''Cladosporium'' is a
genus of
fungi including some of the most common indoor and outdoor
molds. Species produce olive-green to brown or black colonies, and have dark-pigmented
conidia
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the ...
that are formed in simple or branching chains. Many species of ''Cladosporium'' are commonly found on living and dead plant material. Some species are
endophytes
or plant pathogens, while others
parasitize
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
fungi. ''Cladosporium'' spores are wind-dispersed and they are often extremely abundant in outdoor air. Indoors ''Cladosporium'' species may grow on surfaces when moisture is present. ''
Cladosporium fulvum
''Passalora fulva'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes tomato leaf mold
''Cladosporium fulvum'' is an Ascomycete called '' Passalora fulva'', a non-obligate pathogen that causes the disease on tomato known as the tomato leaf mold.Cladospo ...
'', cause of tomato leaf mould, has been an important genetic model, in that the genetics of host resistance are understood. In the 1960s, it was estimated that the genus ''Cladosporium'' contained around 500
plant-pathogenic and
saprotrophic species,
but this number has since been increased to over 772 species.
The genus ''Cladosporium'' is very closely related to black yeasts in the order
Dothideales.
''Cladosporium'' species are often highly osmotolerant, growing easily on media containing 10% glucose or 12–17% NaCl.
They are rarely grown on media containing 24% NaCl or 50% glucose and never isolated from medium with 32% NaCl or greater.
Most species have very fragile
spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
chains, making it extremely difficult to prepare a mount for microscopic observation in which the
conidial
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to t ...
chains are preserved intact.
Health effects
''Cladosporium'' species are present in the Human
mycobiome
The mycobiome, mycobiota, or fungal microbiome, is the fungi, fungal community in and on an organism.
The word “mycobiome” comes from the ancient Greek μύκης (mukēs), meaning "fungus" with the suffix “biome” derived from the Greek ...
but are rarely
pathogenic to humans. They have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs, with more common symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and itchy eyes. The airborne spores of ''Cladosporium'' species are significant
allergens, and in large amounts they can severely affect people with asthma and other respiratory diseases. ''Cladosporium'' species produce no major
mycotoxins of concern, but do produce
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with odours. Fortunately, ''Cladosporium'' is not associated with anaphylaxis.
Hyperparasitism on rusts
Several ''Cladosporium'' species are known to be hyperparasitic to
rust fungi.
Species
*''
C. acaciicola''
*''
C. acalyphae''
*''
C. adianticola''
*''
C. aecidiicola''
*''
C. agoseridis''
*''
C. albiziae''
*''
C. algarum''
*''
C. allicinum''
*''
C. allii''
*''
C. allii-porri''
*''
C. alliicola''
*''
C. alneum''
*''
C. alopecuri''
*''
C. alternicoloratum''
*''
C. angustisporum''
*''
C. antarcticum''
*''
C. antillanum''
*''
C. aphidis''
*''
C. apicale''
*''
C. aristolochiae''
*''
C. aromaticum''
*''
C. arthoniae''
*''
C. arthrinioides''
*''
C. arthropodii''
*''
C. asperistipitatum''
*''
C. asperulatum''
*''
C. atriellum''
*''
C. atroseptum''
*''
C. auriculae''
*''
C. australiense''
*''
C. baccae''
*''
C. balladynae''
*''
C. banaticum''
*''
C. basi-inflatum''
*''
C. bauhiniana''
*''
C. boenninghauseniae''
*''
C. borassi''
*''
C. bosciae''
*''
C. brachormium''
*''
C. brachyelytri''
*''
C. brassicae''
*''
C. brassicicola''
*''
C. brevicatenulatum''
*''
C. brevipes''
*''
C. breviramosum''
*''
C. brunneoatrum''
*''
C. brunneolum''
*''
C. brunneum''
*''
C. buchananiae''
*''
C. buteicola''
*''
C. butyri''
*''
C. caraganae''
*''
C. carpesii''
*''
C. caryigenum''
*''
C. cassiae-surathensis''
*''
C. castellanii''
*''
C. chalastosporoides''
*''
C. chamaeropis''
*''
C. cheonis''
*''
C. chlamydeum''
*''
C. chrysanthemi''
*''
C. chrysophylli''
*''
C. chubutense''
*''
C. circaea''
*''
C. citri''
*''
C. cladosporioides''
*''
C. colocasiae''
*''
C. colocasiicola''
*''
C. colombiae''
*''
C. confusum''
*''
C. coralloides''
*''
C. coryphae''
*''
C. cucumerinum''
*''
C. cycadacearum''
*''
C. cyrtomii''
*''
C. desmodicola''
*''
C. dianellicola''
*''
C. diaphanum''
*''
C. digitalicola''
*''
C. dominicanum''
*''
C. dracaenatum''
*''
C. edgeworthiae''
*''
C. elegans
''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (r ...
