Citrus rootstock are plants used as
rootstock
A rootstock is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced. It could also be described as a stem with a well developed root system, to which a bud from another plant is grafted. It can refer to a ...
for
citrus
''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. The genus ''Citrus'' is native to ...
plants. A rootstock plant must be compatible for
scion
Scion may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities
*Scion, a playable class in the game '' Path of Exile'' (2013)
*Atlantean Scion, a device in the ''Tomb Raider'' video game series
*Scions, an alien race in the video game ''B ...
grafting, and resistant to common threats, such as drought,
frost
Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor in an above-freezing atmosphere coming in contact with a solid surface whose temperature is below freezing, and resulting in a phase change from water vapor (a g ...
, and common
citrus diseases
''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. The genus ''Citrus'' is native to So ...
.
Principal rootstocks
Five types of rootstock predominate in temperate climates where cold or freezing weather is not probable, especially
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...
and southern
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
:
*
Sour orange
Bitter orange, Seville orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange is the citrus tree ''Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' and its fruit. It is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread by humans to many parts of the world. It is probably a cross be ...
: the only rootstock that truly is an
orange
Orange most often refers to:
*Orange (fruit), the fruit of the tree species '' Citrus'' × ''sinensis''
** Orange blossom, its fragrant flower
*Orange (colour), from the color of an orange, occurs between red and yellow in the visible spectrum
* ...
(the '' Citrus'' × ''aurantium'' or bitter orange). It is vigorous and highly drought-resistant.
* ''
Poncirus
The trifoliate orange, ''Citrus trifoliata'' or ''Poncirus trifoliata'', is a member of the family Rutaceae. Whether the trifoliate oranges should be considered to belong to their own genus, ''Poncirus'', or be included in the genus ''Citrus'' is ...
trifoliata'': a close relative of the genus ''Citrus'', sometimes classified as ''Citrus trifoliata''. It is especially resistant to cold, the
tristeza virus, and the fungus ''
Phytophthora parasitica'' (root rot), and grows well in
loam
Loam (in geology and soil science) is soil composed mostly of sand ( particle size > ), silt (particle size > ), and a smaller amount of clay (particle size < ). By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–20% concentration of sand–si ...
soil. Among its disadvantages are its slow growth—it is the slowest growing rootstock—and its poor resistance to heat and drought. It is primarily used in
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
,
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the n ...
, and areas of
California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
with heavy soils.
*
Swingle citrumelo
Citrumelo (× ''Citroncirus'' spp.) is also called ''Swingle citrumelo trifoliate hybrid'', because it is cold hardy and is a hybrid between a 'Duncan' grapefruit and a trifoliate orange (''Poncirus trifoliata'' ( L.) Raf.), developed by Wal ...
: tolerant of tristeza virus and ''Phytophthora parasitica'' and moderately resistant to salt and freezing.
This rootstock selection was hybridized from the Duncan
grapefruit
The grapefruit (''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'') is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink.
Grapefruit ...
(''Citrus paradisi Macfadyen'') and the ''Poncirus trifoliata'' (L.)
Raf. by
Walter Tennyson Swingle
Walter Tennyson Swingle (January 8, 1871 – January 19, 1952) was an American agricultural botanist who contributed greatly to the classification and taxonomy of citrus.
Biography
Swingle was born in Canaan, Pennsylvania, and moved with his ...
in Eustis, Florida, in 1907. It was released by the
US Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of comme ...
to nurserymen in 1974.
*
''Troyer'' citrange and ''Carrizo'' citrange: reasonably vigorous rootstocks, resistant to ''Phytophthora parasitica'',
nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant- parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a bro ...
s, and tristeza virus and with good cold tolerance. They also are highly
polyembryonic Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg. Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents. The genetic differ ...
, so growers can obtain multiple plants from a single seed. Citrange, however, does not do well in clay,
calcareous
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
In zoology
''Calcareous'' is used as an ad ...
or high-pH soils, and is sensitive to salinity. It is not feasible as rootstock for
mandarin scions, as it overgrows them by producing branches of its own in competition with the grafted budwood. Citranges are hybrids of the Washington navel orange and the ''Poncirus trifoliata''. The original crosses, made in the early 1900s by the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the intention of producing cold tolerant scion varieties, were later identified as suitable for use as rootstocks. The commercial use of these rootstocks began in
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
in the 1960s. The ''Troyer'' variety generally is found in California, while the ''Carrizo'' variety is used in Florida.
*
Cleopatra mandarin: tolerant of salinity and soil
alkalinity
Alkalinity (from ar, القلوي, al-qaly, lit=ashes of the saltwort) is the capacity of water to resist acidification. It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale.
Alkalinity is the strength ...
and also suitable for shallow soils. It is used primarily in
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
,
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
, and
Florida
Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...
.
Dade County, for example, has 85%
calcareous
Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
In zoology
''Calcareous'' is used as an adje ...
soil, a typical trait of land that has been under water. The Cleopatra mandarin, originated in
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
and introduced into Florida from
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
in the mid-nineteenth century, has been distributed and tested as a rootstock throughout the world. Nowadays, however, it is considered an inferior rootstock because it is sensitive to many diseases, grows slowly, and is difficult to propagate.
Other rootstock cultivars
* African shaddock X trifoliate hybrid
[Citrus Variety Collection, University of California Riverside, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences http://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/rootstocks.html.]
