HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Chiricahua ( ) is a band of
Apache The Apache () are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño a ...
Native Americans. Based in the Southern Plains and Southwestern United States, the Chiricahua (Tsokanende ) are related to other Apache groups: Ndendahe (Mogollon, Carrizaleño), Tchihende (Mimbreño), Sehende (Mescalero), Lipan, Salinero, Plains, and Western Apache. Chiricahua historically shared a common area, language, customs, and intertwined family relations with their fellow Apaches. At the time of European contact, they had a territory of 15 million acres (61,000 km2) in Southwestern New Mexico and Southeastern
Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States. It is the list of U.S. states and territories by area, 6th largest and the list of U.S. states and territories by population, 14 ...
in the United States and in Northern
Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...
and
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
in Mexico. Today Chiricahua are enrolled in three
federally recognized tribe This is a list of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States of America. There are also federally recognized Alaska Native tribes. , 574 Indian tribes were legally recognized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) of the United ...
s in the United States: the
Fort Sill Apache Tribe The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is the federally recognized Native American tribe of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache in Oklahoma. Government The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma. Tribal member enrollment, which requires a mi ...
, located near
Apache, Oklahoma Apache is a town in Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,444 at the 2010 census. History Before opening the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Reservation on August 1, 1901, for unrestricted settlement by non-Indians, Land Lott ...
, with a small
reservation __NOTOC__ Reservation may refer to: Places Types of places: * Indian reservation, in the United States * Military base, often called reservations * Nature reserve Government and law * Reservation (law), a caveat to a treaty * Reservation in India, ...
outside
Deming, New Mexico Deming (, ''DEM-ing'') is a city in Luna County, New Mexico, Luna County, New Mexico, United States, west of Las Cruces, New Mexico, Las Cruces and north of the Mexico–United States border, Mexican border. The population was 14,855 as of the ...
; the Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation near Ruidoso, New Mexico; and the San Carlos Apache Tribe in southeastern Arizona.


Name

The Chiricahua Apache, also written as ''Chiricagui'', ''Apaches de Chiricahui'', ''Chiricahues'', ''Chilicague'', ''Chilecagez'', and ''Chiricagua'', were given that name by the Spanish. The White Mountain Coyotero Apache, including the ''Cibecue'' and ''Bylas'' groups of the Western Apache, referred to the Chiricahua by the name ''Ha'i’ą́há'', while the San Carlos Apache called them ''Hák'ą́yé'' which means ″Eastern Sunrise″, or ″People in the East″. Sometimes they adapted this appellation and referred to themselves also as ''Ha’ishu Na gukande'' ('Sunrise People'). The Mescalero Apache called the Western Apache and Chiricahua bands to their west ''Shá'i'áõde'' ("Western Apache People", "The People of the Sunset", "The People of the West"), when referring only to Chiricahuas they used ''Ch'úk'ânéõde'' ("People of a ridge or mountainside ade of loose rocks) or sometimes ''Tã'aa'ji k'ee'déõkaa'õde'' ("The Ones who are Covered
ith breech cloths The Ith () is a ridge in Germany's Central Uplands which is up to 439 m high. It lies about 40 km southwest of Hanover and, at 22 kilometres, is the longest line of crags in North Germany. Geography Location The Ith is immediatel ...
).
Navajo The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United ...
refer to the Chiricahua as ''Chíshí'' ("Southern People"). The Chiricahua autonym, or name by which they refer to themselves, is simply (depending on dialect) ''Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé'', ''Hen-de'' or ''õne'' ("The People, Men", "the People of"); they never called themselves ″Apaches". The Chiricahua referred to outsiders, such as Americans, Mexicans or other Indians, as ''Enee'', ''ⁿdáa'' or ''Indah / N'daa''. This word has two possible meanings, the first being "strange people, non-Apache people" or "enemy", but another being "eye". Sometimes it is said that all Apaches referred to the Americans and European settlers (with exception of the Mexicans) as ''Bi'ndah-Li'ghi' / Bi'nda-li'ghi'o'yi'' ("White Eyes"), but this seems a name from Mescalero and Lipan Apache bands, as the Chiricahua bands called them ''Daadatlijende'', meaning "Blue/green eye people" or ''Indaaɫigáí / Indaaɫigánde'' meaning "White skinned or pale colored people" or literally "Strange, non-Apache people, which are white-skinned"). ''Łigáí'' means "it is white" or it can be translate as "it is pale colored". The í on the end usually translates as "the one that is", but in the context of human beings, can mean "the group who are".


Culture and organization

Several loosely affiliated bands of Apache came improperly to be usually known as the Chiricahuas. These included the ''Chokonen'' ( recte: Tsokanende), the ''Chihenne'' (recte: Tchihende), the ''Nednai'' (''Nednhi'') and ''Bedonkohe'' (recte, both of them together: Ndendahe). Today, all are commonly referred to as Chiricahua, but they were not historically a single band nor the same Apache division, being more correctly identified, all together, as "Central Apaches". Many other bands and groups of Apachean language-speakers ranged over eastern Arizona and the American Southwest. The bands that are grouped under the Chiricahua term today had much history together: they intermarried and lived alongside each other, and they also occasionally fought with each other. They formed short-term as well as longer alliances that have caused scholars to classify them as one people. The Apachean groups and the Navajo peoples were part of the
Athabaskan Athabaskan (also spelled ''Athabascan'', ''Athapaskan'' or ''Athapascan'', and also known as Dene) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific C ...
migration into the North American continent from Asia, across the Bering Strait from Siberia. As the people moved south and east into North America, groups splintered off and became differentiated by language and culture over time. Some anthropologists believe that the Lipan Apache and the
Navajo The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United ...
were pushed south and west into what is now New Mexico and Arizona by pressure from other
Great Plains The Great Plains (french: Grandes Plaines), sometimes simply "the Plains", is a broad expanse of flatland in North America. It is located west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, much of it covered in prairie, steppe, an ...
Indians, such as the
Comanche The Comanche or Nʉmʉnʉʉ ( com, Nʉmʉnʉʉ, "the people") are a Native American tribe from the Southern Plains of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the federally recognized Comanche Nation, headquartered in La ...
and Kiowa. Among the last of such splits were those that resulted in the formation of the different Apachean bands whom the later Europeans encountered: the southwestern Apache groups and the Navajo. Although both speaking forms of Southern Athabaskan, the Navajo and Apache have become culturally distinct. The "Chihenne (Tchihende)", "Nednai/Nednhi (Ndendahe)" and "Bedonkohe" intermarried sometimes with Mescalero Bands of New Mexico and Chihuahua and formed alliances with them; therefore their Mescalero kin did know the names of Chiricahua bands and local groups: ''Chíhéõde'' ("The People of Red Ceremonial Paint", "The Red Ceremonial Paint People"), ''Ndé'ndaa'õde / Ndé'ndaaõde'' ("The Apache People (who live among) Enemies") and ''Bidáõ'kaõde / Bidáõ'kahéõde'' ("The People whom We Met", "The People whom We Came Upon"), The Mescalero use the term -õde, -éõde, -néõde, or -héõde ("the people of") instead of the Chiricahua Nde, Ne, Néndé, Héndé, Hen-de or õne ("the people of").