''
*''
C. elsinoes''
*''
C. epimyces''
*''
C. epiphyllum''
*''
C. erianthi''
*''
C. eriolobi''
*''Cladosporium exasperatum, C. exasperatum''
*''Cladosporium exile, C. exile''
*''Cladosporium exobasidii, C. exobasidii''
*''Cladosporium extorre, C. extorre''
*''Cladosporium ferox, C. ferox''
*''Cladosporium festucae, C. festucae''
*''Cladosporium flabelliforme, C. flabelliforme''
*''Cladosporium foliorum, C. foliorum''
*''Cladosporium forsythiae, C. forsythiae''
*''Cladosporium fraxinicola, C. fraxinicola''
*''Cladosporium fuligineum, C. fuligineum''
*''Cladosporium fumagineum, C. fumagineum''
*''Cladosporium funiculosum, C. funiculosum''
*''Cladosporium fusiforme, C. fusiforme''
*''Cladosporium galii, C. galii''
*''Cladosporium gallicola, C. gallicola''
*''Cladosporium gamsianum, C. gamsianum''
*''Cladosporium geniculatum, C. geniculatum''
*''Cladosporium gerwasiae, C. gerwasiae''
*''Cladosporium globisporum, C. globisporum''
*''Cladosporium glochidionis, C. glochidionis''
*''Cladosporium gloeosporioides, C. gloeosporioides''
*''Cladosporium gossypiicola, C. gossypiicola''
*''Cladosporium grevilleae, C. grevilleae''
*''Cladosporium grumosum, C. grumosum''
*''Cladosporium gynoxidicola, C. gynoxidicola''
*''Cladosporium halotolerans, C. halotolerans''
*''Cladosporium haplophylli, C. haplophylli''
*''Cladosporium harknessii, C. harknessii''
*''Cladosporium heleophilum, C. heleophilum''
*''Cladosporium helicosporum, C. helicosporum''
*''Cladosporium heliotropii, C. heliotropii''
*''Cladosporium herbaroides, C. herbaroides''
*''Cladosporium herbarum, C. herbarum''
*''Cladosporium heterophragmatis, C. heterophragmatis''
*''Cladosporium heuglinianum, C. heuglinianum''
*''Cladosporium hillianum, C. hillianum''
*''Cladosporium hordei, C. hordei''
*''Cladosporium humile, C. humile''
*''Cladosporium hydrangeae, C. hydrangeae''
*''Cladosporium indicum, C. indicum''
*''Cladosporium indigoferae, C. indigoferae''
*''Cladosporium inopinum, C. inopinum''
*''Cladosporium inversicolor, C. inversicolor''
*''Cladosporium iranicum, C. iranicum''
*''Cladosporium jacarandicola, C. jacarandicola''
*''Cladosporium juglandinum, C. juglandinum''
*''Cladosporium kapildharens, C. kapildharens''
*''Cladosporium lacroixii, C. lacroixii''
*''Cladosporium ladinum, C. ladinum''
*''Cladosporium langeronii, C. langeronii''
*''Cladosporium laxicapitulatum, C. laxicapitulatum''
*''Cladosporium leguminicola, C. leguminicola''
*''Cladosporium leprosum, C. leprosum''
*''Cladosporium licheniphilum, C. licheniphilum''
*''Cladosporium linicola, C. linicola''
*''Cladosporium liriodendri, C. liriodendri''
*''Cladosporium lonicericola, C. lonicericola''
*''Cladosporium lophodermii, C. lophodermii''
*''Cladosporium lupiniphilum, C. lupiniphilum''
*''Cladosporium machili, C. machili''
*''Cladosporium macrocarpum, C. macrocarpum''
*''Cladosporium magnusianum, C. magnusianum''
*''Cladosporium malvacearum, C. malvacearum''
*''Cladosporium manoutchehrii, C. manoutchehrii''
*''Cladosporium melospermae, C. melospermae''
*''Cladosporium metaplexis, C. metaplexis''
*''Cladosporium milii, C. milii''
*''Cladosporium mimulicola, C. mimulicola''
*''Cladosporium minourae, C. minourae''
*''Cladosporium molle, C. molle''
*''Cladosporium murorum, C. murorum''
*''Cladosporium musae, C. musae''
*''Cladosporium myriosporum, C. myriosporum''
*''Cladosporium myrtacearum, C. myrtacearum''
*''Cladosporium myrticola, C. myrticola''
*''Cladosporium neocheiropteridis, C. neocheiropteridis''
*''Cladosporium neottopteridis, C. neottopteridis''
*''Cladosporium neriicola, C. neriicola''
*''Cladosporium nigrelloides, C. nigrelloides''
*''Cladosporium nigrellum, C. nigrellum''
*''Cladosporium nitrariae, C. nitrariae''
*''Cladosporium nodulosum, C. nodulosum''
*''Cladosporium obtectum, C. obtectum''
*''Cladosporium oncobae, C. oncobae''
*''Cladosporium orchidearum, C. orchidearum''
*''Cladosporium orchidiphilum, C. orchidiphilum''
*''Cladosporium orchidis, C. orchidis''
*''Cladosporium oreodaphnes, C. oreodaphnes''
