The Clare island Survey was a multidisciplinary (

zoological Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and dis ...

botanical Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

, archaeological, and

geological Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other E ...

) survey of

Clare Island Clare Island ( or ''Oileán Chliara''), also historically Inishcleer, is a mountainous island guarding the entrance to Clew Bay in County Mayo, Ireland. Historically part of the kingdom of Umhaill, it is famous as the home of the 15th century pi ...

an island off the West coast of Ireland. The survey which followed a similar survey of Lambay Island in 1905 and 1906 was proposed by

Robert Lloyd Praeger Robert Lloyd Praeger (25 August 1865 – 5 May 1953) was an Irish naturalist, writer and librarian. Biography From a Unitarian background, he was born and raised in Holywood, County Down. He attended the school of the Reverend McAlister and t ...

and in April 1908 a committee was formed to recruit and organise the work of over one hundred scientists from Ireland,

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

and Switzerland and the data collected during three years of field work on the island (1909-1911). The committee members were Robert Lloyd Praeger, Robert Francis Scharff, Richard Manliffe Barrington, Grenville Cole,

Nathaniel Colgan Nathaniel Colgan (1851 Dublin – 1919 Dublin) was a self-taught Irish naturalist primarily known for his botanical work. Life Very little is known about Colgan's early life, but it is believed his parents may have been Nathaniel Watson Colgan ...

and Henry William Lett. The bulk of the work is concerned with systematic zoology and botany but paid special attention to questions of geographical distribution, dispersal, and ecology and covered antiquities, place-names, family names, geology, climatology, agriculture and meteorology. The results were published both as ''A Biological Survey of Clare Island in the County of Mayo, Ireland and of the Adjoining District''. Parts 1-68 (part 8 was never published) Dublin Hodges, Figgis, & Co., Ltd., for the Royal Irish Academy, 1911-1915.:The sections are Introduction, Archaeology, Irish Names, Agriculture, Climatology, Geology, Botany, Zoology and as separateparts in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. The parts are: *Part 1 Introduction and General Narrative Robert John Welch,

*Part 2. History and Archaeology T. J. Westropp *Part 3. Place-Names and Family Names John Macneill * Part 4. Gaelic Plant and Animal Names and Associated Folk-Lore

(also worked on marine mollusca and algae) * Part 5. Agriculture and its History James Wilson (Irish naturalist) *Part 6 Climatology W. J. Lyons *Part 7 Geology Edward Alexander Newell Arber and Timothy Hallissy *Part 8 not published *Part 9 Tree growth Arthur C. Forbes *Part 10: Phanerogamia and

Pteridophyta A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns ...

Robert Lloyd Praeger (also vegetation map, marine dredging, marine algae, fungi, sponges and mollusca with Hedwig Praeger) *Parts 11–12:

Musci Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornw ...

and

Hepaticae The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of g ...

Henry William Lett *Part 13

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

Henry Hawley (naturalist) *Part 14

Lichens A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Annie Lorrain Smith Annie Lorrain Smith (23 October 1854 – 7 September 1937) was a British lichenologist whose ''Lichens'' (1921) was an essential textbook for several decades. She was also a mycologist and founder member of the British Mycological Society, wh ...

*Part 15

Marine Algae Marine primary production is the chemical synthesis in the ocean of organic compounds from atmospheric or dissolved carbon dioxide. It principally occurs through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light as its source of energy, but it al ...

Arthur Disbrowe Cotton Arthur Disbrowe Cotton, OBE (15 January 1879 – 27 December 1962) was an English plant pathologist, mycologist, phycologist, and botanist. A.D. Cotton was born in London and educated at King's College School and the Royal College of ...

*Part 16 Fresh-water algae, with a supplement of marine diatoms William West *Part 17

Mammalia Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur o ...

Gerald Edwin Hamilton Barrett-Hamilton Major Gerald Edwin Hamilton Barrett-Hamilton (1871 – 17 January 1914) was a British/Irish natural historian, co-author with M. A. C. Hinton of ''A History of British Mammals'', which remained "the most thorough, accurate and scientific public ...

*Part 18

Reptilia Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...

and

Amphibia Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arbor ...

Robert Francis Scharff (also worked on Molluscs & woodlice) *Part 19

Fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of ...

George Philip Farran (also worked on marine dredging) *Part 20 Aves Richard John Ussher *Part 21 Tunicata and Hemichorda George Philip Farran *Part 22 Marine Mollusca Nathaniel Colgan. *Part 23 Land and Fresh-water Mollusca Arthur Wilson Stelfox *Part 24 Hymenoptera

Claude Morley Claude Morley (22 June 1874 – 13 November 1951) was an English antiquary and entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera and Diptera. He has been described by Peter Marren as "Suffolk's best-known entomologist". Morley was born at Astley ...

*Part 25 Diptera Percy Hall Grimshawbr>online here
*Part 26 Lepidoptera

William Francis de Vismes Kane William Francis de Vismes Kane (1840 – 1918) was an Irish entomologist Born in Exmouth, Devon Kane lived at Drumreaske House in Monaghan. His mother was French. He was appointed Sheriff of Monaghan for 1865. Most of Kanes collecting was in ...