History

The Tsokanende (Chiricahua) Apache division was once led, from the beginning of the 18th century, by chiefs such as Pisago Cabezón, Relles, Posito Moraga, Yrigollen, Tapilá, Teboca, Vívora, Miguel Narbona, Esquinaline, and finally Cochise (whose name was derived from the Apache word ''Cheis,'' meaning "having the quality of oak") and, after his death, his sons Tahzay and, later, Naiche, under the guardianship of Cochise's war chief and brother-in-law Nahilzay, and the independent chiefs
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
, Ulzana, Skinya and Pionsenay; Tchihende (Mimbreño) people was led, during the same period, by chiefs as Juan José Compa, Fuerte also known as
Soldado Fiero Soldado is a Spanish and Portuguese word meaning soldier. It may refer to: Arts and media *''El Soldado'', a 1634 play by Luis Quiñones de Benavente *''El Soldado'', an 1892 play by Adolfo León Gómez *"El Soldado", a song recorded by Barbarito ...
, Mangas Coloradas, Cuchillo Negro, Delgadito, Ponce, Nana, Victorio, Loco, Mangus; Ndendahe (Mogollón and Carrizaleño / Janero) Apache people, in the meanwhile, was led by Mahko and, after him, Mano Mocha,
Coleto Amarillo The coleto (''Sarcops calvus'') is a starling species (family Sturnidae) in the monotypic genus ''Sarcops''. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland for ...
, Luis, Laceres, Felipe, Natiza, and finally
Juh Juh (also known as Ju, Ho, Whoa, and sometimes Who;Kraft, Louis (2000). - ''Gatewood and Geronimo''. - Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. - p.4. - c. 1825 – Sept/Oct 1883) was a warrior and leader of the Janeros local group of the Ndé ...
and ''Goyaałé'' (known to the Americans as Geronimo). After Victorio's death, Nana, Gerónimo, Mangus (youngest Mangas Coloradas' son) and youngest Cochise's son '' Naiche'' were the last leaders of the Central Apaches, and their mixed Apache group was the last to continue to resist
U.S. government The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a fede ...
control of the American Southwest.


European-Apache relations

From the beginning of EuropeanAmerican/Apache relations, there was conflict between them, as they competed for land and other resources, and had very different cultures. Their encounters were preceded by more than 100 years of Spanish colonial and Mexican incursions and settlement on the Apache lands. The United States settlers were newcomers to the competition for land and resources in the Southwest, but they inherited its complex history, and brought their own attitudes with them about American Indians and how to use the land. By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, the US took on the responsibility to prevent and punish cross-border incursions by Apache who were raiding in Mexico. The Apache viewed the United States colonists with ambivalence, and in some cases enlisted them as allies in the early years against the Mexicans. In 1852, the US and some of the Chiricahua signed a treaty, but it had little lasting effect. During the 1850s, American miners and settlers began moving into Chiricahua territory, beginning encroachment that had been renewed in the migration to the Southwest of the previous two decades. This forced the Apachean people to change their lives as nomads, free on the land. The US Army defeated them and forced them into the confinement of reservation life, on lands ill-suited for subsistence farming, which the US proffered as the model of civilization. Today, the Chiricahua are preserving their culture as much as possible, while forging new relationships with the peoples around them. The Chiricahua are a living and vibrant culture, a part of the greater American whole and yet distinct based on their history and culture.


