Chōshū Domain

The , also known as the , was a domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871.Deal, William E. (2005)
''Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan,'' p. 81

The Chōshū Domain was based at Hagi Castle in Nagato Province, in the modern city of Hagi, located in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshu. The Chōshū Domain was ruled for its existence by the '' tozama'' '' daimyō'' of the Mōri, whose branches also ruled the neighboring Chōfu and Kiyosue domains, and was assessed under the ''Kokudaka'' system with peak value of 369,000 ''koku''. The Chōshū Domain was the most prominent anti-Tokugawa domain and formed the Satchō Alliance with the rival Satsuma Domain during the Meiji Restoration, becoming instrumental in the establishment of the Empire of Japan and the Meiji oligarchy. The Chōshū Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government and its territory was absorbed into Yamaguchi Prefecture.

History

The rulers of Chōshū were the descendants of the great Sengoku warlord Mōri Motonari. Motonari was able to extend his power over all of the Chūgoku region of Japan and occupied a territory worth 1,200,000 koku. After he died, his grandson and heir Mōri Terumoto became '' daimyō'' and implemented a strategy of alliance with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This would later prove to be a great mistake. After Hideyoshi's death, the ''daimyō'' Tokugawa Ieyasu challenged the Toyotomi power and battled with Hideyoshi's trusted advisor Ishida Mitsunari at the Battle of Sekigahara. Mōri Terumoto was the most powerful ally of the Toyotomi and was elected by a council of Toyotomi loyalists to be the titulary head of the Toyotomi force. However the Toyotomi forces lost the battle due to several factors tied to Mōri Terumoto:
* His cousin Kikkawa Hiroie secretly made a deal with Tokugawa Ieyasu resulting in the inactivity of 15,000 Mōri soldiers during the battle.
* His adopted cousin Kobayakawa Hideaki and his 15,600 soldiers betrayed Ishida and joined the Tokugawa side.
* After assurances from Tokugawa Ieyasu, Terumoto gave up the formidable Osaka castle without a fight.

Despite its inactivity, the Mōri clan was removed from its ancestral home in Aki to Nagato Province (also known as Chōshū), and its holdings were drastically reduced from 1,200,000 to 369,000 koku.

This was seen as a great act of betrayal to the Mōri clan, and Chōshū later became a hotbed of anti-Tokugawa activities. The origins of this were evident in the tradition of the clan's New Year's meeting. Every year during the meeting, the elders and the administrators would ask the daimyo whether the time to overthrow the shogunate had come, to which the daimyo would reply: "Not yet, the shogunate is still too powerful."

This dream would eventually be realized some 260 years later, when the domain joined forces with the Satsuma Domain and sympathetic court nobles to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate.
In 1865, the domain bought a war-ship ''Union'' ( ja) from Glover and Co., an agency of Jardine Matheson established in Nagasaki, in the name of Satsuma Domain.
They led the fight against the armies of the former shōgun, which included the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, Aizu, and the Ezo Republic, during the Boshin War. The domains' military forces of 1867 through 1869 also formed the foundation for the Imperial Japanese Army. Thanks to this alliance, Chōshū and Satsuma natives enjoyed political and societal prominence well into the Meiji and even Taishō eras.

Economics

The initial reduction of 1.2 million to 369,000 ''koku'' resulted in a large shortfall in terms of military upkeep and infrastructure maintenance, despite which the domain remained the seventh-largest in Japan outside the shogunate-controlled domains. In order to bring the domain's finances out of debt, strict policies were enforced on the retainers:
* All retainers' fiefs were drastically reduced.
* Some retainers who were paid in land began to be paid in rice.
* Some retainers were laid off and encouraged to engage in agriculture.

Previously, as a result of high taxation, farmers secretly developed farms far inside the mountains as a private food source. A new land survey was conducted within the domain in which many hidden farms were discovered and taxed. The domain also began a strict policy with regard to trade.

Laws were also passed through which the profitable trade of the "four whites" was controlled by the domain: paper, rice, salt, and wax. Some of the profits, and a large amount of the tax revenue from this trade, went into the domain coffers.

These policies greatly strengthened the domain's finances and allowed the daimyo more effective control over his territory. However, these policies angered peasants and displaced samurai alike, resulting in frequent revolts.

Politics

The capital of the domain was the castle town of Hagi, which was the source of Chōshū's alternate name of Hagi han (萩藩).

