genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
of numerous
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...
of
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition ...
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...
s known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...
in the
APG II system
The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gr ...
; older classification systems, notably the widely used
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...
, separate it and its relatives as Chenopodiaceae, but this leaves the rest of the Amaranthaceae
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
. However, among the Amaranthaceae, the genus ''Chenopodium'' is the namesake member of the subfamilyChenopodioideae.
Description
The species of ''Chenopodium'' (s.str., description according to Fuentes et al. 2012) are annual or
perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
alkaline soil
Alkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physi ...
. They are nonaromatic, but sometimes fetid. The young stems and leaves are often densely covered by vesicular globose hairs, thus looking farinose. Characteristically, these trichomes persist, collapsing later and becoming cup-shaped.
The branched stems grow erect, ascending, prostrate or scrambling. Lateral branches are alternate (the lowermost ones can be nearly opposite). The alternate or opposite leaves are petiolate. Their thin or slightly fleshy leaf blade is linear, rhombic or triangular-hastate, with entire or dentate or lobed margins.
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
s are standing terminal and lateral. They consist of spicately or paniculately arranged glomerules of flowers. Plants are
monoecious
Monoecy (; adj. monoecious ) is a sexual system in seed plants where separate male and female cones or flowers are present on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy.
Monoecy i ...
(rarely
dioecious
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproducti ...
). In monoecious plants flowers are dimorphic or pistillate. Flowers consist of (4–) 5 perianth segments connate, basally or close to the middle, usually membranous margined and with a roundish to keeled back; almost always 5 stamens, and one ovary with 2 stigmas.
In fruit, perianth segments become sometimes coloured, but mostly keep unchanged, somewhat closing over or spreading from the fruit. The pericarp is membranous or sometimes succulent, adherent to or loosely covering the seed. The horizontally oriented seeds are depressed-globular to lenticular, with rounded to subacute margin. The black seed coat is almost smooth to finely striate, rugulose or pitted.
Uses and human importance
The genus ''Chenopodium'' contains several plants of minor to moderate importance as food crops as
leaf vegetable
Leaf vegetables, also called leafy greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots. Leaf vegetables eaten raw in a salad can be called salad ...
s – used like the closely related
spinach
Spinach (''Spinacia oleracea'') is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed eith ...
(''Spinacia oleracea'') and similar plants called ''quelite'' in
Mexico
Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
island of
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...
, tender shoots and leaves of a species called ''krouvida'' (κρουβίδα) or ''psarovlito'' (ψαρόβλητο) are eaten by the locals, boiled or steamed. As studied by Bruce D. Smith, Kristen Gremillion and others, goosefoots have a history of culinary use dating back to 4000 BC or earlier, when pitseed goosefoot (''C. berlandieri'') was a staple crop in the Native American Eastern Agricultural Complex, and white goosefoot was apparently used by the Ertebølle culture of
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
. Members of the eastern Yamnaya culture also harvested white goosefoot as an apparent cereal substitute to round out an otherwise mostly meat and dairy diet c.'' ''3500–2500'' ''BC.
There is increased interest in particular in goosefoot seeds today, which are suitable as part of a gluten-free diet. Quinoa oil, extracted from the seeds of ''C. quinoa'', has similar properties, but is superior in quality, to corn oil. Oil of chenopodium is extracted from the seeds of epazote, which is not in this genus anymore.
Shagreen
Shagreen is a type of rawhide consisting of rough untanned skin, historically from a horse's or onager's back, or from shark or ray.
Etymology
The word derives from the French ''chagrin'' and is related to Italian ''zigrino'' and Venetian ...
pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...
, in particular of the widespread and usually abundant ''C. album'', is an
allergen
An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies.
In technical ter ...
to many people and a common cause of hay fever. The same species, as well as some others, have seeds which are able to persist for years in the soil seed bank. Many goosefoot species are thus significant
weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a plant in the wrong place", or a plant growing where it is not wanted.Harlan, J. R., & deWet, J. M. (1965). Some thoughts about weeds. ''Economic botany'', ''19''(1), 16-24. ...
s, and some have become
invasive species
An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species adv ...
.
