''Centruroides'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always end ...

s of the family Buthidae. Several

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

n species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

are extensively found throughout the southern

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, the

Antilles The Antilles (; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Antiy; es, Antillas; french: Antilles; nl, Antillen; ht, Antiy; pap, Antias; Jamaican Patois: ''Antiliiz'') is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mex ...

and northern

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

. Some are known for their interesting patterning or large size (among Buthidae); most if not all fluoresce strongly under

ultraviolet Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nanometer, nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 Hertz, PHz) to 400 nm (750 Hertz, THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than ...

illumination, except after

moulting In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer ...

. They contain several highly venomous species, and fatalities are known to occur. The venom of the Mexican scorpion ''Centruroides limpidus limpidus'' contains the

neurotoxin Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature ner ...

Cll1 Toxin Cll1 is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion '' Centruroides limpidus limpidus'', which changes the activation threshold of sodium channels by binding to neurotoxin binding site 4, resulting in increased excitability. Etymolog ...

and

Cll2 Beta-toxin Cll2, shortened to Cll2, is a toxin in the venom of the Mexican Scorpion species '' Centruroides limpidus limpidus''. The toxin belongs to the β-class family of sodium channel-inhibiting scorpion toxins. It affects voltage-dependent ac ...

Taxonomy

The number of species accepted as valid may vary, depending on the authority. The genus is highly speciose, containing at least 100 species: * ''

Centruroides alayoni ''Centruroides alayoni'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. Description Centruroides alayoni is a moderate-sized scorpion, with a typical length of . Its sandy dull brown colour matches the surrounding environment, giving it camo ...

'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides altagraciae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, de Armas & Kovarik, 2015 * '' Centruroides anchorellus'' Armas, 1976 * '' Centruroides arctimanus'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides baergi ''Centruroides baergi'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. They are commonly found in highlands and are almost exclusively found in the states of Oaxaca and southern Puebla, Mexico. ''C. baergi'' is the most abundant scorpion of th ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides balsasensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce & Francke, 2004 * ''

Centruroides bani ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987 * ''

Centruroides baracoae ''Centruroides baracoae'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', '' ...

'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides barbudensis ''Centruroides barbudensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It possesses excitatory neurotoxins that act on sodium and potassium channels. Toxic catecholamine-release can cause adrenergic cardiac effects. Distribution This s ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides berstoni ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * '' Centruroides bertholdii'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides bicolor ''Centruroides bicolor'' is a species of bark scorpion from Central America. Its specific name "''bicolor''" is from the Latin meaning "two colored" and refers to the markings of this species. Range This species is concentrated on the southern P ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides bonito ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Quijano-Ravell, Teruel & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016 * ''

Centruroides caral ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Armas & Trujillo, 2013 * ''

Centruroides caribbeanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel & Myers, 2017 * '' Centruroides chamela'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011 * ''

Centruroides chamulaensis ''Centruroides chamulaensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides catemacoensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * '' Centruroides chanae'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides chiapanensis ''Centruroides chiapanensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico. References

Buthidae Scorpions described in 1932 Endemic scorpions of Mexico Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * '' Centruroides concordia'' Armas & Teruel, 2021 * '' Centruroides cuauhmapan'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides edwardsii ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' (Gervais, 1843) * ''

Centruroides elegans ''Centruroides elegans'' is a scorpion species in the genus ''Centruroides ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous speci ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides exilicauda ''Centruroides exilicauda'', the Baja California bark scorpion, is a species of bark scorpion found in Baja California. It is closely related to the Arizona bark scorpion ('' Centruroides sculpturatus''), but is not considered dangerous. Previou ...

'' (Wood, 1863) * ''

Centruroides exilimanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel & Stockwell, 2002 * ''

Centruroides exsul ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Meise, 1933) * ''

Centruroides fallassisimus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Armas & Trujillo, 2010 * '' Centruroides farri'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides flavopictus ''Centruroides flavopictus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides franckei ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013 * ''

Centruroides fulvipes ''Centruroides fulvipes'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to th ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides galano ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * ''

Centruroides gracilis ''Centruroides gracilis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, the bark scorpions. Its common names include Florida bark scorpion, brown bark scorpion, and slender brown scorpion.Rein, J. O''Centruroides gracilis''.The Scorpion Files. ...