*Part 27 Neuroptera James Nathaniel Halbert (also worked on other insects (all orders)) *Part 28 Terrestrial Coleoptera James Nathaniel Halbert *Part 29 Aquatic Coleoptyera

William Alexander Francis Balfour Browne William Alexander Francis Balfour-Browne FRSE FZS FLS PRMS (1874–1967), known as Frank, was an English entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera, especially Dytiscidae (diving beetles). Life and work Balfour-Browne was born at 16 Ebury Str ...

(also worked on land beetles and other insects (all orders)) *Part 30 Hemiptera James Nathaniel Halbert *Part 31 Orthoptera George Carpenter (also worked on other insects (all orders)) *Part 32

Apterygota The name Apterygota is sometimes applied to a subclass of small, agile insects, distinguished from other insects by their lack of wings in the present and in their evolutionary history; notable examples are the silverfish, the firebrat, and the ...

George Carpenter *Part 33

Chilopoda Centipedes (from New Latin , "hundred", and Latin , "foot") are predatory arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda ( Ancient Greek , ''kheilos'', lip, and New Latin suffix , "foot", describing the forcipules) of the subphylum Myriapoda, a ...

and

Diplopoda Millipedes are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments; they are known scientifically as the class Diplopoda, the name derived from this feature. Each double-legged segment is a resu ...

William Frederick Johnson (also worked on other insects (all orders)) *Part 34

Pycnogonida Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the order Pantopoda ( ‘all feet’), belonging to the class Pycnogonida, hence they are also called pycnogonids (; named after ''Pycnogonum'', the type genus; with the suffix '). They are cosmopolitan, foun ...

George Carpenter *Part 35

Araneae Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species dive ...

Denis Robert Pack-Beresford *Part 36 Phalangida Denis Robert Pack-Beresford *Part 37 Arctiscoida James Murray *Part 38

Pseudoscorpiones Pseudoscorpions, also known as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small, scorpion-like arachnids belonging to the order Pseudoscorpiones, also known as Pseudoscorpionida or Chelonethida. Pseudoscorpions are generally beneficial to humans sin ...

Harry Wallis Kew *Part 39 Acarinida: Section I:

Hydracarina Hydrachnidia, also known as "water mites", Hydrachnidiae, Hydracarina or Hydrachnellae, are among the most abundant and diverse groups of Benthic zone, benthic arthropods, composed of 6,000 described species from 57 families. As water mites of ...

*Part 39b Acarinida: Section II Terrestrial and Marine Acarina James Nathaniel Halbert *Part 40 Decapoda George Philip Farran *Part 41 Nebaliacea Walter Medley Tattersall (also marine dredging) *Part 42 Amphipoda Walter Medley Tattersall *Part 43 Marine lsopoda and

Tanaidacea The crustacean order Tanaidacea (known as tanaids) make up a minor group within the class Malacostraca. There are about 940 species in this order. Description Tanaids are small, shrimp-like creatures ranging from in adult size, with most specie ...

Walter Medley Tattersall *Part 44 Land and Fresh-Water Isopoda Nevin Harkness Foster (also worked on birds) *Part 45 Marine

Entomostraca Entomostraca is a historical subclass of crustaceans, no longer in technical use. It was originally considered one of the two major lineages of crustaceans (the other being the class Malacostraca), combining all other classes—Branchiopoda, Cepha ...

George Philip Farran *Part 46 Fresh-water Entomostraca David Joseph Scourfield *Part 47

Archiannelida Haplodrili, or Archiannelida, is an order of primitive polychaete worms. Zoologist Ray Lankester gave it the name haplodrili, while zoologist Berthold Hatschek later named it Archiannelida. Once considered to be a class under Annelida, and even ...

and

Polychaeta Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which ar ...

Rowland Southern (also marine dredging) *Part 48

Gephyrea Gephyrea is a now-dismantled taxon for a group of non-annulated worms, considered intermediate between annelids and holothurians, containing the three modern phyla Echiura, Sipuncula The Sipuncula or Sipunculida (common names sipunculid worms ...

Rowland Southern *Part 49

Oligochaeta Oligochaeta () is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms. Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworm ...

Rowland Southern *Part 50

Hirudinea Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida. They are closely related to the oligochaetes, which include the earthworm, and like them have soft, muscular segmented bod ...

Rowland Southern *Part 51

Rotifera The rotifers (, from the Latin , "wheel", and , "bearing"), commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera ) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals. They were first described by Rev. John H ...

Charles F. Rousselet *Part 52 Rotifera Bdelloida James Murray *Part 53

Polyzoa Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they have a special feeding structure called a ...

Albert Russell Nichols *Part 54 Nemathelmia,

Kinorhyncha Kinorhyncha ( grc, κινέω, kīnéō, I move, ' "snout") is a phylum of small marine invertebrates that are widespread in mud or sand at all depths as part of the meiobenthos. They are also called mud dragons. Modern species are or less, ...