*''Cladosporium ossifragi, C. ossifragi''
*''Cladosporium ovorum, C. ovorum''
*''Cladosporium oxycocci, C. oxycocci''
*''Cladosporium oxysporum, C. oxysporum''
*''Cladosporium pallidum, C. pallidum''
*''Cladosporium paracladosporioides, C. paracladosporioides''
*''Cladosporium perangustum, C. perangustum''
*''Cladosporium pericarpium, C. pericarpium''
*''Cladosporium peruamazonicum, C. peruamazonicum''
*''Cladosporium phaenocomae, C. phaenocomae''
*''Cladosporium phlei, C. phlei''
*''Cladosporium phlei-pratensis, C. phlei-pratensis''
*''Cladosporium phyllachorae, C. phyllachorae''
*''Cladosporium phyllactiniicola, C. phyllactiniicola''
*''Cladosporium phyllogenum, C. phyllogenum''
*''Cladosporium phyllophilum, C. phyllophilum''
*''Cladosporium pini-ponderosae, C. pini-ponderosae''
*''Cladosporium pipericola, C. pipericola''
*''Cladosporium pisi, C. pisi''
*''Cladosporium platycodonis, C. platycodonis''
*''Cladosporium polygonati, C. polygonati''
*''Cladosporium polymorphosporum, C. polymorphosporum''
*''Cladosporium populicola, C. populicola''
*''Cladosporium praecox, C. praecox''
*''Cladosporium psammicola, C. psammicola''
*''Cladosporium pseudiridis, C. pseudiridis''
*''Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides, C. pseudocladosporioides''
*''Cladosporium psidiicola, C. psidiicola''
*''Cladosporium psoraleae, C. psoraleae''
*''Cladosporium psychrotolerans, C. psychrotolerans''
*''Cladosporium punctulatum, C. punctulatum''
*''Cladosporium ramotenellum, C. ramotenellum''
*''Cladosporium ramulosum, C. ramulosum''
*''Cladosporium rectangulare, C. rectangulare''
*''Cladosporium rectoides, C. rectoides''
*''Cladosporium rhododendri, C. rhododendri''
*''Cladosporium robiniae, C. robiniae''
*''Cladosporium rutae, C. rutae''
*''Cladosporium salicis-sitchensis, C. salicis-sitchensis''
*''Cladosporium salinae, C. salinae''
*''Cladosporium sarmentorum, C. sarmentorum''
*''Cladosporium scabrellum, C. scabrellum''
*''Cladosporium silenes, C. silenes''
*''Cladosporium sinuosum, C. sinuosum''
*''Cladosporium smilacicola, C. smilacicola''
*''Cladosporium soldanellae, C. soldanellae''
*''Cladosporium sorghi, C. sorghi''
*''Cladosporium sphaeroideum, C. sphaeroideum''
*''Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. sphaerospermum''
*''Cladosporium spinaciarum, C. spinaciarum''
*''Cladosporium spinulosum, C. spinulosum''
*''Cladosporium spongiosum, C. spongiosum''
*''Cladosporium straminicola, C. straminicola''
*''Cladosporium strobilanthis, C. strobilanthis''
*''Cladosporium subinflatum, C. subinflatum''
*''Cladosporium subnodosum, C. subnodosum''
*''Cladosporium subobtectum, C. subobtectum''
*''Cladosporium subsessile, C. subsessile''
*''Cladosporium subtilissimum, C. subtilissimum''
*''Cladosporium subuliforme, C. subuliforme''
*''Cladosporium syringae, C. syringae''
*''Cladosporium syringicola, C. syringicola''
*''Cladosporium tectonicola, C. tectonicola''
*''Cladosporium tenellum, C. tenellum''
*''Cladosporium tenuissimum, C. tenuissimum''
*''Cladosporium tetrapanacis, C. tetrapanacis''
*''Cladosporium typhae, C. typhae''
*''Cladosporium typharum, C. typharum''
*''Cladosporium uleanum, C. uleanum''
*''Cladosporium uniseptosporum, C. uniseptosporum''
*''Cladosporium uredinicola, C. uredinicola''
*''Cladosporium uredinis, C. uredinis''
*''Cladosporium varians, C. varians''
*''Cladosporium velox, C. velox''
*''Cladosporium velutinum, C. velutinum''
*''Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides, C. verrucocladosporioides''
*''Cladosporium victorialis, C. victorialis''
*''Cladosporium vignae, C. vignae''
*''Cladosporium vincicola, C. vincicola''
*''Cladosporium xylophilum, C. xylophilum''
*''Cladosporium xyridis, C. xyridis''
*''Cladosporium yuccae, C. yuccae''
*''Cladosporium zeae, C. zeae''
*''Cladosporium ziziphi, C. ziziphi''
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q134055
Cladosporium,
Dothideomycetes genera
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Allergology