Hostilities

Although they had lived peaceably with most Americans in the
New Mexico Territory The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912. It was created from the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico, as a result of ''Santa Fe de Nuevo México ...
up to about 1860, the Chiricahua became increasingly hostile to American encroachment in the Southwest after a number of provocations had occurred between them. In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps which further inflamed the situation. In 1837 Warm Springs Mimbreños' head chief and famed raider,
Soldado Fiero Soldado is a Spanish and Portuguese word meaning soldier. It may refer to: Arts and media *''El Soldado'', a 1634 play by Luis Quiñones de Benavente *''El Soldado'', an 1892 play by Adolfo León Gómez *"El Soldado", a song recorded by Barbarito ...
also known as Fuerte was killed by Mexican soldiers of the garrison at Janos (only two days' travel from Santa Rita del Cobre), and his son Cuchillo Negro succeeded him as head chief and went to war against Chihuahua for revenge. In the same 1837, the American John (also known as James) Johnson invited the
Coppermine Mimbreños Coppermine may refer, apart from the primary meaning of copper extraction, to: * Coppermine Bay, Greenland * Coppermine Herald, one of the heralds at the Canadian Heraldic Authority * Coppermine Peninsula, Antarctica * Coppermine Photo Gallery ...
in the Pinos Altos area to trade with his party (near the mines at Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico) and, when they gathered around a blanket on which ''pinole'' (a ground corn flour) had been placed for them, Johnson and his men opened fire on the Chihenne with rifles and a concealed cannon loaded with scrap iron, glass, and a length of chain. They killed about 20 Apache, including the chief
Juan José Compá ''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of '' John''. It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking communities around the world and in the Philippines, and also (pronounced differently) in the Isle of Man. In Spanis ...
. Mangas Coloradas is said to have witnessed this attack, which inflamed his and other Apache warriors' desires for vengeance for many years; he led the survivors to safety and subsequently, together with Cuchillo Negro, took Mimbreño revenge. The historian Rex W. Strickland argued that the Apache had come to the meeting with their own intentions of attacking Johnson's party, but were taken by surprise. In 1839 scalp-hunter
James Kirker James is a common English language surname and given name: * James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambigua ...
was employed by Robert McKnight to re-open the road to Santa Rita del Cobre. After the conclusion of the US/Mexican War (1848) and the
Gadsden Purchase The Gadsden Purchase ( es, region=MX, la Venta de La Mesilla "The Sale of La Mesilla") is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effe ...
(1853), Americans began to enter the territory in greater numbers. This increased the opportunities for incidents and misunderstandings. The Apaches, including Mangas Coloradas and Cuchillo Negro, were not at first hostile to the Americans, considering them enemies of their own Mexican enemies. Cuchillo Negro, with Ponce, Delgadito, Victorio and other Mimbreño chiefs, signed a treaty at Fort Webster in April 1853, but, during the spring of 1857 the U.S. Army set out on a campaign, led by Col. Benjamin L.E. deBonneville, Col. Dixon S. Miles (3° Cavalry from Fort Thorn) and Col. William W. Loring (commanding a Mounted Rifles Regiment from Albuquerque), against Mogollon and Coyotero Apaches: Loring's Pueblo Indian scouts found out and attacked an Apache rancheria in the Canyon de Los Muertos Carneros (May 25, 1857), where Cuchillo Negro and some Mimbreño Apache were resting after a raid against the Navahos. Some Apaches, including Cuchillo Negro himself, were killed. In December 1860, after several bad incidents provoked by the miners led by James H. Tevis in the Pinos Altos area, '' Mangas Coloradas'' went to Pinos Altos, New Mexico to try to convince the miners to move away from the area he loved and to go to the Sierra Madre and seek gold there, but they tied him to a tree and whipped him badly. His Mimbreño and Ndendahe followers and related Chiricahua bands were incensed by the treatment of their respected chief. Mangas had been just as great a chief in his prime (during the 1830s and 1840s), along with Cuchillo Negro, as Cochise was then becoming. In 1861, the US Army seized and killed some of Cochise's relatives near Apache Pass, in what became known as the Bascom Affair. Remembering how Cochise had escaped, the Chiricahua called the incident "cut the tent." In 1863, Gen. James H. Carleton set out leading a new campaign against the Mescalero Apache, and Capt. Edmund Shirland (10° California Cavalry) invited Mangas Coloradas for a "parley" but, after he entered the U.S. camp to negotiate a peace, the great Mimbreño chief was arrested and convicted in
Fort McLane A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...
, where, probably on Gen. Joseph R. West's orders, Mangas Coloradas was killed by American soldiers (Jan. 18, 1863). His body was mutilated by the soldiers, and his people were enraged by his murder. The Chiricahuas began to consider the Americans as "enemies we go against them." From that time, they waged almost constant war against US settlers and the Army for the next 23 years. Cochise, his brother-in-law Nahilzay (war chief of Cochise's people),
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
, Skinya, Pionsenay, Ulzana and other warring chiefs became a nightmare to settlers and military garrisons and patrols. In the meantime, the great Victorio, Delgadito (soon killed in 1864), Nana, Loco, young Mangus (last son of Mangas Coloradas) and other minor chiefs led on the warpath the Mimbreños, Chiricahuas' cousins and allies, and
Juh Juh (also known as Ju, Ho, Whoa, and sometimes Who;Kraft, Louis (2000). - ''Gatewood and Geronimo''. - Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. - p.4. - c. 1825 – Sept/Oct 1883) was a warrior and leader of the Janeros local group of the Ndé ...
led the Ndendahe (Nednhi and Bedonkohe together). In 1872, General
Oliver O. Howard Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the Civil War. As a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac, Howard lost his right arm while leading his men against ...
, with the help of
Thomas Jeffords Thomas Jefferson Jeffords (January 1, 1832 – February 19, 1914) was a United States Army scout, Indian agent, prospector, and superintendent of overland mail in the Arizona Territory. His friendship with Apache leader Cochise was instrumen ...
, succeeded in negotiating a peace with Cochise. The US established a Chiricahua Apache Reservation with Jeffords as US Agent, near Fort Bowie, Arizona Territory. It remained open for about 4 years, during which the chief Cochise died (from natural causes). In 1876, about two years after Cochise's death, the US moved the Chiricahua and some other Apache bands to the
San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation The San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation (Western Apache: Tsékʼáádn), in southeastern Arizona, United States, was established in 1872 as a reservation for the Chiricahua Apache tribe as well as surrounding Yavapai and Apache bands removed fro ...
, still in Arizona. This was in response to public outcry after the killings of Orizoba Spence and Nicholas Rogers at Sulpher Springs. The mountain people hated the desert environment of San Carlos, and some frequently began to leave the reservation and sometimes raided neighboring settlers. They surrendered to General Nelson Miles in 1886. The best-known warrior leader of the "renegades", although he was not considered a 'chief', was the forceful and influential
Geronimo Geronimo ( apm, Goyaałé, , ; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache ba ...
. He and '' Naiche'' (the son of Cochise and hereditary leader after Tahzay's death) together led many of the resisters during those last few years of freedom. They made a stronghold in the Chiricahua Mountains, part of which is now inside Chiricahua National Monument, and across the intervening Willcox Playa to the northeast, in the Dragoon Mountains (all in southeastern Arizona). In late frontier times, the Chiricahua ranged from San Carlos and the White Mountains of Arizona, to the adjacent mountains of southwestern New Mexico around what is now Silver City, and down into the mountain sanctuaries of the Sierra Madre (of northern Mexico). There they often joined with their ''Nednai'' Apache kin. General
George Crook George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. During the 1880s, the Apache nicknamed Crook ''Nantan ...
, then General Miles' troops, aided by Apache scouts from other groups, pursued the exiles until they gave up. Mexico and the United States had negotiated an agreement allowing their troops in pursuit of the Apache to continue into each other's territories. This prevented the Chiricahua groups from using the border as an escape route, and as they could gain little time to rest and consider their next move, the fatigue, attrition and demoralization of the constant hunt led to their surrender. The final 34 hold-outs, including Geronimo and Naiche, surrendered to units of General Miles' forces in September 1886. From Bowie Station, Arizona, they were entrained, along with most of the other remaining Chiricahua (as well as the Army's Apache scouts), and exiled to Fort Marion,
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...
. At least two Apache warriors, Massai and Gray Lizard, escaped from their prison car and made their way back to San Carlos Arizona in a journey to their ancestral lands. After a number of Chiricahua deaths at the Fort Marion prison near
St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine ( ; es, San Agustín ) is a city in the Southeastern United States and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabit ...
, the survivors were moved, first to
Alabama (We dare defend our rights) , anthem = " Alabama" , image_map = Alabama in United States.svg , seat = Montgomery , LargestCity = Huntsville , LargestCounty = Baldwin County , LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham , area_total_km2 = 135,7 ...
, and later to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Geronimo's surrender ended the Indian Wars in the United States. However, another group of Chiricahua (also known as the ''Nameless Ones'' or ''Bronco Apache'') were not captured by U.S. forces and refused to surrender. They escaped over the border to Mexico, and settled in the remote Sierra Madre mountains. There they built hidden camps, raided homes for cattle and other food supplies, and engaged in periodic firefights with units of the Mexican Army and police. Most were eventually captured or killed by soldiers or by private ranchers armed and deputized by the Mexican government. Eventually, the surviving Chiricahua prisoners were moved to the
Fort Sill Fort Sill is a United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles (136.8 km) southwest of Oklahoma City. It covers almost . The fort was first built during the Indian Wars. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark ...
military reservation in Oklahoma. In August 1912, by an act of the U.S. Congress, they were released from their prisoner of war status as they were thought to be no further threat. Although promised land at Fort Sill, they met resistance from local non-Apache. They were given the choice to remain at Fort Sill or to relocate to the Mescalero reservation near Ruidoso, New Mexico. Two-thirds of the group, 183 people, elected to go to New Mexico, while 78 remained in Oklahoma. Their descendants still reside in these places. At the time, they were not permitted to return to Arizona because of hostility from the long wars. in 1912 many different Apache bands returned to San Carlos Apache lands after their release from Fort Sill Apache Reservation.