In Australia, the larger ''Chenopodium'' species are among the plants called "bluebushes". According to the 1889 book ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'', ''Chenopodium auricomum'' "is another of the salt-bushes, which, besides being invaluable food for stock, can be eaten by man. All plants of the Natural Order Chenopodiaceae (Salsolacese) are more or less useful in this respect." The book goes on to give the following account from the ''Journal de la Ferme et des Maisons de campagne'':
We have recently gathered an abundant harvest of leaves from two or three plants growing in our garden. These leaves were put into boiling water to blanch them, and they were then cooked as an ordinary dish of spinach, with this difference in favour of the new plant, that there was no occasion to take away the threads which are so disagreeable in chicory, sorrel, and ordinary spinach. We partook of this dish with relish—the flavour—analogous to spinach, had something in it more refined, less grassy in taste. The cultivation is easy: sow the seed in April (October) in a well-manured bed, for the plant is greedy; water it. The leaves may be gathered from the time the plant attains 50 centimetres (say 20 inches) in height. They grow up again quickly. In less than eight days afterwards another gathering may take place, and so on to the end of the year.
California goosefoot
''Blitum californicum'' ( syn. ''Chenopodium californicum'') is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family known by the common names California goosefoot and (ambiguously) "Indian lettuce".
It is native to California and Baja Californi ...
(''Blitum californicum'').
Ecology
Certain species grow in large thickets, providing cover for small animals. Goosefoot foliage is used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera. The seeds are eaten by many
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, ...
in 1753 (In: ''Species Plantarum'', Vol. 1, p. 218–222). Type species is '' Chenopodium album''. This generic name is derived from the particular shape of the leaf, which is similar to a goose's foot: from
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
χήν (''chen''), "goose" and πούς (''pous''), "foot" or ποδίον (''podion''), "little foot".
In its traditional circumscription, ''Chenopodium'' comprised about 170 species. Phylogenetic research revealed, that the genus was highly
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
and did not reflect how species were naturally related. Therefore, a new classification was necessary. Mosyakin & Clemants (2002, 2008) separated the glandular species as genus '' Dysphania'' (which includes epazote) and '' Teloxys'' in tribe Dysphanieae. Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) separated many species to genera '' Blitum'' (in tribe Anserineae), ''
Chenopodiastrum
''Chenopodiastrum'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus was formally described in 2012.
The 5 species occur in Eurasia, North Africa, and North America.
Description
The species in genus ''Chenopod ...
'', '' Lipandra'', and '' Oxybasis'' (like ''Chenopodium'' in tribe
Atripliceae
Atripliceae are a tribe of the subfamily Chenopodioideae belonging to the plant family Amaranthaceae. ''Atriplex'' is the largest genus of the tribe. Species of Atripiceae are ecologically important in steppe and semi-desert climates.
Distribu ...
). They included ''Rhagodia'' and ''Einadia'' in ''Chenopodium''.
Chenopodium acuminatum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifi ...
Chenopodium allanii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium auricomiforme
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium benthamii
''Chenopodium benthamii'' (Syn. ''Rhagodia latifolia'') is a species of shrub endemic to midwest Western Australia.
Description
It grows as a shrub from 40 centimetres to two metres high, leathery, elliptical leaves, and panicles of green flower ...
Chenopodium cycloides
''Chenopodium cycloides'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common name sandhill goosefoot. It is native to the south-central United States.Chenopodium desertorum'' – desert goosefoot
** ''Chenopodium desertorum'' ssp. ''anidiophyllum''
** ''Chenopodium desertorum'' ssp. ''desertorum''
** ''Chenopodium desertorum'' ssp. ''microphyllum''
** ''Chenopodium desertorum'' ssp. ''rectum''
** ''Chenopodium desertorum'' ssp. ''virosum''
* '' Chenopodium desiccatum'' – narrowleaf goosefoot
* '' Chenopodium detestans'' – New Zealand fish-guts plant
* ''
Chenopodium drummondii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium eremaea
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
'' (Syn.: ''Rhagodia eremaea'')
* ''
Chenopodium erosum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
'' R.Br.
* ''
Chenopodium ficifolium
''Chenopodium ficifolium'', the fig-leaved goosefoot or figleaf goosefoot, is a plant species in the family Amaranthaceae originally native to the Irano-Turanian floristic region. It an archaeophyte
An archaeophyte is a plant species which is ...
'' – fig-leaved goosefoot, small goosefoot
* '' Chenopodium flabellifolium'' – San Martin Island goosefoot, flabelliform goosefoot
* '' Chenopodium foggii'' – Fogg's goosefoot
* ''
Chenopodium formosanum
''Chenopodium formosanum'' is a '' Chenopodium'' species native to Taiwan. It was a key component of the diets of Taiwanese indigenous peoples and remains culturally and culinarily significant.
Common names
''Chenopodium formosanum'' is known in ...
Chenopodium giganteum
''Chenopodium giganteum'', also known as tree spinach, is an annual, upright many-branched shrub with a stem diameter of up to 5 cm at the base, that can grow to a height of up to 3 m.Zhu, Gelin & Mosyakin, Sergei & E. Clemants, Steven. (200 ...
