''Cladosporium'' is a
genus of
fungi including some of the most common indoor and outdoor
molds. Species produce olive-green to brown or black colonies, and have dark-pigmented
conidia
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to the ...
that are formed in simple or branching chains. Many species of ''Cladosporium'' are commonly found on living and dead plant material. Some species are
endophytes
or plant pathogens, while others
parasitize
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
fungi. ''Cladosporium'' spores are wind-dispersed and they are often extremely abundant in outdoor air. Indoors ''Cladosporium'' species may grow on surfaces when moisture is present. ''
Cladosporium fulvum
''Passalora fulva'' is a fungal plant pathogen that causes tomato leaf mold
''Cladosporium fulvum'' is an Ascomycete called '' Passalora fulva'', a non-obligate pathogen that causes the disease on tomato known as the tomato leaf mold.Cladospo ...
'', cause of tomato leaf mould, has been an important genetic model, in that the genetics of host resistance are understood. In the 1960s, it was estimated that the genus ''Cladosporium'' contained around 500
plant-pathogenic and
saprotrophic species,
but this number has since been increased to over 772 species.
The genus ''Cladosporium'' is very closely related to black yeasts in the order
Dothideales.
''Cladosporium'' species are often highly osmotolerant, growing easily on media containing 10% glucose or 12–17% NaCl.
They are rarely grown on media containing 24% NaCl or 50% glucose and never isolated from medium with 32% NaCl or greater.
Most species have very fragile
spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...
chains, making it extremely difficult to prepare a mount for microscopic observation in which the
conidial
A conidium ( ; ), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also called mitospores due to t ...
chains are preserved intact.
Health effects
''Cladosporium'' species are present in the Human
mycobiome
The mycobiome, mycobiota, or fungal microbiome, is the fungi, fungal community in and on an organism.
The word “mycobiome” comes from the ancient Greek μύκης (mukēs), meaning "fungus" with the suffix “biome” derived from the Greek ...
but are rarely
pathogenic to humans. They have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs, with more common symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and itchy eyes. The airborne spores of ''Cladosporium'' species are significant
allergens, and in large amounts they can severely affect people with asthma and other respiratory diseases. ''Cladosporium'' species produce no major
mycotoxins of concern, but do produce
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with odours. Fortunately, ''Cladosporium'' is not associated with anaphylaxis.
Hyperparasitism on rusts
Several ''Cladosporium'' species are known to be hyperparasitic to
rust fungi.
Species
*''
C. acaciicola''
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C. acalyphae''
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C. adianticola''
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C. aecidiicola''
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C. agoseridis''
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C. albiziae''
*''
C. algarum''
*''
C. allicinum''
*''
C. allii''
*''
C. allii-porri''
*''
C. alliicola''
*''
C. alneum''
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C. alopecuri''
*''
C. alternicoloratum''
*''
C. angustisporum''
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C. antarcticum''
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C. antillanum''
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C. aphidis''
*''
C. apicale''
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C. aristolochiae''
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C. aromaticum''
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C. arthoniae''
*''
C. arthrinioides''
*''
C. arthropodii''
*''
C. asperistipitatum''
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C. asperulatum''
*''
C. atriellum''
*''
C. atroseptum''
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C. auriculae''
*''
C. australiense''
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C. baccae''
*''
C. balladynae''
*''
C. banaticum''
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C. basi-inflatum''
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C. bauhiniana''
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C. boenninghauseniae''
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C. borassi''
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C. bosciae''
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C. brachormium''
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C. brachyelytri''
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C. brassicae''
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C. brassicicola''
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C. brevicatenulatum''
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C. brevipes''
*''
C. breviramosum''
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C. brunneoatrum''
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C. brunneolum''
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C. brunneum''
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C. buchananiae''
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C. buteicola''
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C. butyri''
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C. caraganae''
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C. carpesii''
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C. caryigenum''
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C. cassiae-surathensis''
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C. castellanii''
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C. chalastosporoides''
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C. chamaeropis''
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C. cheonis''
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C. chlamydeum''
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C. chrysanthemi''
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C. chrysophylli''
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C. chubutense''
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C. circaea''
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C. citri''
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C. cladosporioides''
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C. colocasiae''
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C. colocasiicola''
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C. colombiae''
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C. confusum''
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C. coralloides''
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C. coryphae''
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C. cucumerinum''
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C. cycadacearum''
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C. cyrtomii''
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C. desmodicola''
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C. dianellicola''
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C. diaphanum''
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C. digitalicola''
*''
C. dominicanum''
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C. dracaenatum''
*''
C. edgeworthiae''
*''
C. elegans
''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (r ...