Bands

In the Chiricahua culture, the "band" as a unit was much more important than the American or European concept of "tribe". The Chiricahua had no name for themselves (autonym) as a people. The name Chiricahua is most likely the Spanish rendering of the Opata word ''Chihuicahui or Chiguicagui'' ('mountain of the wild turkey') for the Chiricahua Mountains, later corrupted into Chiricahui/Chiricahua. The Chiricahua tribal territory encompassed today's SE Arizona, SW New Mexico, NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua. The Chiricahua range extended to the east as far as the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico and to the west as far as the San Pedro River Valley in Arizona, north of Magdalena just below present day Hwy I-40 corridor in New Mexico and with the town Ciudad Madera (276 km northwest of the state capital,
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
, and 536 km southwest of
Ciudad Juárez Ciudad Juárez ( ; ''Juarez City''. ) is the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is commonly referred to as Juárez and was known as El Paso del Norte (''The Pass of the North'') until 1888. Juárez is the seat of the Ju ...
(formerly known as Paso del Norte) on the Mexico–United States border), as their southernmost range. According to
Morris E. Opler Morris Edward Opler (May 3, 1907 – May 13, 1996), American anthropologist and advocate of Japanese American civil rights, was born in Buffalo, New York. He was the brother of Marvin Opler, an anthropologist and social psychiatrist. Morris Ople ...
(1941), the Chiricahuas consisted of three bands: * Chíhéne or Chííhénee’ 'Red Paint People' (also known as Eastern Chiricahua, Warm Springs Apache, ''Gileños'', '' Ojo Caliente'' Apache, Coppermine Apache, Copper Mine, ''Mimbreños'', ''Mimbres'', Mogollones, Tcihende), * Ch'úk'ánéń or Ch'uuk'anén ‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’ (also known as Central Chiricahua, ''Ch'ók'ánéń'', Cochise Apache, ''Chiricahua'' proper, Chiricaguis, ''Tcokanene''), or the Sunrise People; * Ndé'indaaí or Nédnaa'í 'Enemy People' or 'The Apache People (who live among) Enemies' known as the Southern Chiricahua, Pinery Apache, Bronco Apache, ''Ne'na'i''), or "those ahead at the end". Schroeder (1947) lists five bands: * Mogollon * Copper Mine * Mimbres * Warm Spring * Chiricahua proper The Chiricahua-Warm Springs Fort Sill Apache tribe in Oklahoma say they have four bands in Fort Sill: (some of the Arizona Apaches did not return to San Carlos or Fort Apache, White Mountain Apache warrior Eyelash is buried in Fort Sill cememtry, Southern Tonto Apache Chief/Scout Hosay is buried in Fort Apache cememtery, Hosay has family in Fort Sill and San Carlos today) * Chíhéne (recte ''Tchi-he-nde'', more correctly known as the Warm Springs and Coppermine Mimbreño bands, ''Chinde''), * Chukunen (recte ''Tsoka-ne-nde'', also known as the Chiricahua band, Chokonende), * Bidánku (recte ''Bedonkohe Ndendahe'', also known as Bidanku, Bronco), * Ndéndai (recte ''Nednhi Ndendahe'', also known as Ndénai, Nednai). Today they use the word Chidikáágu (derived from the Spanish word ''Chiricahua'') to refer to the Chiricahua in general, and the word Indé, to refer to the Apache in general. Other sources list these and additional bands (only the Chokonen and Chihuicahui local groups of the Chokonen band were considered by Chiricahua tribal members to be ''the real Chiricahua people''): * Chokonen, Chukunende or Tsokanende (also known as ''Ch’ók’ánéń, Tsoka-ne-nde, Tcokanene, Chu-ku-nde, Chukunen, Ch’úk’ánéń, Ch’uuk’anén, Chuukonende'' or ''Ch'úk'ânéõne'' – ‘Ridge of the Mountainside People’, ''proper'' or Central Chiricahua) ** Chokonen local group (lived west of Safford, Arizona, along the upper reaches of the
Gila River The Gila River (; O'odham ima Keli Akimel or simply Akimel, Quechan: Haa Siʼil, Maricopa language: Xiil) is a tributary of the Colorado River flowing through New Mexico and Arizona in the United States. The river drains an arid watershed of n ...
, along the San Francisco River in the north to the Mogollon Mountains in New Mexico in the east and the
San Simon Valley The San Simon Valley is a broad valley east of the Chiricahua Mountains, in the northeast corner of Cochise County, Arizona and southeastern Graham County, Arizona, Graham County, with a small portion near Antelope Pass in Hidalgo County, New Mex ...
to the southwest, northeastern local group – headed by Chief Chihuahua (Kla-esh) and his segundo (war chief) and brother Ulzana) ** Chihuicahui group (lived in SE Arizona in the Huachuca Mountains ("Wa-CHOO-ka" Mountains; Apache name meaning "thunder mountain") west of the San Pedro River, in the northwest along a line of today's Benson, Johnson, Willcox, and north along the San Simon River to east of SW New Mexico, controlled the southern Pinaleño,
Winchester Winchester is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city in Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government Districts of England, district, at the western end of the South Downs Nation ...
,
Dos Cabezas ''Dos Cabezas'' (, "two heads") is a painting created by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat in 1982. The double portrait resulted from Basquiat's first formal meeting with his idol, American pop artist Andy Warhol. History Basquiat first me ...
, Chiricahua, Dragoon and Mule Mountains, also known as ''Huachuca Mountains Apache'' or by the Apache name ''Shaiahene'' ("Western People", "Sunset People"), southwestern local group – headed by Cochise (Kùù'chish) (" akood") and after him by his sons, therefore known as ''Chishhéõne'' ("The People of Wood", "The Wood People") or ''Cochise Apache''.) *** Cai-a-he-ne local group (′Sun Goes Down People, i.e. People of the West′, were the westernmost of all Chihuicahui, western local group) *** Tse-ga-ta-hen-de / Tséghát'ahéõne local group (′Rock Pocket People′, 'The People beside the Rocks', 'The People on the side of the Rocks', lived in the Chiricahua Mountains) *** Dzil-dun-as-le-n / Tsétáguãgáõne local group (′Rocks at Foot of Grass-Expanse′, 'The People of the Plains among the Rocks', 'The People of Rocky Plains', 'The People among White Rocks', lived in the Dragoon Mountains – according to Christian Naiche Jr. this was Cochise's local group.) ** Dzilmora local group (in SW New Mexico in the Alamo Hueco, Little Hatchet and in the
Big Hatchet Mountains The Big Hatchet Mountains are an 18 mi (29 km) long, mountain range in southeast Hidalgo County, New Mexico, adjacent the northern border of Chihuahua state, Mexico. The range lies just south of a westerly excursion of the Continental ...
(which were known to the Apache as ''Dzilmora''), southeastern local group) ** Animas local group (lived south of the Rio Gila, and west of the San Simon Valley in the Peloncillo Mountains (called by Apache ''Dziltilcil'' – "Black Mountain") along the Arizona–New Mexico border south to the