The domain remained under the rule of the Mōri family for the duration of the Edo period. Because the shogunate frequently confiscated domains whose daimyo were unable to produce heirs, the Mōri daimyo created four subordinate han ruled by branches of the family:
* Iwakuni han: 60,000 ''koku'', ruled by descendants of Kikkawa Hiroie.
* Chōfū han: 50,000 ''koku'', ruled by descendants of Mōri Hidemoto.
* Tokuyama han: 40,000 ''koku'', ruled by descendants of Mōri Naritaka.
* Kiyosue han: 10,000 ''koku'', ruled by descendants of Mōri Mototomo.

During the Edo period, the main branch died out in 1707, after which heirs were adopted from the Chōfu branch, which also became extinct in 1751. The family then continued through the Kiyosue branch.

The Mōri daimyo, as with many of his counterparts throughout Japan, was assisted in the government of his domain by a group of karō, or domain elders. There were two kinds of karō in Chōshū: hereditary ''karō'' (whose families retained the rank in perpetuity) and the "lifetime ''karō''", whose rank was granted to an individual but could not be inherited by his son.

The hereditary karō were either members of minor branches of the Mōri family, or members of related families such as the Shishido and the Fukuhara, or descendants of Mōri Motonari's most trusted generals and advisors such as the Mazuda, the Kuchiba and the Kunishi.

The lifetime ''karō'' were middle or lower samurai who displayed great talent in economics or politics and were promoted to ''karō'' by the ''daimyō''. One such person was the great reformer Murata Seifu.

List of ''daimyōs''

* Mōri clan ('' Tozama'', 369,000 ''koku''), 1600–1871

Simplified family tree of the main Mōri line (Lords of Chōshū)

*Mōri Motonari (1497–1571)
**Takamoto (1523–1563)
*** I. Terumoto, 1st Lord of Chōshū (cr. 1600) (1553–1625; r. 1600–1623)
**** II. Hidenari, 2nd Lord of Chōshū (1595–1651; r. 1623–1651)
***** III. Tsunahiro, 3rd Lord of Chōshū (1639–1689; r. 1651–1682)
****** IV. Yoshinari, 4th Lord of Chōshū (1668–1694; r. 1682–1694).
****** V. Yoshihiro, 5th Lord of Chōshū (1673–1707; r. 1694–1707)
****Naritaka, 1st Lord of Tokuyama (1602–1679)
*****Mototsugu, 3rd Lord of Tokuyama (1667–1719)
******Hirotoyo, 5th Lord of Tokuyama (1705–1773)
*******Nariyoshi, 7th Lord of Tokuyama (1750–1828)
********Hiroshige, 8th Lord of Tokuyama (1777–1866)
********* XV. Motonori, 15th Lord of Chōshū, 1st Prince (1839–1896; r. 1869, Governor of Hagi 1869–1871, family head 1871–1896, created 1st Prince 1884)
**********Motoaki, 29th family head, 2nd Prince (1865–1938; 29th family head and 2nd Prince 1896–1938)
***********Motomichi, 30th family head, 3rd Prince (1903–1976; 30th family head 1938–1976, 3rd Prince to 1947)
************Motoyoshi, 31st family head (1930– ; 31st family head 1976–)
************* Motoei (born 1967)
** Motokiyo (1551–1597)
***Hidemoto, 1st Lord of Chōfū (1579–1650)
****Mitsuhiro, 2nd Lord of Chōfū (1616–1653)
*****Tsunamoto, 3rd Lord of Chōfū (1650–1709)
****** VI. Yoshimoto, 6th Lord of Chōshū (1677–1731; r. 1707–1731)
******* VII. Munehiro, 7th Lord of Chōshū (1715–1751; r. 1731–1751)
****Mototomo, 1st Lord of Kiyosue (1631–1683)
*****Masahiro, 6th Lord of Chōfū, 2nd Lord of Kiyosue (1675–1729)
****** VIII. Shigetaka, 8th Lord of Chōshū (1725–1789; r. 1751–1782)
******* IX. Haruchika, 9th Lord of Chōshū (1754–1791; r. 1782–1791)
******** X. Narifusa, 10th Lord of Chōshū (1779–1809; r. 1791–1809)
******** XI. Narihiro, 11th Lord of Chōshū (1784–1836; r. 1809–1824)
********* XIII. Naritō, 13th Lord of Chōshū (1815–1836; r. 1836).
*******Chikaaki (1766–1800)
******** XII. Narimoto, 12th Lord of Chōshū (1794–1836; r. 1824–1836)
********* XIV. Takachika, 14th Lord of Chōshū (1819–1871; r. 1836–1869)

