''Charis'' is a genus of the

Riodinini The Riodinini are one of the large tribes of metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae). As numerous Riodinidae genera have not yet been unequivocally assigned to a tribe, the genus list is preliminary. Selected genera *''Amarynthis'' *'' Amph ...

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

of metalmark

butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...

(

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Riodinidae Riodinidae is the family of metalmark butterflies. The common name "metalmarks" refers to the small, metallic-looking spots commonly found on their wings. The 1532 species are placed in 146 genera. Although mostly Neotropical in distribution, t ...

). Nineteen species have been identified within the '' Charis cleonus'' complex (however, further analysis has revised this clade to contain 22 species) and eight species within the '' Charis gynaea'' group (

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

). ''Charis'' butterflies are common in the

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

and often live in primary and secondary growth. The ''Charis cleonus'' group exhibits contemporary

parapatric In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes. This mode of speciation has three distinguishing characteristics: 1) mating occurs non-randomly, 2) gene ...

distributions throughout

Amazonia The Amazon rainforest, Amazon jungle or ; es, Selva amazónica, , or usually ; french: Forêt amazonienne; nl, Amazoneregenwoud. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle. ...

and are thought to have speciated allopatrically; residing in "areas of endemism". Some evidence suggests that ''Charis'' (among other

Riodininae __NOTOC__ Riodininae is the largest of the three subfamilies within the metalmark butterfly family, Riodinidae. Classification Riodininae contains the following tribes: * Befrostiini Grishin, 2019 * Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 201 ...

groups) are

reproductively isolated The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring ...

by mating preferences for different

topographic Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary scie ...

areas and different times—of which, may have promoted speciation between the various groups. Area Cladogram of Charis butterflies (Horizontal)

Species

*''Charis cleonus'' complex **''Charis major'' subgroup ***'' Charis ma'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis major In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' (Lathy, 1932) ***''

Charis matic In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 **''Charis cleonus'' subgroup ***'' Charis ariquemes'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis brasilia In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis breves In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis cacaulandia In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis caryatis In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thalia ...

'' Hewitson, 1866 ***'' Charis cleonus'' (Stoll, 1781) ***'' Charis cuiaba'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis humaita'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis ipiranga'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis iquitos'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis manicore'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis manu'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis maues'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis negro'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis palcazu'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis rocana In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis santarem In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***'' Charis tapajos'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 ***''

Charis tefe In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Harvey & Hall, 2002 *''Charis gynaea'' group **'' Charis barnesi'' Hall & Harvey, 2001 **''

Charis callaghani In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Hall & Harvey, 2001 **'' Charis gallardi'' Hall & Harvey, 2001 **'' Charis gynaea'' (Godart, 1824) **'' Charis nicolayi'' Hall & Harvey, 2001 **'' Charis smalli'' Hall & Harvey, 2001 **''

Charis zama In Greek mythology, the Charites ( ), singular ''Charis'', or Graces, were three or more goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity, goodwill, and fertility. Hesiod names three – Aglaea ("Shining"), Euphrosyne ("Joy"), and Thali ...

'' Bates, 1868

References

Riodininae * {{Riodinidae-stub