Guadalupe Canyon Guadalupe Canyon is a canyon and valley in the southern portion of the Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County), Peloncillo Mountains Hidalgo County, New Mexico, Cochise County, Arizona and Agua Prieta Municipality, of Sonora. The waters of Guadalup ...
and eastward in the
Animas Valley The Animas Valley is a lengthy and narrow, north–south long, valley located in western Hidalgo County, New Mexico in the Bootheel Region; the extreme south of the valley lies in Sonora-Chihuahua, in the extreme northwest of the Chihuahuan D ...
and Animas Mountains in SW New Mexico, ''southern local group'') ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in NE Sonora and adjacent Arizona, in Guadalupe Canyon, along the San Bernardino River, northwestern parts of the
Sierra San Luis The Sierra San Luis range is a mountain range in northwest Chihuahua, northeast Sonora, Mexico at the northern region of the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera. The region contains sky island mountain ranges, called the Madrean Sky Islands, so ...
, in the Batepito Valley with the
Sierra Pitaycachi Sierra (Spanish for " mountain range" and " saw", from Latin ''serra'') may refer to the following: Places Mountains and mountain ranges * Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico * Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain rang ...
, east of Fronteras, as their stronghold) ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived east of Fronteras in der
Sierra Pilares de Teras Sierra (Spanish for " mountain range" and " saw", from Latin ''serra'') may refer to the following: Places Mountains and mountain ranges * Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico * Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain rang ...
in Sonora) ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the
Sierra de los Ajos Sierra (Spanish for "mountain range" and "saw", from Latin ''serra'') may refer to the following: Places Mountains and mountain ranges * Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico * Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain range ...
northeast of the Sonora River, along the Bavispe River towards Fronteras in the north) * Bedonkohe, Bidánku or Bidankande (''Bi-dan-ku'' – 'In Front of the End People', ''Bi-da-a-naka-enda'' or ''Bedonkohe Ndendahe'' – 'Standing in front of the enemy', lived in West New Mexico between the San Francisco River in the West and the
Gila River The Gila River (; O'odham ima Keli Akimel or simply Akimel, Quechan: Haa Siʼil, Maricopa language: Xiil) is a tributary of the Colorado River flowing through New Mexico and Arizona in the United States. The river drains an arid watershed of n ...
to the southeast, lived in the
Tularosa Mountains Tularosa is a villageFor census purposes it is called a village, but in New Mexico it is historically called a town. See, for example, Otero, Miguel A. (1903) ''Report of the Governor of New Mexico to the Secretary of the Interior - 1903'' Governme ...
and in their stronghold, the Mogollon Mountains, therefore often called ''Mogollon Apaches'', were also known – together with other Apache local groups living along the Gila River and in the Gila Mountains – as ''Gileños / Gila Apaches'', Northeastern Chiricahua –
Geronimo Geronimo ( apm, Goyaałé, , ; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache ba ...
, a prominent leader and medicine man (but not a chief) belonged to this band) ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Mogollon Mountains) ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived also in the Mogollon Mountains) ** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in the Tularosa Mountains) * Chihenne, Chihende or Tchihende (also known as ''Chi-he-nde, Tci-he-nde, Chíhéne, Chííhénee’, Chiende'' – 'Red Painted People', their autonym could relate to the mineral red coloration of the
copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish ...
-containing tribal area, often called ''Copper Mine, Ojo Caliente / Warm Springs, Mimbreños / Mimbres'' and ''Gileños / Gila Apaches'', improperly Eastern Chiricahua) ** Warm Springs Apache (The vicinity of a southern New Mexico hot spring known as Ojo Caliente (Spanish for Hot Spring) was their favourite retreat and was known to the Apache as ''Tih-go-tel'' – ′four broad plains′) *** northern Warm Springs local group (lived in the northeast of the Bedonkohe in the Datil, Magdalena and
Socorro Mountains Socorro is a Portuguese-Spanish noun meaning "help" or "relief" (cf. '' succor''). It may also refer to: Places * Socorro, São Paulo, a city in São Paulo state, Brazil * Socorro (district of São Paulo), a district in São Paulo city, Braz ...
, the
Plains of San Agustin The Plains of San Agustin (sometimes listed as the Plains of San Augustin) is a region in the southwestern U.S. state of New Mexico in the San Agustin Basin, south of U.S. Highway 60. The area spans Catron and Socorro Counties, about 50 miles ...
, and from today's Quemado east toward the
Rio Grande The Rio Grande ( and ), known in Mexico as the Río Bravo del Norte or simply the Río Bravo, is one of the principal rivers (along with the Colorado River) in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. The length of the Rio G ...
, northern local group – headed by Victorio) *** southern Warm Springs local group (Warm Springs proper, settled around a warm spring known as Ojo Caliente near present-day
Monticello, New Mexico Monticello is an unincorporated community located in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. Monticello is located on Alamosa Creek, northwest of Truth or Consequences. Monticello has a post office with ZIP code 87939. History Canada Al ...
along the Cañada Alamosa, between the Cuchillo Negro Creek and the Animas Creek, controlled the San Mateo as well as the
Black Range Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without hue, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. Black and white have o ...
(Dził Diłhił) west of the Rio Grande to the Rio Gila, used the warm springs in the vicinity of Truth or Consequenceshence called Warm Springs or Ojo Caliente Apaches, southern local group – headed by Cuchillo Negro) ** Gileños / Gila Apache (often used as a collective name for different Apache groups living along the Gila River; sometimes for all Chiricahua local groups and sometimes for the Aravaipa / Arivaipa Apache and Pinaleño / Pinal Apache of the Western Apache) *** Ne-be-ke-yen-de local group (′Country of People′ or ′Earth They Own It People′, presumably a mixed Chihenne-Bedonkohe local group, lived southwest of the Gila River, centered around the Santa Lucia Springs in the Little Burro and Big Burro Mountains, controlled the Pinos Altos Mountains, Pyramid Mountains and the vicinity of Santa Rita del Cobre along the Mimbres River in the east, then called ''Gileños / Gila Apaches'', after discovering profitable
copper mines Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...