''
*''
C. elsinoes''
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C. epimyces''
*''
C. epiphyllum''
*''
C. erianthi''
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C. eriolobi''
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C. exasperatum''
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C. exile''
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C. exobasidii''
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C. extorre''
*''
C. ferox''
*''
C. festucae''
*''
C. flabelliforme''
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C. foliorum''
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C. forsythiae''
*''
C. fraxinicola''
*''
C. fuligineum''
*''
C. fumagineum''
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C. funiculosum''
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C. fusiforme''
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C. galii''
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C. gallicola''
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C. gamsianum''
*''
C. geniculatum''
*''
C. gerwasiae''
*''
C. globisporum''
*''
C. glochidionis''
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C. gloeosporioides''
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C. gossypiicola''
*''
C. grevilleae''
*''
C. grumosum''
*''
C. gynoxidicola''
*''
C. halotolerans''
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C. haplophylli''
*''
C. harknessii''
*''
C. heleophilum''
*''
C. helicosporum''
*''
C. heliotropii''
*''
C. herbaroides''
*''
C. herbarum''
*''
C. heterophragmatis''
*''
C. heuglinianum''
*''
C. hillianum''
*''
C. hordei''
*''
C. humile''
*''
C. hydrangeae''
*''
C. indicum''
*''
C. indigoferae''
*''
C. inopinum''
*''
C. inversicolor''
*''
C. iranicum''
*''
C. jacarandicola''
*''
C. juglandinum''
*''
C. kapildharens''
*''
C. lacroixii''
*''
C. ladinum''
*''
C. langeronii''
*''
C. laxicapitulatum''
*''
C. leguminicola''
*''
C. leprosum''
*''
C. licheniphilum''
*''
C. linicola''
*''
C. liriodendri''
*''
C. lonicericola''
*''
C. lophodermii''
*''
C. lupiniphilum''
*''
C. machili''
*''
C. macrocarpum''
*''
C. magnusianum''
*''
C. malvacearum''
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C. manoutchehrii''
*''
C. melospermae''
*''
C. metaplexis''
*''
C. milii''
*''
C. mimulicola''
*''
C. minourae''
*''
C. molle''
*''
C. murorum''
*''
C. musae''
*''
C. myriosporum''
*''
C. myrtacearum''
*''
C. myrticola''
*''
C. neocheiropteridis''
*''
C. neottopteridis''
*''
C. neriicola''
*''
C. nigrelloides''
*''
C. nigrellum''
*''
C. nitrariae''
*''
C. nodulosum''
*''
C. obtectum''
*''
C. oncobae''
*''
C. orchidearum''
*''
C. orchidiphilum''
*''
C. orchidis''
*''
C. oreodaphnes''
*''
C. ossifragi''
*''
C. ovorum''
*''
C. oxycocci''
*''
C. oxysporum''
*''
C. pallidum''
*''
C. paracladosporioides''
*''
C. perangustum''
*''
C. pericarpium''
*''
C. peruamazonicum''
*''
C. phaenocomae''
*''
C. phlei''
*''
C. phlei-pratensis''
*''
C. phyllachorae''
*''
C. phyllactiniicola''
*''
C. phyllogenum''
*''
C. phyllophilum''
*''
C. pini-ponderosae''
*''
C. pipericola''
*''
C. pisi''
*''
C. platycodonis''
*''
C. polygonati''
*''
C. polymorphosporum''
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C. populicola''
*''
C. praecox''
*''
C. psammicola''
*''
C. pseudiridis''
*''
C. pseudocladosporioides''
*''
C. psidiicola''
*''
C. psoraleae''
*''
C. psychrotolerans''
*''
C. punctulatum''
*''
C. ramotenellum''
*''
C. ramulosum''
*''
C. rectangulare''
*''
C. rectoides''
*''
C. rhododendri''
*''
C. robiniae''
*''
C. rutae''
*''
C. salicis-sitchensis''
*''
C. salinae''
*''
C. sarmentorum''
*''
C. scabrellum''
*''
C. silenes''
*''
C. sinuosum''
*''
C. smilacicola''
*''
C. soldanellae''
*''
C. sorghi''
*''
C. sphaeroideum''
*''
C. sphaerospermum''
*''
C. spinaciarum''
*''
C. spinulosum''
*''
C. spongiosum''
*''
C. straminicola''
*''
C. strobilanthis''
*''
C. subinflatum''
*''
C. subnodosum''
*''
C. subobtectum''
*''
C. subsessile''
*''
C. subtilissimum''
*''
C. subuliforme''
*''
C. syringae''
*''
C. syringicola''
*''
C. tectonicola''
*''
C. tenellum''
*''
C. tenuissimum''
*''
C. tetrapanacis''
*''
C. typhae''
*''
C. typharum''
*''
C. uleanum''
*''
C. uniseptosporum''
*''
C. uredinicola''
*''
C. uredinis''
*''
C. varians''
*''
C. velox''
*''
C. velutinum''
*''
C. verrucocladosporioides''
*''
C. victorialis''
*''
C. vignae''
*''
C. vincicola''
*''
C. xylophilum''
*''
C. xyridis''
*''
C. yuccae''
*''
C. zeae''
*''
C. ziziphi''
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q134055
Dothideomycetes genera
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Allergology