''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

n species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Antilles and northern South America. Some are known for their interesting patterning or large size (among Buthidae); most if not all fluoresce strongly under ultraviolet illumination, except after

moulting In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer ...

. They contain several highly venomous species, and fatalities are known to occur. The venom of the Mexican scorpion ''Centruroides limpidus limpidus'' contains the

neurotoxin Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature ner ...

Cll1 Toxin Cll1 is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion '' Centruroides limpidus limpidus'', which changes the activation threshold of sodium channels by binding to neurotoxin binding site 4, resulting in increased excitability. Etymolog ...

and

Cll2 Beta-toxin Cll2, shortened to Cll2, is a toxin in the venom of the Mexican Scorpion species '' Centruroides limpidus limpidus''. The toxin belongs to the β-class family of sodium channel-inhibiting scorpion toxins. It affects voltage-dependent ac ...

Taxonomy

The number of species accepted as valid may vary, depending on the authority. The genus is highly speciose, containing at least 100 species: * ''

Centruroides alayoni ''Centruroides alayoni'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. Description Centruroides alayoni is a moderate-sized scorpion, with a typical length of . Its sandy dull brown colour matches the surrounding environment, giving it camo ...

'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides altagraciae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, de Armas & Kovarik, 2015 * '' Centruroides anchorellus'' Armas, 1976 * '' Centruroides arctimanus'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides baergi ''Centruroides baergi'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. They are commonly found in highlands and are almost exclusively found in the states of Oaxaca and southern Puebla, Mexico. ''C. baergi'' is the most abundant scorpion of th ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides balsasensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce & Francke, 2004 * ''

Centruroides bani ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987 * ''

Centruroides baracoae ''Centruroides baracoae'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', '' ...

'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides barbudensis ''Centruroides barbudensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It possesses excitatory neurotoxins that act on sodium and potassium channels. Toxic catecholamine-release can cause adrenergic cardiac effects. Distribution This s ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides berstoni ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * '' Centruroides bertholdii'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides bicolor ''Centruroides bicolor'' is a species of bark scorpion from Central America. Its specific name "''bicolor''" is from the Latin meaning "two colored" and refers to the markings of this species. Range This species is concentrated on the southern P ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides bonito ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Quijano-Ravell, Teruel & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016 * ''

Centruroides caral ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Armas & Trujillo, 2013 * ''

Centruroides caribbeanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel & Myers, 2017 * '' Centruroides chamela'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011 * ''

Centruroides chamulaensis ''Centruroides chamulaensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides catemacoensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides chanae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * '' Centruroides chiapanensis'' Hoffmann, 1932 * '' Centruroides concordia'' Armas & Teruel, 2021 * '' Centruroides cuauhmapan'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides edwardsii ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' (Gervais, 1843) * ''

Centruroides elegans ''Centruroides elegans'' is a scorpion species in the genus ''Centruroides ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous speci ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides exilicauda ''Centruroides exilicauda'', the Baja California bark scorpion, is a species of bark scorpion found in Baja California. It is closely related to the Arizona bark scorpion ('' Centruroides sculpturatus''), but is not considered dangerous. Previou ...

'' (Wood, 1863) * ''

Centruroides exilimanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel & Stockwell, 2002 * ''

Centruroides exsul ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Meise, 1933) * ''

Centruroides fallassisimus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Armas & Trujillo, 2010 * ''

Centruroides farri ''Centruroides farri'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. References Buthidae Animals described in 1976 Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides flavopictus ''Centruroides flavopictus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides franckei ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013 * ''

Centruroides fulvipes ''Centruroides fulvipes'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to th ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides galano ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * ''

Centruroides gracilis ''Centruroides gracilis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, the bark scorpions. Its common names include Florida bark scorpion, brown bark scorpion, and slender brown scorpion.Rein, J. O''Centruroides gracilis''.The Scorpion Files. ...

'' (Latreille, 1804) * ''

Centruroides granosus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides griseus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (C. L. Koch, 1844) * ''

Centruroides guanensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Franganillo, 1930 * '' Centruroides hamadryas'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021 * ''

Centruroides hentzi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' (Banks, 1900) * '' Centruroides hirsuticauda'' Teruel, 2011 * '' Centruroides hirsutipalpus'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2009 * ''

Centruroides hoffmanni ''Centruroides hoffmanni'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. The species can be found in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern ...