, and

Chaetognatha The Chaetognatha or chaetognaths (meaning ''bristle-jaws'') are a phylum of predatory marine worms that are a major component of plankton worldwide. Commonly known as arrow worms, about 20% of the known Chaetognatha species are benthic, and ca ...

Rowland Southern *Part 55: Nemertinea Rowland Southern *Part 56 Platyhelmia Rowland Southern *Part 57

Echinodermata An echinoderm () is any member of the phylum Echinodermata (). The adults are recognisable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the s ...

Albert Russell Nichols *Part 58

Coelenterata Coelenterata is a term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their relatives) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The name comes , referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla ...

Jane Stephens Jane Stephens (9 October 1879 - 11 December 1959) was an Irish zoologist who was considered a leading authority on sponges in Ireland with specialised knowledge in other marine life who identified and named over 40 sponges new to science. Fro ...

*Part 59 Marine Porifera Jane Stephens *Part 60 Fresh-water Porifera Jane Stephens *Part 61 and 62 Flagellata and Ciliata John Samuel Dunkerly (also other

Infusoria Infusoria are minute freshwater life forms including ciliates, euglenoids, protozoa, unicellular algae and small invertebrates. Some authors (e.g., Bütschli) used the term as a synonym for Ciliophora. In modern formal classifications, the term ...

) *Part 63

Mycetozoa Mycetozoa is a polyphyletic grouping of slime molds. It was originally thought to be a monophyletic clade, but recently it was discovered that protostelia are a polyphyletic group within Conosa. Classification It can be divided into dictyoste ...

Gulielma Lister Gulielma Lister (28 October 1860 – 18 May 1949) was a British botanist and mycologist, and was considered an international authority on Mycetozoa. Life Lister was born in Sycamore House, 881 High Road, Leytonstone on 28 October 1860, one o ...

*Part 64

Foraminifera Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly ...

Arthur Earland and

Edward Heron-Allen Edward Heron-Allen FRS (born ''Edward Heron Allen'') (17 December 1861 – 28 March 1943) was an English polymath, writer, scientist and Persian scholar who translated the works of Omar Khayyam. Life Heron-Allen was born in London, the young ...

*Part 65 Foraminifera G.H. Wailes *Part 66. Notes on marine

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in water (or air) that are unable to propel themselves against a current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a crucia ...

George Philip Farran *Part 67 Marine Ecology Roland Southern *Part 68 General Summary Robert Lloyd Praeger Nonpublishing participants John Adams (naturalist) (Marine algae); Edward Alexander Newell Arber (Geology);

James Bayley Butler James Bayley Butler Order of the British Empire, MBE Royal Irish Academy, MRIA (8 April 1884 – 21 February 1964) was an Irish biologist and Academia, academic, and was considered the foremost expert on the fungus which causes dry rot. Life J ...

(Protozoa); Frederik Børgesen (Marine algae); George W. Chaster (Mollusca); Grenville Cole (Geology), George Fogerty (Archaeology); Thomas Greer (Lepidoptera);

David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan Prof David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan FRSE Linnean Society, FLS MRIA (12 March 1871 – 4 September 1915) was a 20th-century Welsh botanist and botanopalaeolontologist, specialising in fossilised plants (especially ferns). Life He was born on 12 March ...

(botany);

Arthur William Hill Sir Arthur William Hill (11 October 1875, in Watford – 3 November 1941, in Richmond) was Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and a noted botanist and taxonomist. The only son of Daniel Hill, he attended Marlborough College where hi ...

(Botany); John De Witt Hinch (Glacial geology);

Stanley Wells Kemp Stanley Wells Kemp, FRS (14 June 1882 – 16 May 1945) was an English marine biologist. He was born in London, the second of three sons of Stephen Kemp, a professor at the Royal Academy and Royal School of Music. As a boy he took an interest i ...

(marine dredging);

Matilda Cullen Knowles Matilda Cullen Knowles (31 January 1864 – 27 April 1933) is considered the founder of modern studies of Irish lichens following her work in the early twentieth century on the multi-disciplinary Clare Island Survey. From 1923 she shared curato ...

(lichens, flowering plants, peat deposits); David McArdle (Mosses and hepatics); James Napier Milne (insects); Charles Joseph Patten (birds);

Eugène Penard Eugène Penard (16 September 1855 – 5 January 1954) was a Swiss biologist and pioneer in systematics of the amoebae. Penard was born in Geneva where his father ran a private school. After studying in Geneva, Eugène worked in a bank but decide ...

(rhizopods);

Walter Mead Rankin Walter may refer to: People * Walter (name), both a surname and a given name * Little Walter, American blues harmonica player Marion Walter Jacobs (1930–1968) * Gunther (wrestler), Austrian professional wrestler and trainer Walter Hahn (born 19 ...

(Crustacea and Decapoda); Colin M. Selbie (marine dredging and Crustacea); Otto Stapf (botany); Isaac Swain (geology)

References

{{coord missing, County Mayo Islands of County Mayo History of County Mayo Natural history of Ireland