* Benton citrange trifoliate hybrid
[
* Borneo Rangpur lime][
* Bitters C-22 ]citrange
The citrange (a portmanteau of ''citrus'' and ''orange'') is a citrus hybrid of the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange.
The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold hardy citrus tree (which is the nature of a trifoliate), with d ...
(''X Citroncirus sp.'' Rutaceae): it was hybridized at the USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
Date and Citrus Station in Indio, California
Indio (Spanish language, Spanish for "Indian") is a city in Riverside County, California, Riverside County, California, United States, in the Coachella Valley of Southern California's Colorado Desert region. It lies east of Palm Springs, Califo ...
, and developed further by the University of California, Riverside
The University of California, Riverside (UCR or UC Riverside) is a public land-grant research university in Riverside, California. It is one of the ten campuses of the University of California system. The main campus sits on in a suburban distr ...
. It is used primarily as rootstock for navel oranges in California. In 2009, a report suggested it also may be useful to replace sour orange rootstock for grapefruit in Texas because it is tolerant of calcareous soil.bittersC22
Citrusvariety.ucr.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. Its name is not related to the bitter orange: it was named after Willard Paul Bitters, emeritus professor of Horticulture and a curator of the Citrus Variety Collection
The UCR Citrus Variety Collection (CVC) is one of the most important collections of citrus diversity in the world. It is used for research, plant breeding, and educational extension activities on the UC Riverside campus in Riverside, California.
...
.
* Carpenter C-54 citrange
* C-32 citrange trifoliate hybrid[
* C-35 citrange trifoliate hybrid][
* ]Calamondin
Calamansi (''Citrus'' × ''microcarpa''), also known as calamondin, Philippine lime, or Philippine lemon, is an economically important citrus hybrid predominantly cultivated in the Philippines. It is native to the Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra, a ...
kumquat hybrid[
* Carrizo citrange trifoliate hybrid][
* Citradia trifoliate hybrid][
* Citremon trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1449)][
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid C190][
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 1452)][
* Citrumelo trifoliate hybrid (CRC 4475)][
* ''Citrus macrophylla'' (]Alemow
''Citrus macrophylla'', also known as alemow, is a citrus tree and fruit, belonging to the papedas.
The trees are short in stature, more tropical in nature than most citrus, and are very spiny.
Taxonomy
Alemow is rare and poorly studied, a l ...
)[
* ''Citrus volkameriana'' (Volkamer lemon)][
* Cleopatra mandarin X trifoliate hybrid X639][
* Flying dragon trifoliate (CRC 3330A)][
* Fraser Seville sour orange][
* Furr C-57 citrange]
* Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 3929)[
* Goutoucheng sour orange (CRC 4004)][
* Grapefruit seedling (CRC 343)][
* Pomeroy trifoliate][
* ]Rangpur lime
Rangpur, ''Citrus'' × ''limonia'' or ''Citrus reticulata'' × ''medica'', sometimes called the rangpur lime, mandarin lime or lemandarin, is a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the citron. It is a citrus fruit with a very acidic taste and an ...
X Troyer citrange
The citrange (a portmanteau of ''citrus'' and ''orange'') is a citrus hybrid of the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange.
The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold hardy citrus tree (which is the nature of a trifoliate), with d ...
hybrid[
* Rich 16-6 trifoliate][
* Rubidoux trifoliate][
* Rusk ]citrange
The citrange (a portmanteau of ''citrus'' and ''orange'') is a citrus hybrid of the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange.
The purpose of this cross was to attempt to create a cold hardy citrus tree (which is the nature of a trifoliate), with d ...
trifoliate orange hybrid[
* Satsuma X trifoliate hybrid][
* Schaub ]rough lemon
Rough lemon (''Citrus'' × ''jambhiri'' Lush.) is the fruit and the tree of a citrus hybrid. Like the rangpur, it is a cross between mandarin orange and citron.
Rough lemon is a cold-hardy citrus and can grow into a large tree.
The rough lem ...
[
* Small-leaf trifoliate][
* Smooth Flat Seville sour orange][
* Sun Chu Sha Kat mandarin][
* US 119 (Grapefruit X trifoliate) X Sweet Orange hybrid][
* Vangassay ]rough lemon
Rough lemon (''Citrus'' × ''jambhiri'' Lush.) is the fruit and the tree of a citrus hybrid. Like the rangpur, it is a cross between mandarin orange and citron.
Rough lemon is a cold-hardy citrus and can grow into a large tree.
The rough lem ...
[
* Yuma Ponderosa lemon pummelo hybrid][
* Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3930)][
* Zhuluan sour orange hybrid (CRC 3981)][
]
See also
* Citrus hybrid
Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus ''Citrus'' and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.
Citrus taxonomy is complex and controversial. ...
* List of citrus diseases
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to:
People
* List (surname)
Organizations
* List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America
* SC Germania List, German rugby union ...
Notes
References
High Quality Citrus Rootstock
by Leon Dexter Batchelor
Leon Dexter Batchelor (May 8, 1884 – March 21, 1958) was an American horticulture professor. He was the longest-serving director of the University of California Citrus Experiment Station.
Early life and education
Batchelor was born in 1884 ...
and Willard Paul Bitters
Article on new citrus rootstock
by USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
External links
EDIS
by University of Florida
The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida, traces its origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its ...
Citrus Rootstocks
by FFSP
Sunkist
Compatible scion to rootstock
The Development of Improved Citrus Rootstocks
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Citrus
Plant roots