Chevrotains

Chevrotains, or mouse-deer, are small even-toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only extant members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10  extant species are placed in three genera, but several species also are known only from fossils. The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia, with a single species, the water chevrotain, in the rainforests of Central and West Africa. They are solitary or live in pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material. Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between , while the African chevrotain is considerably larger at . With an average length of and an average height of , the Java mouse-deer is the smallest extant (living) ungulate or hoofed mammal, as well as the smallest extant even-toed ungulate.

In November 2019, conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver-backed chevrotains (''Tragulus versicolor'') in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990.

Etymology

The word "chevrotain" comes from the Middle French word ''chevrot'' (kid or fawn), derived from ''chèvre'' (goat).

The single African species is consistently known as "chevrotain". The names "chevrotain" and "mouse-deer" have been used interchangeably among the Asian species, though recent authorities typically have preferred chevrotain for the species in the genus '' Moschiola'' and mouse-deer for the species in the genus ''Tragulus''. Consequently, all species with pale-spotted or -striped upper parts are known as "chevrotain" and without are known as "mouse-deer".

The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is ''jarini pandi'', which literally means "a deer and a pig". In Kannada, it is called ''barka'' (ಬರ್ಕ), in Malayalam, it is called ''kūramān'', and the Konkani name for it is ''barinka''. The Tamil term is ''sarukumāṉ'' "leaf-pile deer". The Sinhala name roughly translates to "mouse-like deer". This was used in the scientific name of the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, ''M. meminna''.

Biology

The family was widespread and successful from the Oligocene (34 million years ago) through the Miocene (about 5 million years ago), but has remained almost unchanged over that time and remains as an example of primitive ruminant form. They have four-chambered stomachs to ferment tough plant foods, but the third chamber is poorly developed. Though most species feed exclusively on plant material, the water chevrotain occasionally takes insects and crabs or scavenges meat and fish. Like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors. They give birth to only a single young.

In other respects, however, they have primitive features, closer to nonruminants such as pigs. All species in the family lack antlers and horns, but both sexes have elongated canine teeth. These are especially prominent in males, where they project out on either side of the lower jaw, and are used in fights. Their legs are short and thin, which leave them lacking in agility, but also helps to maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through the dense foliage of their environments. Other pig-like features include the presence of four toes on each foot, the absence of facial scent glands, premolars with sharp crowns, and the form of their sexual behaviour and copulation.

They are solitary or live in pairs. The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months, depending on species. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do possess a chin gland for marking each other as mates or antagonists, and, in the case of the water chevrotain, anal and preputial glands for marking territory. Their territories are relatively small, on the order of , but neighbors generally ignore each other, rather than compete aggressively.

Some of the species show a remarkable affinity with water, often remaining submerged for prolonged periods to evade predators or other unwelcome intrusions. This has also lent support to the idea that whales evolved from water-loving creatures that looked like small deer.

Taxonomy

Tragulidae's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:(see e.g. Fig S10)

Traditionally, only four extant species were recognized in the family Tragulidae. In 2004, ''T. nigricans'' and ''T. versicolor'' were split from ''T. napu'', and ''T. kanchil'' and ''T. williamsoni'' were split from ''T. javanicus''. In 2005, ''M. indica'' and ''M. kathygre'' were split from ''M. meminna''. With these changes, the 10 extant species are:

* Family Tragulidae
** Genus '' Hyemoschus''
*** Water chevrotain, ''Hyemoschus aquaticus''
** Genus '' Moschiola''
*** Indian spotted chevrotain, ''Moschiola indica''
*** Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, ''Moschiola meminna''
*** Yellow-striped chevrotain, ''Moschiola kathygre''
** Genus ''Tragulus''
*** Java mouse-deer, ''Tragulus javanicus''
*** Lesser mouse-deer or kanchil, ''Tragulus kanchil''
*** Greater mouse-deer, ''Tragulus napu''
*** Philippine mouse-deer, ''Tragulus nigricans''
*** Vietnam mouse-deer, ''Tragulus versicolor''
*** Williamson's mouse-deer, ''Tragulus williamsoni''

Ancient chevrotains

The Hypertragulidae were closely related to the Tragulidae.

The six extinct chevrotain genera include:

*Genus ''Dorcatherium''
**'' Dorcatherium minus'' from Pakistan
**'' Dorcatherium majus'' from Pakistan
**'' Dorcatherium naui'', from Central Europe
*Genus '' Dorcabune''
**'' Dorcabune anthracotherioides'' from Pakistan
**'' Dorcabune nagrii'' from Pakistan
*Genus '' Afrotragulus'' Sánchez, Quiralte, Morales and Pickford, 2010
** '' Afrotragulus moruorotensis'' (previously ''"Dorcatherium" moruorotensis'' Pickford, 2001) (early Miocene) from Moruorot, Kenya
** '' Afrotragulus parvus'' (previously ''"D." parvus'' Withworth 1958) (early Miocene) from Rusinga Island, Kenya
*Genus '' Siamotragulus''
**'' Siamotragulus sanyathanai'' Thomas, Ginsburg, Hintong and Suteethorn, 1990 (middle Miocene) from Lampang, Thailand
**'' Siamotragulus haripounchai'' Mein and Ginsburg, 1997 (Miocene) from Lamphun, Thailand
*Genus '' Yunnanotherium''
*Genus '' Archaeotragulus''
**'' Archaeotragulus krabiensis'' Metais, Chaimanee, Jaeger and Ducrocq, 2001 (late Eocene) from Krabi, Thailand

The extinct chevrotains might also include
*Genus '' Krabitherium''
**'' Krabitherium waileki'' Metais, Chaimanee, Jaeger and Ducrocq, 2007 (late Eocene) from Krabi, Thailand
*Genus '' Nalameryx''
**'' Nalameryx savagei''Mennecart, B., Wazir, W.A., Sehgal, R.K., Patnaik, R., Singh, N.P., Kumar, N. and Nanda, A.C., 2021. New remains of Nalamaeryx (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Historical Biology, pp.1-9.https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.2014479
**'' Nalameryx sulaimani''

See also

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Footnotes

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q8535351

Extant Miocene first appearances
Mammal families
Mammals of Southeast Asia
Chevrotain