Genealogy
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Famous people

; Middle Edo period
* Murata Seifū (1783–1855), conducted the Tempō reforms in Chōshū

; Bakumatsu period
* Yoshida Shōin (1830–1859), educator and teacher of many reformers
* Takasugi Shinsaku (1839–1867), significant contributor to Meiji Restoration, founder of the Kiheitai
* Kijima Matabei (1817–1864), swordsman, took part in the Kinmon Incident
* Kunishi Shinano (1842–1864), committed seppuku to take responsibility for the Kinmon Incident
* Kido Takayoshi (Kido Kōin) (1833–1877), Bakumatsu reformer, one of Three Great Nobles of the Restoration

; Meiji statesmen
* Chōshū Five
** Itō Shunsuke, later Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909), first Prime Minister of Japan
** Inoue Monta, later Inoue Kaoru (1836–1915), Meiji statesman
** Yamao Yōzō (1837–1917), later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866–68, Meiji statesman
** Endō Kinsuke (1836–1893), Meiji statesman
** Nomura Yakichi, later Inoue Masaru (1843–1910), "father of the Japanese railways"
* Yamagata Aritomo (1838–1922), prime minister and field marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army
* Yamagata Isaburō (1858–1927), nephew of Yamagata Aritomo, Minister of Communications, and first Japanese Inspector-General of Korea.
* Katsura Tarō (1848–1913), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and three-time prime minister of Japan
* Terauchi Masatake (1852–1919), Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and 18th prime minister of Japan
* Tanaka Giichi (1864–1929), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and 26th prime minister of Japan
* Aoki Shūzō (1844–1914), diplomat and Foreign Minister in Meiji Japan
* Shinagawa Yajirō (1843–1900), Home Minister in early Meiji Japan
* Sone Arasuke (1849–1910), politician, diplomat, cabinet minister, and second Japanese Resident-General of Korea.

; Imperial Japanese Army personnel
* Ōmura Masujirō (1824–1869), "Father of the modern Japanese Army"
* Ōshima Yoshimasa (1850–1926), general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the First Sino-Japanese War
* Nogi Maresuke (1849–1912), general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and a prominent figure in the Russo-Japanese War
* Miura Gorō (1847–1926), lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army
* Sakuma Samata (1844–1915), general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and 5th Governor-General of Taiwan (1906–1915)
* Kodama Gentarō (1852–1906), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and government minister in Meiji Japan
* Oka Ichinosuke (1860–1916), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Minister of War during World War I
* Arisaka Nariakira (1852–1915), lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army, inventor of the Arisaka Rifle

; Imperial Japanese Navy personnel
* Tsuboi Kōzō (1843–1898), admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy
* Nashiba Tokioki (1850–1924), admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
* Arichi Shinanojō (1843–1919), admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff

; Writers
* Inoue Koichi (pen-name: Inoue Kenkabō) (1870–1934), journalist and writer of '' senryū'' (short, humorous verse)

; Historians
* Inoue Mitsusada (1917–1983), Historian of Ancient Japan, Professor of The University of Tokyo, first director of National Museum of Japanese History, Grandson of Inoue Kaoru and Katsura Taro

; Entrepreneurs
* Aikawa Yoshisuke (1880–1967) Japanese entrepreneur, businessman, and politician, founder and first president of the Nissan ''zaibatsu'' (1931–1945)

See also

* First Chōshū expedition
* Satchō Alliance
* Second Chōshū expedition
* Boshin War
* List of Han

Notes

References

Further reading

* ''Bakufu seichō kiroku'' 幕府征長記錄 (1973). Edited by Nihon Shiseki Kyōkai 日本史籍協會. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.
* Craig, Albert M. (1961). ''Chōshū in the Meiji restoration''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
* Huber, Thomas M. (1981). ''The Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan''. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
* Ogawa Ayako 小川亜弥子 (1998). ''Bakumatsuki Chōshū-han yōgakushi no kenkyū'' 幕末期長州藩洋学史の研究. Tokyo: Shibunkaku Shuppan.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choshu Domain
Mōri clan
Choshu Han
Choshu Han
Chūgoku region