The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae have a very confusing taxonomic history. Once, this family was a large catch-all taxon for a disparate collection of

spider Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species ...

s, similar only in that they had eight eyes arranged in two rows and conical anterior spinnerets that touched, and were wandering predators that built silken retreats, or sacs, usually on plant terminals, between leaves, under bark, or under rocks. These are now recognized to include several families, some of which are more closely related to the three-clawed spiders, like

lynx A lynx is a type of wild cat. Lynx may also refer to: Astronomy * Lynx (constellation) * Lynx (Chinese astronomy) * Lynx X-ray Observatory, a NASA-funded mission concept for a next-generation X-ray space observatory Places Canada * Lynx, ...

and

wolf spider Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae (). They are robust and agile hunters with excellent eyesight. They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, and do not spin webs. Some are opportunistic hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or ...

s, than to Clubionidae and related families.Tree of Life Web Project. 2006. Clubionidae. Version 25 March 2006 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Clubionidae/2675/2006.03.25 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

General

The remnant Clubionidae now consist of a few over 500 species in 15 genera worldwide. However, "sac spider" used on its own should imply a member of the family Clubionidae, but other common names may use the phrase "sac spider" including: *

Anyphaenidae Anyphaenidae is a family of araneomorph spiders, sometimes called anyphaenid sac spiders. They are distinguished from the sac spiders of the family Clubionidae and other spiders by having the abdominal spiracle placed one third to one half of the ...

(anyphaenid sac spider) *

Corinnidae Corinnidae is a family of araneomorph spiders, sometimes called corinnid sac spiders. The family, like other "clubionoid" families, has a confusing taxonomic history. Once it was a part of the large catch-all taxon Clubionidae, now very much small ...

(corinnid sac spider) * Liocranidae (liocranid sac spider) *

Miturgidae Miturgidae is a family of araneomorph spiders that includes nearly 170 species in 29 genera worldwide. First described by Eugène Simon in 1886, it has been substantially revised, and includes the previous family Zoridae as a synonym, and exclude ...

(long-legged sac spider) *

Tengellidae Tengellidae is a former family of spiders that has been merged into the family Zoropsidae. Genera formerly placed in Tengellidae now in Zoropsidae include: *'' Anachemmis'' Chamberlin, 1919 *'' Austrotengella'' Raven, 2012 *'' Ciniflella'' Mel ...

(merged into

Zoropsidae Zoropsidae, also known as false wolf spiders for their physical similarity to wolf spiders, is a family of cribellate araneomorph spiders first described by Philipp Bertkau in 1882. They can be distinguished from wolf spiders by their two rows of ...

) * Zorocratidae (merged into

) , the

World Spider Catalog The World Spider Catalog (WSC) is an online searchable database concerned with spider taxonomy. It aims to list all accepted families, genera and species, as well as provide access to the related taxonomic literature. The WSC began as a series of ...

accepts the following genera: *'' Arabellata'' Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea *'' Carteroniella'' Strand, 1907 — South Africa *''

Carteronius ''Carteronius'' is a genus of Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it ...

'' Simon, 1897 — Madagascar, Mauritius, Sierra Leone *''

Clubiona ''Clubiona'' is a genus of sac spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. Species the genus contains 493 species and seven subspecies. These species and subspecies are found in Oceania, Africa, North America, the Carib ...

'' Latreille, 1804 — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama *'' Clubionina'' Berland, 1947 — St. Paul Is. *'' Elaver'' O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines *''

Femorbiona ''Femorbiona'' is a genus of Asian sac spiders first described by J. S. Zhang, H. Yu and S. Q. Li in 2021. it contains only 3 species: '' F. brachyptera'', '' F. phami'', and '' F. shenzhen''. See also * List of Clubionidae species This page ...

'' Yu & Li, 2021 — China, Vietnam *''

Invexillata ''Invexillata'' is a genus of South Pacific sac spiders first described by V. Versteirt, L. Baert & Rudy Jocqué in 2010. it contains only three species, all found in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papu ...

'' Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea *''

Malamatidia ''Malamatidia'' is a genus of Southeast Asian sac spiders first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001. Species it contains five species: *'' Malamatidia bohorokensis'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 ( type) – Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo ...

'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia *'' Matidia'' Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Papua New Guinea *''

Nusatidia ''Nusatidia'' is a genus of Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eur ...

'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia *''

Porrhoclubiona ''Porrhoclubiona'' is a genus of sac spiders that was first described as a subgenus of '' Clubiona'' by H. Lohmander in 1944. ''Clubiona'' is a polyphyletic group that has been divided and reorganized many times, and whether this genus is a synon ...

'' Lohmander, 1944 — Asia, Africa, Europe *''

Pristidia ''Pristidia'' is a genus of Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eur ...

'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia *''

Pteroneta ''Pteroneta'' is a genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and bel ...

'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Australia *''

Ramosatidia ''Ramosatidia'' is a monotypic genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above spec ...

'' Yu & Li, 2021 — China *''

Scopalio ''Scopalio'' is a monotypic genus of Indonesian sac spiders containing the single species, ''Scopalio verrens''. It was first described by Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold in 2001, and has only been found in Indonesia Indonesia, officially t ...

'' Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia *'' Simalio'' Simon, 1897 — Asia, Trinidad *'' Sinostidia'' Yu & Li, 2021 — China *'' Tixcocoba'' Gertsch, 1977 — Mexico In

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, the family as it is now recognised consists of only two genera, ''Clubiona'' and ''Elaver'' (formerly ''Clubionoides''). ''Clubiona'' is nearly worldwide in distribution.

References

External links

Platnick, N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog 8.0

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090305003004/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2060A.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sac Spider Clubionidae, *