'' D.Don – tree spinach
* ''
Chenopodium gigantospermum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium lineatum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifi ...
'' – Mono goosefoot
* ''
Chenopodium littoreum
''Chenopodium littoreum'' is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to California, known only from sections of the coastline of central California, in San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties.
Taxon ...
Chenopodium missouriense
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium nuttalliae
''Chenopodium nuttalliae'' is a species of edible plant native to Mexico. It is known by the common names huauzontle (literally "hairy amaranth", from the Nahuatl ''huauhtli'' 'amaranth' and ''tzontli'' 'hair') and Aztec broccoli. Other variati ...
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...
)
* ''
Chenopodium obscurum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
''
* ''
Chenopodium opulifolium
''Chenopodium opulifolium'', the seaport goosefoot, is a species of annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It ...
Chenopodium pamiricum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium probstii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium retusum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
''
* ''
Chenopodium robertianum
''Chenopodium robertianum'' (Syn. ''Einadia hastata,'' ''Rhagodia hastata''), known by the common name of saloop or berry saltbush is a small plant in the family Amaranthaceae. This species is found in coastal and inland areas of eastern Austra ...
'' (Syn.: ''Rhagodia hastata'')
* ''
Chenopodium salinum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classific ...
Chenopodium simpsonii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classific ...
Chenopodium spinescens
''Chenopodium spinescens'' (common names: spiny saltbush, berry saltbush, thorny saltbush, creeping saltbush, hedge saltbush) is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae and is endemic to all mainland states and territories of Australia whe ...
Chenopodium strictum
''Chenopodium strictum'', the lateflowering goosefoot, is a species of annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. ...
Chenopodium suecicum
''Chenopodium suecicum'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the ...
'' – green goosefoot
* ''
Chenopodium triandrum
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older cl ...
'' (Syn.: ''Rhagodia triandra'')
* ''
Chenopodium trigonon
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium twisselmannii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium wahlii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Chenopodium wilsonii
''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoots, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...
Blitum bonus-henricus
''Blitum bonus-henricus'' ( syn. ''Chenopodium bonus-henricus''), also called Good-King-Henry, poor-man's asparagus, perennial goosefoot, Lincolnshire spinach, Markery, English mercury, or mercury goosefoot, is a species of goosefoot which is na ...
'' – Good King Henry, perennial goosefoot, poor-man's asparagus, Lincolnshire spinach, markery
** '' Blitum californicum'' – California goosefoot, Indian lettuce
** ''
Blitum capitatum
Strawberry blite (''Blitum capitatum'', syn. ''Chenopodium capitatum'') is an edible annual plant, also known as blite goosefoot, strawberry goosefoot, strawberry spinach, Indian paint, and Indian ink.
It is native to most of North America thro ...
Chenopodiastrum
''Chenopodiastrum'' is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus was formally described in 2012.
The 5 species occur in Eurasia, North Africa, and North America.
Description
The species in genus ''Chenopod ...
'' (5 species):
** '' Chenopodiastrum murale'' – nettle-leaved goosefoot
** '' Chenopodiastrum simplex'' – giantseed goosefoot
* '' Dysphania'' (about 43 glandular species, as ''C. botrys, C. carinatum, C. cristatum, C. melanocarpum, C. multifidium, C. pumilio'' and more)
* '' Lipandra'' (one species):
** ''Lipandra polysperma'' – many-seeded goosefoot
* '' Oxybasis'' (5 species):
** '' Oxybasis chenopodioides'' – small red goosefoot, saltmarsh goosefoot
** '' Oxybasis glauca'' – oak-leaved goosefoot
** '' Oxybasis rubra'' – red goosefoot, coastblite goosefoot
** '' Oxybasis urbica'' – upright goosefoot
* '' Teloxys'' (one species):
** ''Teloxys aristata''
* '' Suaeda australis'' – austral seablite (as ''C. australe, C. insulare'')
Fossil record
†''Chenopodium wetzleri'' fossil seeds of the
Chattian
The Chattian is, in the geologic timescale, the younger of two ages or upper of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . The Chattian is preceded by the Rupelian and is followed by the Aquitanian (the lowest sta ...
stage,
Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
, are known from the Oberleichtersbach Formation in the Rhön Mountains, central
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
.The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany) by Dieter Hans Mai - Acta Paleobotanica 47(1): 135-143, 2007.
References
Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: ''A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae).'' In: ''Willdenowia.'' Vol. 42, No. 1, 2012, p. 5-24.Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants ''Chenopodium'' - In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China. Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing/St. Louis 2003, , p. 378-.