at Santa Rita del Cobre they were called ''Copper Mine Apaches'', western local group – headed by Mangas Coloradas, an Bedonkohe by birth, and later by Loco) *** Mimbreño / Mimbres local group (lived in southeast-central New Mexico, between the Mimbres River and the Rio Grande up in the Mimbres Mountains and the
Cook's Range The Cookes Range (Cooke's Range, Cooks Range or Cook's Range) is a small, 17-mi (27 km) long mountain range in northern Luna County, New Mexico, which extends slightly north into southeastern Grant County. The range is a southern continu ...
, hence called ''Mimbreño / Mimbres Apaches'', eastern local group; often the name Mimbreños is used to identify the whole Chihenne people, sometimes it is just thought of simply as an aggregation of some families belonging to the Chihenne people around the Mimbres Agency established by temporary Indian agent James M. Smith in 1853) *** local group (today no longer known by name) (lived in southern New Mexico in the Pyramid Mountains and Florida Mountains (called by the Chihenne DzilnokoneLong Hanging Mountain) moved to the Rio Grande in the east and south to the Mexican border, southern group) * Nednhi, Nde’ndai or Ndendahe (also known as ''Ndéndai, Nde-nda-i, Nédnaa’í, Ndé’indaaí, Ndé’indaande, Ndaandénde'' – 'Enemy People', 'People who make trouble', the Mexicans adopted it as ''Bronco Apaches'' – ′Wild, Untamed Apaches′, lived in Sierra Madre Occidental and
desert A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to denudation. About o ...
s of NW Chihuahua, NO Sonora and SE Arizona, therefore often called ''Sierre Madre Apaches'', Southern Chiricahua)William B. Griffen: ''Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio 1750–1858'', University of Oklahoma Press 1998, ** Nednhi / Ndendahe Apache (they were subdivided in three local groups) *** Janeros local group (also known as ''real Nednhi'', lived in NW Chihuahua and NE Sonora, south into the
Sierra San Luis The Sierra San Luis range is a mountain range in northwest Chihuahua, northeast Sonora, Mexico at the northern region of the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera. The region contains sky island mountain ranges, called the Madrean Sky Islands, so ...
,
Sierra del Tigre Sierra del Tigre is a mountain range in northeastern Sonora, Mexico at the northern region of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The region contains sky island mountain ranges, called the Madrean Sky Islands, some separated from the Sierra Madre Oc ...
, Sierra de Carcay, Sierra de Boca Grande, west beyond the Aros River to Bavispe, east along the Janos River and Casas Grandes River toward the Lake Guzmán in the northern part of the
Guzmán Basin The Guzmán Basin is an endorheic basin of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It occupies the northwestern portion of Chihuahua in Mexico, and extends into southwestern New Mexico in the United States. Notable rivers of the Gu ...
, because they traded at the presidio of Janos they were called ''Janeros Apache'', because they preferred living in the nearly inaccessible Sierra Madre Occidental, their autonym for themselves was ''Dzilthdaklizhénde'' or ''Dził Dklishende'' – ′Blue Mountain People, i.e. People of the Sierra Madre′, northern local group – headed by
Juh Juh (also known as Ju, Ho, Whoa, and sometimes Who;Kraft, Louis (2000). - ''Gatewood and Geronimo''. - Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. - p.4. - c. 1825 – Sept/Oct 1883) was a warrior and leader of the Janeros local group of the Ndé ...
) *** Tu-ntsa-nde local group (′Big Water People, i.e. People along the Aros River′, their stronghold called ''Guaynopa'' was in the bend of the Papigochic River (Aros River) east of the border of Sonora in the vicinity of a mountain, which called the Apache ''Dzil-da-na-tal'' – ′Mountain Holding Head Up And Peering Out′, smallest local group) *** Haiahende local group (′People of the Rising Sun, i.e. People of the East′, lived in the Peloncillo Mountains, Animas Mountains and Florida Mountains in SE Arizona and in New Mexico Bootheel and south into the deserts and mountains of NE of Sonora and the Mexican Plateau in NW Chihuahua, eastern local group) *** Hakaye local group (were part of Sierra Madre Mountains of Sonora Mexico) ** Carrizaleños local group (known by other Chiricahua as ''Gol-ga-he-ne'' – ′Open Place People′ or ''Gul-ga-ki'' – ′Prairie Dog People′, lived exclusively in Chihuahua, between the presidios of Janos in the west and Carrizal and
Lake Santa Maria A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much large ...
in the east, south toward Corralitos, Casas Grandes and Agua Nuevas north of
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
, controlled the southern part of the Guzmán Basin, and the mountains along the Casas Grandes, Santa Maria and
Carmen River The Carmen River is a river of Mexico. See also * List of rivers of Mexico References *Atlas of Mexico, 1975 (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_mexico/river_basins.jpg). *The Prentice Hall American World Atlas, 1984. *Rand McNally, The New In ...
, likely called ''TsebekinéndéStone House People' or 'Rock House People', southeastern group) ** Pinaleños / Pinery local group (lived south of Bavispe, between the Bavispe River and Aros River in NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua, controlled the Sierra Huachinera,
Sierra de los Alisos Sierra (Spanish for "mountain range" and "saw", from Latin ''serra'') may refer to the following: Places Mountains and mountain ranges * Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico * Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain range ...
and
Sierra Nacori Chico Sierra (Spanish for " mountain range" and " saw", from Latin ''serra'') may refer to the following: Places Mountains and mountain ranges * Sierra de Juárez, a mountain range in Baja California, Mexico * Sierra de las Nieves, a mountain rang ...
, the mountains had a large stock of Apache Pine foresthence they were called ''Pinaleños / Pinery Apaches'', southwestern local group). The Chokonen, Chihenne, Nednhi, and Bedonkohe had probably up to three other groups, named respectively after their leaders or homelands. By the end of the 19th century, surviving Apache no longer identified these groups. They may have been wiped out (like the Pinaleño-Nednhi) or had joined more powerful groups. For instance, the remnant of the Carrizaleño-Nedhni camped together with their northern kin, the Janero-Nednhi. The Carrizaleňo-Nednhi shared overlapping territory in the surroundings of Casas Grandes and Aguas Nuevas with the ''Tsebekinéndé'', a southern Mescalero band (which was often called ''Aguas Nuevas'' by the Spanish). The Spanish referred to the Apache band by the same name of Tsebekinéndé. These two different Apache bands were often confused with each other. (Similar confusion arose over distinguishing the Janeros-Nednhi of the Chiricahua (''Dzilthdaklizhéndé'') and the ''Dzithinahndé'' of the Mescalero.


