The Citadel of Lille (french: Citadelle de Lille; nl, Citadel van Rijsel) is a
pentagon
In geometry, a pentagon (from the Greek πέντε ''pente'' meaning ''five'' and γωνία ''gonia'' meaning ''angle'') is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon. The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°.
A pentagon may be simpl ...
al
citadel of the city wall of
Lille, in France. It was built between 1667 and 1670.
[Lille Office of Tourism]
"Monuments"
, retrieved 28 April 2013 It hosts the ''
Corps de réaction rapide France''.
Dubbed "Queen of the citadels" (''Reine des citadelles'') by
Vauban, it is one of the most notable citadels designed by Vauban.
It is remarkable for its size, the quality of the architecture, and the state of preservation today. Its various components have been classified as historic monuments in 1914, 1921 and 1934 respectively.
A first-class military installation
This "Queen of Citadels" is the matrix of most citadels designed by Vauban. Established on the border of Flanders, it was part of a double-line of fortified towns between
Gravelines,
Dunkirk
Dunkirk (french: Dunkerque ; vls, label=French Flemish, Duunkerke; nl, Duinkerke(n) ; , ;) is a commune in the department of Nord in northern France.[Maubeuge
Maubeuge (; historical nl, Mabuse or nl, Malbode; pcd, Maubeuche) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is situated on both banks of the Sambre (here canalized), east of Valenciennes and about from the Belgian border ...]
-
Rocroi. It delineated the famous "Pré Carré" ("square field") conceived by Vauban comprising 28 fortified cities. From Lille, Vauban supervised the construction of the many citadels and canals of the North, which controlled the border between France and Belgium.
Lille was taken from Spain by French troops in August 1667, and
Louis XIV immediately ordered the construction of a fortress.
Louis Nicolas de Clerville Louis Nicolas de Clerville, a.k.a. Chevalier de Clerville, held many military positions during his life in France in 1610–1677. He was associated with Pierre-Paul Riquet and the building of the Canal du Midi.
Clerville played an important rol ...
and Vauban proposed plans. Vauban's were those chosen by the King. Work was started in 1668 under the direction of Lille's master mason,
Simon Vollant
Simon Vollant (1 February 1622 – 1694) was a 17th-century French engineer, entrepreneur and architect ennobled in 1685.
Vollant built the citadel of Lille and became the most renowned fortifications builder for Vauban, Louvois and Louis XIV. H ...
. In 1671, the citadel became operational while Vauban continued to shape the city by constructing, a few steps away, a new neighborhood around the Rue Royale. The design of the citadel follows a simple but very effective idea: not one of its walls can be approached by the enemy without them being under fire from a nearby wall.
Location
The citadel was constructed to the west of the city on marshland at the junction of the rivers
Deûle and Bucquet. This allowed the use of swamp water and mud as a natural defense to make conditions more difficult for any possible enemy besieging the citadel. Through a system of locks and water gates, 1,700 hectares around the citadel could be flooded to a depth of 55 cm. A wide
esplanade interrupted the plans, connecting the fort to the city. In 1750, a canal along the esplanade was drilled according to the plans drawn up by Vauban.
References
External links
{{coord, 50, 38, 28, N, 3, 02, 40, E, display=title, region:FR_type:landmark_source:frwiki
Buildings and structures in Lille
Forts in France
Tourist attractions in Lille
Lille Citadel