The Chipaque Formation ( es, Formación Chipaque, K₂cp, Kc) is a

geological formation A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics ( lithology) that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exp ...

of the

Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense () is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Alti ...

Eastern Ranges The Eastern Ranges is an Australian rules football team in the NAB League, the Victorian statewide under-18s competition. The club is a founding member of the competition (1992) and has produced several players for the Australian Football Leagu ...

of the

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

. The formation is also described as Gachetá Formation, named after

Gachetá Gachetá is a municipality and town of Colombia, capital of the Guavio Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The urban centre of Gachetá is situated at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The municipality ...

, in the area of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The predominantly

organic shale Organic may refer to: * Organic, of or relating to an organism, a living entity * Organic, of or relating to an anatomical organ Chemistry * Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or is the product o ...

formation dates to the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', the ...

period;

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the s ...

Turonian The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.8 Ma and 89.8 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by t ...

epochs and has a maximum thickness of . The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields Cupiagua and Cusiana of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.

Etymology

The formation was named in 1931 as group and as formation in 1957 by Hubach after

Chipaque Chipaque is a municipality and town in the Eastern Province of the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. The municipality of is located at an altitude of in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes with its westernmost part situated in the Ea ...

, Cundinamarca.Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.26

Description

Lithologies

The Chipaque Formation with a maximum thickness of , is characterised by a sequence of pyritic

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

s and

siltstone Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.Blatt ''et al.'' 1980, p ...

s, with

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...

banks intercalated in the formation.Lobo Guerrero, 1992, p.4 The Chipaque Formation contains a high density of fauna. The formation is rich in TOC and one of the principal

source rock In petroleum geology, source rock is rock which has generated hydrocarbons or which could generate hydrocarbons. Source rocks are one of the necessary elements of a working petroleum system. They are organic-rich sediments that may have been depos ...

s for oil and gas generation in the foothills of the Eastern Ranges,García González et al., 2009, p.49 sourcing fields as Cusiana, Cupiagua and many others.Cortés et al., 2009, p.4 Chipaque also sourced the oilfields of the Llanos Orientales.García González et al., 2009, p.58 In the Chitasugá-1 well, drilled between 1980 and 1981, from the sandstones of the Chipaque Formation half a million m³ of water were produced.Lobo Guerrero, 1993, p.20 The sandstone beds are

reservoir rock A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence ...

s for oil in the Eastern Ranges.

Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Chipaque Formation overlies the

Une Formation The Une Formation ( es, Formación Une, Kiu) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly sandstone formation dates to the Middle Cretaceous period; Albian to Cenomanian epoc ...

and is overlain by the

Guadalupe Group The Guadalupe Group ( es, Grupo Guadalupe, K2G, Ksg) is a geological group of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The group, a sequence of shales and sandstones, is subdivided into three formations; Arenisca Dur ...

. The core of the Zipaquirá Anticline consists of the Chipaque Formation.García & Jiménez, 2016, p.24 The age has been estimated to be

. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Simijaca Formation.Montoya Arenas & Reyes Torres, 2005, p.22 The formation has been deposited in an

open Open or OPEN may refer to: Music * Open (band), Australian pop/rock band * The Open (band), English indie rock band * ''Open'' (Blues Image album), 1969 * ''Open'' (Gotthard album), 1999 * ''Open'' (Cowboy Junkies album), 2001 * ''Open'' (YF ...

shallow marine Shallow water marine environment refers to the area between the shore and deeper water, such as a reef wall or a shelf break. This environment is characterized by oceanic, geological and biological conditions, as described below. The water in this ...

platform setting.García González et al., 2009, p.209 The deposition is represented by a

maximum flooding surface In sequence stratigraphy Sequence stratigraphy is a branch of geology, specifically a branch of stratigraphy, that attempts to discern and understand historic geology through time by subdividing and linking sedimentary deposits into unconformity bo ...

and anoxic conditions.Villamil, 2012, p.164

Outcrops

The Chipaque Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the Eastern Hills of Bogotá, the

Ocetá Páramo The Ocetá Páramo (Spanish: ''Páramo de Ocetá'') is a páramo, which means an ecosystem above the continuous forest line yet below the permanent snowline. This particular páramo is located at altitudes between and in the Eastern Ranges of t ...

and many other locations in the Eastern Ranges. The anticlinals of the Río Blanco-

Machetá Machetá is a municipality and town of Colombia in Almeidas Province of the department of Cundinamarca. Machetá is situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at from the capital Bogotá and from Tunja. It borders Tibiritá and Manta in the east, ...

, San José and

Sopó Sopó is a municipality and town of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca. The town is located 39 km north of the Colombian capital Bogotá. History The area of Sopó was inhabited first by indigenous groups during the Herrera Period ...

Sesquilé Sesquilé is a town and municipality in Almeidas Province in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Sesquilé in the Chibcha language of the Muisca means "hot water".

are composed of the Chipaque Formation.

Regional correlations

Gallery

File:Chipaque Formation 2 - Oysters - Sandstone Bed - Chipaque - Cundinamarca.jpg, Oyster fossils from a sandstone bank of the Chipaque Formation File:Chipaque Formation 1 - Quarry - Chipaque-Cáqueza - Cundinamarca.jpg, Organic shale of the Chipaque Formation File:Shale - Chipaque - Páramo de Ocetá.jpg, Chipaque Formation

File:Shale 2 - Chipaque - Páramo de Ocetá.jpg, Chipaque Formation
Ocetá Páramo File:Shale grey - Chipaque - Páramo de Ocetá.jpg, Banded shale of the Chipaque Formation
Ocetá Páramo

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

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Reports

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Maps

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External links

* {{cite LSA , last=Gómez , first=J. , last2=Montes , first2=N.E. , last3=Nivia , first3=Á. , last4=Diederix , first4=H. , year=2015 , title=Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000 , url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309533589_Plancha_5-09_del_Atlas_Geologico_de_Colombia_2015 , publisher=

Servicio Geológico Colombiano The Colombian Geological Survey (CGS) ( es, Servicio Geológico Colombiano; formerly known as INGEOMINAS) is a scientific agency of the Colombian government in charge of contributing to the socioeconomic development of the nation through research ...

, pages=1 , accessdate=2017-03-16 Geologic formations of Colombia Cretaceous Colombia Upper Cretaceous Series of South America Cenomanian Stage Turonian Stage Shale formations Open marine deposits Shallow marine deposits Source rock formations Mining in Colombia Formations Formations Formations Formations Muysccubun