'' Armas, 1996 * ''

Centruroides huichol ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, Ponce-Saavedra & Quijano-Ravell, 2015 * ''

Centruroides infamatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (C. L. Koch, 1844) * ''

Centruroides insulanus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides ixil ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Trujillo & Armas, 2016 * '' Centruroides jaragua'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides jorgeorum ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Santiago-Blay, 2009 * ''

Centruroides koesteri ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Kraepelin, 1912 * ''

Centruroides lauriadnae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2019 * ''

Centruroides limbatus ''Centruroides limbatus'' is a species of bark scorpion from Central America. Its specific name "''limbatus,''" is from the Latin meaning "black-edged," and refers to the darkly colored markings of this species.

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides limpidus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' (Karsch, 1879) * '' Centruroides luceorum'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides lucidus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel, Armas & Kovarik, 2015 * '' Centruroides marcanoi'' Armas, 1981 * ''

Centruroides margaritatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' (Gervais, 1841) * ''

Centruroides mascota ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011 * '' Centruroides meisei'' Hoffmann, 1939 * ''

Centruroides melanodactylus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * ''

Centruroides navarroi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Teruel, 2001 * '' Centruroides nigrescens'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides nigrimanus ''Centruroides nigrimanus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. This species is endemic of Mexico (type from Oaxaca). It occurs in the Mexican states of Chiapas, Oaxaca and Guerrero. ocock 1998 indicated a juvenile specimen from ...

'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides nigropunctatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2006 * '' Centruroides nigrovariatus'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides nitidus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides noxius ''Centruroides noxius'' is a species of scorpion native to Mexico. Description and behavior This species grows from 3.5 to 5 cm in length, its body is dark in color, usually black or brown, and its legs and pedipalps are generally light, ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * '' Centruroides ochraceus'' (Pocock, 1898) * ''

Centruroides orizaba ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Armas & Martin-Frias, 2003 * ''

Centruroides ornatus ''Centruroides ornatus'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a char ...

'' Pocock, 1902 * '' Centruroides pallidiceps'' Pocock, 1902 * ''

Centruroides panamensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' Arias & Esposito, 2014 * ''

Centruroides platnicki ''Centruroides platnicki'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. References

Buthidae Animals described in 1981 Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Armas, 1981 * ''

Centruroides pococki ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Sissom & Francke, 1983 * ''

Centruroides polito ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Teruel, 2007 * ''

Centruroides poncei ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' Teruel, Kovarik, Baldazo-Monsivais & Hoferek, 2015 * ''

Centruroides possanii ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Gonzalez-Santillan, Galan-Sanchez & Valdez-Velazquez, 2019 * '' Centruroides rileyi'' Sissom, 1995 * ''

Centruroides robertoi ''Centruroides robertoi'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. Distribution Cuba References Buthidae Animals described in 1976 Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Armas, 1976 * '' Centruroides rodolfoi'' Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013 * ''

Centruroides romeroi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' Quijano-Ravell, De Armas, Francke & Ponce-Saavedra, 2019 * ''

Centruroides ruana ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Quijano-Ravell & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016 * '' Centruroides sanandres'' Armas, Sarmiento & Florez, 2012 * ''

Centruroides sasae ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Santiago-Blay, 2009 * ''

Centruroides schmidti ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Sissom, 1995 * '' Centruroides sculpturatus'' Ewing, 1928 * '' Centruroides serrano'' Santibanez-Lopez & Ponce-Saavedra, 2009 * ''

Centruroides simplex ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' (Thorell, 1876) * ''

Centruroides sissomi ''Centruroides sissomi'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a char ...

'' Armas, 1996 * ''

Centruroides spectatus ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...

'' Teruel, 2006 * '' Centruroides stockwelli'' Teruel, 2001 * '' Centruroides suffusus'' (Pocock, 1902) * ''

Centruroides tapachulaensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides tecomanus ''Centruroides tecomanus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico. References Buthidae Scorpions described in 1932 Endemic scorpions of Mexico Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Hoffmann, 1932 * ''

Centruroides tenuis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centra ...

'' Thorell, 1876 * '' Centruroides testaceus'' (DeGeer, 1778) * '' Centruroides thorellii'' (Kraepelin, 1891) * ''

Centruroides tuxtla ''Centruroides tuxtla'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. References Buthidae Animals described in 1999 Centruroides {{Scorpion-stub ...

'' Armas, 1999 * ''

Centruroides underwoodi ''Centruroides underwoodi'' is a species of scorpion Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a c ...

'' Armas, 1976 * ''

Centruroides villegasi ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, ...

'' Baldazo-Monsivaiz, Ponce-Saavedra & Flores-Moreno, 2013 * ''

Centruroides vittatus The striped bark scorpion (''Centruroides vittatus'') is an extremely common scorpion found throughout the midsection of the United States and northern Mexico. It is perhaps the most frequently encountered scorpion in the U.S. Appearance A m ...

'' (Say, 1821) * ''

Centruroides yucatanensis ''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Cent ...

'' Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2702846 Scorpions of South America