Coatzacoalcos Underwater Tunnel
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The Coatzacoalcos Underwater Tunnel is a tunnel under the
Coatzacoalcos River The Coatzacoalcos is a large river that feeds mainly the south part of the state of Veracruz; it originates in the Sierra de Niltepec and crosses the state of Oaxaca in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, flowing for toward the Gulf of M ...
, connecting the cities of Coatzacoalcos and Villa de Allende in the Mexican state of
Veracruz Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
. The tunnel was formally opened on April 27, 2017, making it the first
undersea tunnel An underwater tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly constructed under the sea or a river. They are often used where building a bridge or operating a ferry link is unviable, or to provide competition or relief for existing bridges or ferry li ...
in Mexico. after a 13-year construction process characterized by delays and increased costs and for which it has been described as a "monument to corruption". It is operated by a subsidiary of IDEAL, a company controlled by Carlos Slim.


History


Existing river crossings

With the development of petrochemical complexes on the east bank of the river, the two existing crossings were insufficient for traffic. The first crossing to open was the Coatzacoalcos I bridge, which carries two-lane
Mexican Federal Highway 180 Federal Highway 180 is a Mexican Federal Highway that follows Mexico's Gulf and Caribbean Coast from the Mexico-U.S. border at Brownsville, Texas, into Matamoros, Tamaulipas, to the resort city of Cancún, Quintana Roo, in the Yucatán Peninsu ...
and a rail line across the river and opened on March 18, 1962. In 1984, the four-lane Coatzacoalcos II bridge, formally named the , opened to traffic on the mainline of
Mexican Federal Highway 180D Federal Highway 180D is the toll highways paralleling Highway 180 in seven separate segments of highway. Three are in Veracruz:, the Libramiento de Cardel, the highway from Cardel to Veracruz, and the Nuevo Teapa-Cosoleacaque highway. Four segm ...
; this bridge, built to the south, primarily serves to carry traffic bypassing the city. With just one two-lane local bridge connecting the cities of Coatzacoalcos and Villa de Allende, a third and higher-capacity river crossing was needed.


Awarding and construction

In 2004, the state government of Veracruz selected a consortium led by Spanish company
Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, S.A. (), or FCC, is a Spanish construction company based in Barcelona. Until November 2014, over 50 percent of the shares were owned by a company controlled by the daughter of its founder, Esther Koplo ...
(FCC Construcción), known as Concesionaria Túnel de Coatzacoalcos, S.A. de C.V., to receive the concession to build the tunnel and operate it for 30 years, with a special 15-year extension added after. The project was originally budgeted for 2.065 billion pesos and scheduled to open in 2010. Construction was heavily delayed for several reasons. At the start, the state government failed to apply for the proper permits; as construction got going, delays started to become evident, while the state government was being billed for higher quality raw materials than those being used. At times, the contractors were not being paid for materials, causing further delays. By the time
Fidel Herrera Fidel most commonly refers to: * Fidel Castro (1926–2016), Cuban communist revolutionary and politician * Fidel Ramos (1928–2022), Filipino politician and former president Fidel may also refer to: Other persons * Fidel (given name) Film * ...
, who governed Veracruz from 2004 to 2010, left office, the project was already a "white elephant". During the six-year term of
Javier Duarte Javier Duarte de Ochoa (born 19 September 1973) is a Mexican politician formerly affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as Governor of Veracruz from 2010 to 2016. He also served as congressman during the LXI Leg ...
as Governor of Veracruz, the
Superior Auditor of the Federation The Superior Auditor of the Federation ( es, Auditoría Superior de la Federación, ASF) is the supreme audit institution of Mexico. A technical agency of the Chamber of Deputies, it is empowered to conduct external audits of federal, state and ...
(''Auditoría Superior de la Federación'' or ASF), the federal agency responsible for conducting audits, as well as its state counterpart (ORFIS), signaled the project each year for diversion of resources, and it warned that the project failed to comply with state planning policies and was being built below standards. Pecuniary losses soared into the hundreds of millions of pesos. Despite this, the state government continued to plow public resources into the project. In 2013, halfway through Duarte's term, the state Secretary of Infrastructure and Public Works, Gerardo Buganza, asked the state legislature to authorize Carlos Slim to inject additional resources into the project, asking them to "have faith" that the tunnel would be completed by the end of the state administration in 2016; while the deputies approved the project, the tunnel yet again missed a deadline. Indeed, that same year, construction ground to a halt for what would become two years, and cracked concrete and rusting metal were visible on the worksite. Nationally, the tunnel was generating comparisons to another project marked by delays and cost increases, Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro. During construction, workers uncovered artifacts from Olmec settlements in Villa de Allende dating from 1200 to 400 BCE and in smaller amounts on the Coatzacoalcos side of the project. Twenty archeologists from the
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH, ''National Institute of Anthropology and History'') is a Mexican federal government bureau established in 1939 to guarantee the research, preservation, protection, and promotion of the ...
spent two months on site. Among the items later exhibited were counterweights used for fishing nets, pots, and human figures.


Opening and operation

The Coatzacoalcos Underwater Tunnel opened with a formal dedication on April 27, 2017, at a cost of 5.398 billion pesos — a 256% increase over the original budget. Speaking at the dedication, Governor Miguel Ángel Yunes Linares suggested that the tunnel be known as the Túnel Puerto México, in honor of one of the former names of Coatzacoalcos. A piece of concrete fell from the ceiling of the eastbound (Coatzacoalcos-Allende) tunnel during the
2017 Chiapas earthquake The 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck at 23:49 CDT on 7 September (local time; 04:49 on the 8th UTC) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec off the southern coast of Mexico near the state of Chiapas, approximately southwest of Pijijiapan (alternately, sou ...
. Local residents have presented several complaints about the tunnel. In Villa Allende, residents blocked the access road to the tunnel and threatened to sabotage the event if insurers did not visit homes in the area that they claimed were damaged during construction.


Tunnel

The Coatzacoalcos Tunnel carries four lanes of traffic under the Coatzacoalcos River, providing a third crossing of the river. The tunnel is wide and dips to below the river at its lowest point. The tunnel was built with the immersed tube method in order to reduce impact on urban areas; nearly of the tunnel was prefabricated and installed on site. Cemex provided of concrete for the project, including structural elements and pavement. Combined with the access ramps, the road is in length. The tunnel also features 18 ventilators to control the temperature and humidity, as well as lighting, carbon monoxide and smoke detection and closed-circuit cameras. Currently, users are tolled on the Villa Allende side of the tunnel.


References

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External links


Túnel Coatzacoalcos official website
Undersea tunnels in North America Transportation in Veracruz Tunnels completed in 2017 Immersed tube tunnels in North America Toll tunnels in North America 2017 establishments in Mexico