Notable Chiricahua Apache people

Please list 20th and 21st-century people under their specific tribes,
Fort Sill Apache Tribe The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is the federally recognized Native American tribe of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache in Oklahoma. Government The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma. Tribal member enrollment, which requires a mi ...
, Mescalero Apache Tribe of the Mescalero Reservation, and San Carlos Apache Tribe. *
Geronimo Geronimo ( apm, Goyaałé, , ; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache ba ...
(1829–1909), warrior, medicine man of the Bedonkohe Ndendahe band * Mildred Cleghorn (Fort Sill Apache Tribe), served as first tribal chairperson of the
Fort Sill Apache Tribe The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is the federally recognized Native American tribe of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache in Oklahoma. Government The Fort Sill Apache Tribe is headquartered in Apache, Oklahoma. Tribal member enrollment, which requires a mi ...
, elected in 1976 * Chato, also Bidayajislnl or Pedes-klinje (1854–1934), warrior, scout *
Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...
, also Chewawa, Kla-esh, Tłá’í’ez (ca. 1825–1901) * Cochise, chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people * Baishan, Cuchillo Negro, (ca. 1796–1857) war chief of the southern Warm Springs local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief of them after Fuerte's / Soldado Fiero's death * Dahteste (Tahdeste), woman warrior and Lozen's companion; sister of Ilth-goz-ay, the wife of Chihuahua, * Delgadito, (ca. 1810–1864), principal chief of the Copper Mine local group of the Tchihende people *
Gouyen Gouyen (in Mescalero ''Góyą́ń'', "the one who is wise") (c. 1857-1903), was a 19th-century Apache woman noted for her heroism. Early life and education ''Góyą́ń'' (Gouyen) was born circa 1857 into Chief Victorio's Warm Springs Apache or ' ...
, (ca. 1857–1903), woman from the Warm Springs group of Tchihende people *
Juh Juh (also known as Ju, Ho, Whoa, and sometimes Who;Kraft, Louis (2000). - ''Gatewood and Geronimo''. - Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. - p.4. - c. 1825 – Sept/Oct 1883) was a warrior and leader of the Janeros local group of the Ndé ...
, (ca. 1825–1883), medicine man and chief of the Janero local group of Nednhi band * Lozen, "Dextrous Horse Thief" (ca. 1840–1890), woman warrior and prophet of the Tchihende people * Mangas Coloradas, (ca. 1793–1863) war chief of the Copper Mines local group of the Tchihende people and principal chief after Juan José Compà's death * Massai, also Mah–sii (ca. 1847–1906/1911), warrior of the Mimbres Tchihende band * Naiche (ca. 1857–1919), second son of Cochise, was the final hereditary chief of the Chihuicahui local group of the Tsokanende people * Nana, (ca. 1805/1810?–1896), war chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende people *
Taza Taza ( ber, ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ar, تازة) is a city in northern Morocco occupying the corridor between the Rif mountains and Middle Atlas mountains, about 120 km east of Fez and 150 km west of Al hoceima. It recorded a population of 148 ...
(ca. 1843–1876), son of Cochise and his successor as chief of the Chihuicahui local group of Tsokanende people *
Tso-ay Tso-ay, also known as Panayotishn or Pe-nel-tishn, today widely known by his nickname as "Peaches", (c. 1853 – December 16, 1933) was a Chiricahua, Western Apache warrior, who also served as a Apache Scouts, scout for General George Crook during ...
, also Panayotishn, Pe-nel-tishn, "Peaches," Scout for General Crook * Ulzana (ca. 1821–1909), war chief Chihuahua of the Chokonen local group of Tsokanende people * Victorio, also Bidu-ya, Beduiat (He who checks his horse) (ca. 1825–1880), chief of the Warm Springs Tchihende (Mimbreño) people


See also

*
Mescalero-Chiricahua language Chiricahua (also known as Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua people in Chihuahua and Sonora, México and in Oklahoma and New Mexico. It is related to Navajo and Western Apache and has been described in ...
* Southern Athabaskan languages


References


Cited works

* Debo, Angie. (1976) ''Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place,'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . * Roberts, David. (1993) ''Once They Moved Like the Wind,'' New York: Simon & Schuster. * Thrapp, Dan L. (1988) ''The Conquest of Apacheria,'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.


