Chuang-tzŭ

Zhuang Zhou (), commonly known as Zhuangzi (; ; literally "Master Zhuang"; also rendered in the Wade–Giles romanization as Chuang Tzu), was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States period, a period of great development in Chinese philosophy, the Hundred Schools of Thought. He is credited with writing—in part or in whole—a work known by his name, the ''Zhuangzi'', which is one of the foundational texts of Taoism.

Life

The only account of the life of Zhuangzi is a brief sketch in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'', and most of the information it contains seems to have simply been drawn from anecdotes in the ''Zhuangzi'' itself. In Sima's biography, he is described as a minor official from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in the state of Song, living in the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late fourth century BC). Sima Qian writes that Chuang-Tze was especially influenced by Lao-Tze, and that he turned down a job offer from King Wei of Chu, because he valued his personal freedom.

The validity of his existence has been questioned by Russell Kirkland, who asserts that "there is no reliable historical data at all" for Chuang Chou/Zhuangzi, and that "the ''Chuang-tzu'' known to us today" is better attributed to its "commentator", the third-century writer Kuo Hsiang''.''

Writings

Zhuangzi is traditionally credited as the author of at least part of the work bearing his name, the ''Zhuangzi''. This work, in its current shape consisting of 33 chapters, is traditionally divided into three parts: the first, known as the "Inner Chapters", consists of the first seven chapters; the second, known as the "Outer Chapters", consist of the next 15 chapters; the last, known as the "Mixed Chapters", consist of the remaining 11 chapters. The meaning of these three names is disputed: according to Guo Xiang, the "Inner Chapters" were written by Zhuangzi, the "Outer Chapters" written by his disciples, and the "Mixed Chapters" by other hands; the other interpretation is that the names refer to the origin of the titles of the chapters—the "Inner Chapters" take their titles from phrases inside the chapter, the "Outer Chapters" from the opening words of the chapters, and the "Mixed Chapters" from a mixture of these two sources.

Further study of the text does not provide a clear choice between these alternatives. On the one side, as Martin Palmer points out in the introduction to his translation, two of the three chapters Sima Qian cited in his biography of Zhuangzi, come from the "Outer Chapters" and the third from the "Mixed Chapters". "Neither of these are allowed as authentic Chuang Tzu chapters by certain purists, yet they breathe the very spirit of Chuang Tzu just as much as, for example, the famous 'butterfly passage' of chapter 2."

On the other hand, chapter 33 has been often considered as intrusive, being a survey of the major movements during the "Hundred Schools of Thought" with an emphasis on the philosophy of Hui Shi. Further, A.C. Graham and other critics have subjected the text to a stylistic analysis and identified four strains of thought in the book: a) the ideas of Zhuangzi or his disciples; b) a "primitivist" strain of thinking similar to Laozi in chapters 8-10 and the first half of chapter 11; c) a strain very strongly represented in chapters 28-31 which is attributed to the philosophy of Yang Chu; and d) a fourth strain which may be related to the philosophical school of Huang-Lao. In this spirit, Martin Palmer wrote that "trying to read Chuang Tzu sequentially is a mistake. The text is a collection, not a developing argument."

Zhuangzi was renowned for his brilliant wordplay and use of parables to convey messages. His critiques of Confucian society and historical figures are humorous and at times ironic.

Influence

Zhuangzi has influenced thinking far beyond East Asia. The German philosopher Martin Buber translated his texts in 1910. In 1930, Martin Heidegger asked for Buber's translation of Zhuangzi after his Bremen speech "On the Essence of Truth". In order to explain his own philosophy, Heidegger read from chapter 17, where Zhuangzi says to the thinker Hui Shih:

The historian of ideas Dag Herbjørnsrud concludes: "It may therefore be difficult to say where the philosophies of Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi end and where the most influential German thinking of the twentieth century starts ..

The 20th century Chinese philosopher and essayist Hu Shih considered Zhuangzi a Chinese forerunner of evolution. In the chapter "''Supreme Happiness''", Zhuangzi described the transmutation of species.

See also

*Dream argument
*Goblet word
*''Liezi''
*''Tao Te Ching''

Notes

Citations

References

* Ames, Roger T. (1991), 'The Mencian Concept of Ren Xing: Does it Mean Human Nature?' in Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts, ed. Henry Rosemont, Jr. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court Press.
* Ames, Roger T. (1998) ed. Wandering at Ease in the Zhuangzi. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* Bruya, Brian (translator). (2019). ''Zhuangzi: The Way of Nature''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. .
*
*
* Graham A.C, ''Chuang-Tzû, the seven inner chapters'', Allen & Unwin, London, 1981
** ''Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters and other Writings from the Book of Chuang-tzu'' (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1986)
*
* Hansen, Chad (2003). "The Relatively Happy Fish," ''Asian Philosophy'' 13:145-164.
*Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2018).
A Sea for Fish on Dry Land
" the blog of the Journal of History of Ideas.
*
*
*
(Google Books)
* Merton, Thomas. (1969). ''The Way of Chuang Tzu''. New York: New Directions.
*
*
*
*
* Waltham, Clae (editor). (1971). ''Chuang Tzu: Genius of the Absurd''. New York: Ace Books.
*
**''The complete work of Chuang Tzu'', Columbia University Press, 1968
*
*

External links

Zhuangzi
Bilingual Chinese-English version (James Legge's translation) - Chinese Text Project

The Zhuangzi "Being Boundless"
Complete translation of Zhuangzi by Nina Correa

Chuang Tzu at Taoism.net
Chuang Tzu's Stories and Teachings - translations by Derek Lin

Zhuangzi
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Zhuangzi
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


translated by Patricia Ebrey

Chuang-tzu at Taopage.org






The Legge translation of the complete Chuang Tzu (Zhuangzi) updated
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhuang Zhou
360s BC births
280s BC deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
4th-century BC Chinese people
4th-century BC Chinese philosophers
3rd-century BC Chinese people
3rd-century BC Chinese philosophers
Metaphysicians
Chinese ethicists
Chinese logicians
Cultural critics
Guqin players
Moral philosophers
People from Bozhou
People whose existence is disputed
Philosophers from Anhui
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of science
Political philosophers
Proto-anarchists
Proto-evolutionary biologists
Chinese social commentators
Social critics
Social philosophers
Taoist immortals
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty Taoists
4th-century BC religious leaders
3rd-century BC religious leaders