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster and in the Northern and Western Region. It is named after the town of Donegal in the south of the county. It has also been known as County Tyrconn ...
. In 1837 it was found in Church Bay in
County Antrim County Antrim (named after the town of Antrim, ) is one of six counties of Northern Ireland and one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of and has a population o ...
,Morton,O. 1994. ''Marine Algae of Northern Ireland.'' Ulster Museum. but has not been found there since. * '' Codium adhaerens'' C.Agardh * '' Codium bursa'' (
Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
) C.Agardh - has been found in
Mulroy Bay Mulroy Bay ( ga, Cuan na Maoil Ruaidh) is a relatively small bay / sea loch on the north coast of County Donegal, Ireland. Mulroy Bay is the most convoluted of the marine inlets in north-west Ireland. It is approximately 12 km long in a ...
in County Donegal in 1977 (specimen in the
Ulster Museum The Ulster Museum, located in the Botanic Gardens in Belfast, has around 8,000 square metres (90,000 sq. ft.) of public display space, featuring material from the collections of fine art and applied art, archaeology, ethnography, treasure ...
) and 1988. There is an old record of it from "near
Belfast Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom ...
" between 1793 and 1810. * ''
Codium fragile ''Codium fragile'', known commonly as green sea fingers, dead man's fingers, felty fingers,
Intertidal ...
'' ( Suringar) Hariot ** ''Codium fragile'' subsp. ''atlanticum'' ( A. Cotton)
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 * ''
Codium tomentosum ''Codium tomentosum'' is a species of green seaweed in the family Codiaceae. Its common names include velvet horn and spongeweed. Description The holdfast of ''C. tomentosum'' is saucer-shaped and has closely woven strands giving it a unif ...
'' Stackhouse * '' Codium vermilara'' ( Olivi) Delle Chiaje There are other species of "doubtful validity":- '' Codium amphibium'' is included in William Henry Harvey's '' Phycologia Britannica'' Pl.xxxv. and noted as: "spreading in patches of great extent along the edge of the sea, over the surface of a turf- bog which meets the shore at Roundstone Bay" (Ireland).


Worldwide

* '' Codium arabicum'' Kütz. - Australia * '' Codium arenicola'' Chacana & P.C.Silva - Australia * '' Codium australasicum'' P.C.Silva - Australia * '' Codium bulbopilum'' Setch. - Australia * '' Codium capitulatum'' P.C.Silva &
Womersley Womersley is a village in the Selby District, in the English county of North Yorkshire. The parish population at the 2011 census (including Stapleton and Walden Stubbs) was 515. It is near the towns of Selby, Askern and Pontefract. It is clos ...
 - Australia * '' Codium convolutum'' (Dellow) P.C.Silva -
New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
* '' Codium cuneatum'' S. & G. -
California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
(
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
) * '' Codium duthiae''
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 - Australia,
Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...
, and
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...
* '' Codium dwarkense'' Børgesen - Australia *'' Codium edule -'' Indo-Pacific, including Hawaii * '' Codium extricatum''
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 -
Cape Agulhas Cape Agulhas (; pt, Cabo das Agulhas , "Cape of the Needles") is a rocky headland in Western Cape, South Africa. It is the geographic southern tip of the African continent and the beginning of the dividing line between the Atlantic and Indian ...
to southern KwaZulu-Natal * ''
Codium fragile ''Codium fragile'', known commonly as green sea fingers, dead man's fingers, felty fingers,
Intertidal ...
'' ( Suringar) Hariot -
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...
(
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
) ** ''Codium fragile'' Sui song - (
Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
) Food and food products from seaweeds Japan, American
Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the contine ...
from
Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S. ...
to
Cape Horn Cape Horn ( es, Cabo de Hornos, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramí ...
, Australia and
New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...
,
British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, ...
,
Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the ...
,
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...
, and
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
** ''Codium fragile'' subsp. ''capense''
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 - South Africa * '' Codium galeatum'' J.Agardh - Australia * '' Codium geppiorum'' O.C.Schmidt - Australia and Indo-Pacific South Africa * '' Codium harveyi'' P.C.Silva - Australia * '' Codium hubbsii'' Daws. - California (U.S.A.) * '' Codium intertextum''
Collins Collins may refer to: People Surname Given name * Collins O. Bright (1917–?), Sierra Leonean diplomat * Collins Chabane (1960–2015), South African Minister of Public Service and Administration * Collins Cheboi (born 1987), Kenyan middle- ...
& Hervey * '' Codium isthmocladum''
Vickers Vickers was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by Edward Vickers and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting church bells. The company went public i ...
 * '' Codium johnstonei''
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 - California (U.S.A.) * '' Codium laminarioides'' Harv. - Australia * '' Codium lucasii'' Setchell - Australia, Tasmania * '' Codium mamillosum'' Harv. - Australia * '' Codium muelleri'' Kütz. - Australia * ''
Codium perriniae ''Codium perriniae'' is a species of seaweed in the ''Codiaceae'' family. The firm medium green thallus is usually around tall and across. It is found in the upper sublittoral zone in rock pools and rock shelves rough to moderate water coast ...
'' A.H.S.Lucas - Australia * '' Codium pomoides'' J.Agardh - Australia * '' Codium setchellii'' Gardn. - California (U.S.A.) * '' Codium silvae''
Womersley Womersley is a village in the Selby District, in the English county of North Yorkshire. The parish population at the 2011 census (including Stapleton and Walden Stubbs) was 515. It is near the towns of Selby, Askern and Pontefract. It is clos ...
 - Australia * '' Codium spinescens'' P.C.Silva &
Womersley Womersley is a village in the Selby District, in the English county of North Yorkshire. The parish population at the 2011 census (including Stapleton and Walden Stubbs) was 515. It is near the towns of Selby, Askern and Pontefract. It is clos ...
 - Australia * '' Codium spongiosum'' Harv. - Australia * '' Codium strangulatum'' Chacana & P.C.Silva - Australia * '' Codium taylorii''
Silva Silva is a surname in Portuguese language, Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Portugal and Brazil. It is derived from the Latin word , meaning "forest" or "woodland". It is the family name of the House of Silva. The name is also widespread i ...
 - Australia * '' Codium repens'' ( P.Crouan & H.Crouan)
Vickers Vickers was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by Edward Vickers and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting church bells. The company went public i ...
 * '' Codium tenue'' ( Kütz.) Kütz. - Australia * ''
Codium tomentosum ''Codium tomentosum'' is a species of green seaweed in the family Codiaceae. Its common names include velvet horn and spongeweed. Description The holdfast of ''C. tomentosum'' is saucer-shaped and has closely woven strands giving it a unif ...
'' Stackh. - Australia


References


General references

* * * * * * * *


External links

* * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1143304 Ulvophyceae genera Marine biota of Africa Marine biota of Europe Marine biota of North America Taxa named by John Stackhouse