Further reading

* Castetter, Edward F. and Opler, Morris E. (1936). ''The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache: The use of plants for foods, beverages and narcotics''. Ethnobiological studies in the American Southwest, (Vol. 3); Biological series (Vol. 4, No. 5); Bulletin, University of New Mexico, whole, (No. 297). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. * Hoijer, Harry and Opler, Morris E. (1938). ''Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts''. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ). * Opler, Morris E. (1933). ''An analysis of Mescalero and Chiricahua Apache social organization in the light of their systems of relationship''. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago. * Opler, Morris E. (1935). The concept of supernatural power among the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apaches. ''American Anthropologist'', ''37'' (1), 65–70. * Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. ''American Anthropologist'', ''38'' (4), 620–33. * Opler, Morris E. (1937). An outline of Chiricahua Apache social organization. In F. Egan (Ed.), ''Social anthropology of North American tribes'' (pp. 171–239). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * Opler, Morris E. (1938). A Chiricahua Apache's account of the Geronimo campaign of 1886. ''New Mexico Historical Review'', ''13'' (4), 360–86. * Opler, Morris E. (1941). ''An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1965 by New York: Cooper Square Publishers; in 1965 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1994 by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ). * Opler, Morris E. (1942). The identity of the Apache Mansos. ''American Anthropologist'', ''44'' (1), 725. * Opler, Morris E. (1946). Chiricahua Apache material relating to sorcery. ''Primitive Man'', ''19'' (3–4), 81–92. * Opler, Morris E. (1946). Mountain spirits of the Chiricahua Apache. ''Masterkey'', ''20'' (4), 125–31. * Opler, Morris E. (1947). Notes on Chiricahua Apache culture, I: Supernatural power and the shaman. ''Primitive Man'', ''20'' (1–2), 1–14. * Opler, Morris E. (1983). Chiricahua Apache. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), ''Southwest'' (pp. 401–18). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 10). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. * Opler, Morris E.; & French, David H. (1941). ''Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians''. Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37). New York: American Folk-lore Society. (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; & in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ). * Opler, Morris E.; & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. ''American Anthropologist'', ''42'' (4), 617–34. * Schroeder, Albert H. (1974). ''A study of the Apache Indians: Parts IV and V''. Apache Indians (No. 4), American Indian ethnohistory, Indians of the Southwest. New York: Garland. * Seymour, Deni J. (2002) Conquest and Concealment: After the El Paso Phase on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 525/528. This document can be obtained by contacting belinda.mollard@us.army.mil. * Seymour, Deni J. (2003) Protohistoric and Early Historic Temporal Resolution. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–003. This document can be obtained by contacting belinda.mollard@us.army.mil. * Seymour, Deni J. (2003) The Cerro Rojo Complex: A Unique Indigenous Assemblage in the El Paso Area and Its Implications For The Early Apache. Proceedings of the XII Jornada Mogollon Conference in 2001. Geo-Marine, El Paso. * Seymour, Deni J. (2004) A Ranchería in the Gran Apachería: Evidence of Intercultural Interaction at the Cerro Rojo Site. Plains Anthropologist 49(190):153–92. * Seymour, Deni J. (2004) Before the Spanish Chronicles: Early Apache in the Southern Southwest, pp. 120–42. In "Ancient and Historic Lifeways in North America’s Rocky Mountains." Proceedings of the 2003 Rocky Mountain Anthropological Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, edited by Robert H. Brunswig and William B. Butler. Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley. * Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Sexually Based War Crimes or Structured Conflict Strategies: An Archaeological Example from the American Southwest. In Texas and Points West: Papers in Honor of John A. Hedrick and Carol P. Hedrick, edited by Regge N. Wiseman, Thomas C. O’Laughlin, and Cordelia T. Snow, pp. 117–34. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 33. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque. * Seymour, Deni J. (2007) Apache, Spanish, and Protohistoric Archaeology on Fort Bliss. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, Fort Bliss. Lone Mountain Report 560–005. With Tim Church * Seymour, Deni J. (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51 (December 2007):1–7. (This discusses the early presence of Athapaskans.) * Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–62, edited by David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York. * Seymour, Deni J. (2008) A Pledge of Peace: Evidence of the Cochise-Howard Treaty Campsite. Historical Archaeology 42(4):154–79. With George Robertson. * Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Apache Plain and Other Plainwares on Apache Sites in the Southern Southwest. In "Serendipity: Papers in Honor of Frances Joan Mathien," edited by R.N. Wiseman, T.C O'Laughlin, C.T. Snow and C. Travis, pp. 163–86. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 34. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque. * Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Surfing Behind The Wave: A Counterpoint Discussion Relating To "A Ranchería In the Gran Apachería." Plains Anthropologist 53(206):241–62. * Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Pre-Differentiation Athapaskans (Proto-Apache) in the 13th and 14th Century Southern Southwest. Chapter in edited volume under preparation. Also paper in the symposium: The Earliest Athapaskans in Southern Southwest: Implications for Migration, organized and chaired by Deni Seymour, Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver. * Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples along the Coronado Trail from the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435. * Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Distinctive Places, Suitable Spaces: Conceptualizing Mobile Group Occupational Duration and Landscape Use. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13(3): 255–81. * Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Nineteenth-Century Apache Wickiups: Historically Documented Models for Archaeological Signatures of the Dwellings of Mobile People. Antiquity 83(319):157–64. * Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Comments On Genetic Data Relating to Athapaskan Migrations: Implications of the Malhi et al. Study for the Apache and Navajo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(3):281–83. * Seymour, Deni J. (2009
The Cerro Rojo Site (LA 37188) – A Large Mountain-Top Ancestral Apache Site in Southern New Mexico
Digital History Project. New Mexico Office of the State Historian. * Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of the Ancestral Apache Housing Landscape. Accepted at Plains Anthropologist. * Seymour, Deni J. (2010) Contextual Incongruities, Statistical Outliers, and Anomalies: Targeting Inconspicuous Occupational Events. American Antiquity. (Winter, in press)


External links


Fort Sill Apache Tribe
official website
Mescalero Apache Tribe
official website
Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts

Allan Houser, Chiricahua Apache artist


National Park Service {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiricahua Apache tribes Chiricahua Mountains History of Catron County, New Mexico Indigenous peoples in Mexico Native American history of Arizona Native American history of New Mexico Native American tribes in Arizona Native American tribes in New Mexico Native American tribes in Oklahoma