'' (Latreille, 1804) * ''

Centruroides granosus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides griseus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (C. L. Koch, 1844) * ''

Centruroides guanensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Franganillo, 1930 * '' Centruroides hamadryas'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides hentzi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' (Banks, 1900) * '' Centruroides hirsuticauda'' Teruel, 2011 * '' Centruroides hirsutipalpus'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2009 * ''

Centruroides hoffmanni ''Centruroides hoffmanni'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. The species can be found in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern ...

'' Armas, 1996 * ''

Centruroides huichol ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, Ponce-Saavedra & Quijano-Ravell, 2015 * ''

Centruroides infamatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (C. L. Koch, 1844) * ''

Centruroides insulanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides ixil ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Trujillo & Armas, 2016 * '' Centruroides jaragua'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides jorgeorum ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Santiago-Blay, 2009 * ''

Centruroides koesteri ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Kraepelin, 1912 * ''

Centruroides lauriadnae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2019 * ''

Centruroides limbatus ''Centruroides limbatus'' is a species of bark scorpion from Central America. Its specific name "''limbatus,''" is from the Latin meaning "black-edged," and refers to the darkly colored markings of this species.

'' (Pocock, 1898) * '' Centruroides limpidus'' (Karsch, 1879) * '' Centruroides luceorum'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides lucidus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel, Armas & Kovarik, 2015 * '' Centruroides marcanoi'' Armas, 1981 * ''

Centruroides margaritatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Gervais, 1841) * ''

Centruroides mascota ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011 * '' Centruroides meisei'' Hoffmann, 1939 * ''

Centruroides melanodactylus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * ''

Centruroides navarroi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * '' Centruroides nigrescens'' (Pocock, 1898) * '' Centruroides nigrimanus'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides nigropunctatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2006 * '' Centruroides nigrovariatus'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides nitidus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides noxius ''Centruroides noxius'' is a species of scorpion native to Mexico. Description and behavior This species grows from 3.5 to 5 cm in length, its body is dark in color, usually black or brown, and its legs and pedipalps are generally light, ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * '' Centruroides ochraceus'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides orizaba ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Armas & Martin-Frias, 2003 * ''

Centruroides ornatus ''Centruroides ornatus'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a char ...

'' Pocock, 1902 * '' Centruroides pallidiceps'' Pocock, 1902 * '' Centruroides panamensis'' Arias & Esposito, 2014 * ''

Centruroides platnicki ''Centruroides platnicki'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. References

Buthidae Animals described in 1981 Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Armas, 1981 * ''

Centruroides pococki ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Sissom & Francke, 1983 * ''

Centruroides polito ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Teruel, 2007 * '' Centruroides poncei'' Teruel, Kovarik, Baldazo-Monsivais & Hoferek, 2015 * ''

Centruroides possanii ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Gonzalez-Santillan, Galan-Sanchez & Valdez-Velazquez, 2019 * '' Centruroides rileyi'' Sissom, 1995 * '' Centruroides robertoi'' Armas, 1976 * '' Centruroides rodolfoi'' Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013 * '' Centruroides romeroi'' Quijano-Ravell, De Armas, Francke & Ponce-Saavedra, 2019 * ''

Centruroides ruana ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Quijano-Ravell & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016 * '' Centruroides sanandres'' Armas, Sarmiento & Florez, 2012 * ''

Centruroides sasae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Santiago-Blay, 2009 * ''

Centruroides schmidti ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Sissom, 1995 * '' Centruroides sculpturatus'' Ewing, 1928 * '' Centruroides serrano'' Santibanez-Lopez & Ponce-Saavedra, 2009 * ''

Centruroides simplex ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides sissomi ''Centruroides sissomi'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a char ...

'' Armas, 1996 * ''

Centruroides spectatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2006 * '' Centruroides stockwelli'' Teruel, 2001 * '' Centruroides suffusus'' (Pocock, 1902) * ''

Centruroides tapachulaensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * '' Centruroides tecomanus'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides tenuis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Thorell, 1876 * '' Centruroides testaceus'' (DeGeer, 1778) * '' Centruroides thorellii'' (Kraepelin, 1891) * '' Centruroides tuxtla'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides underwoodi ''Centruroides underwoodi'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a c ...

'' Armas, 1976 * '' Centruroides villegasi'' Baldazo-Monsivaiz, Ponce-Saavedra & Flores-Moreno, 2013 * '' Centruroides vittatus'' (Say, 1821) * '' Centruroides yucatanensis'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2702846 Scorpions of South America