''Centruroides'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of
scorpion
Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always en ...
s of the family
Buthidae
The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', '' Compsobuthus'', or '' Tityus'') are known, but a high number of species-poor ...
. Several
North American species are known by the common
vernacular name
A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...
bark scorpion. Numerous
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
are extensively found throughout the southern
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
,
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
,
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, the
Antilles
The Antilles (; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Antiy; es, Antillas; french: Antilles; nl, Antillen; ht, Antiy; pap, Antias; Jamaican Patois: ''Antiliiz'') is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mex ...
and northern
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
.
Some are known for their interesting patterning or large size (among Buthidae); most if not all
fluoresce
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore a lower photon energy, tha ...
strongly under
ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation ...
illumination, except after
moulting. They contain several highly venomous species, and fatalities are known to occur. The venom of the Mexican scorpion ''Centruroides limpidus limpidus'' contains the
neurotoxins
Cll1
Toxin Cll1 is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion ''Centruroides limpidus limpidus'', which changes the activation threshold of sodium channels by binding to neurotoxin binding site 4, resulting in increased excitability.
Etymology ...
and
Cll2.
Taxonomy
The number of species accepted as valid may vary, depending on the authority. The genus is highly speciose, containing at least 100 species:
* ''
Centruroides alayoni''
Armas, 1999
* ''
Centruroides altagraciae''
Teruel, de Armas & Kovarik, 2015
* ''
Centruroides anchorellus
''Centruroides anchorellus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae
The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', ...
''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides arctimanus
''Centruroides arctimanus'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae
The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', ' ...
''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides baergi''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides balsasensis''
Ponce & Francke, 2004
* ''
Centruroides bani''
Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987
* ''
Centruroides baracoae
''Centruroides baracoae'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae
The Buthidae are the largest family of scorpions, containing about 100 genera and 1339 species as of 2022. A few very large genera (''Ananteris'', '' Centruroides'', '' ...
''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides barbudensis
''Centruroides barbudensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae.
It possesses excitatory neurotoxins that act on sodium and potassium channels. Toxic catecholamine-release can cause adrenergic cardiac effects.
Distribution
This s ...
''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides berstoni''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
* ''
Centruroides bertholdii''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides bicolor''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides bonito''
Quijano-Ravell, Teruel & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016
* ''
Centruroides caral''
Armas & Trujillo, 2013
* ''
Centruroides caribbeanus''
Teruel & Myers, 2017
* ''
Centruroides chamela''
Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011
* ''
Centruroides chamulaensis''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides catemacoensis''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
* ''
Centruroides chanae''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
* ''
Centruroides chiapanensis
''Centruroides chiapanensis'' is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. It is native to Mexico.
References
Buthidae
Scorpions described in 1932
Endemic scorpions of Mexico
Centruroides
{{Scorpion-stub ...
''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides concordia''
Armas & Teruel, 2021
* ''
Centruroides cuauhmapan''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
* ''
Centruroides edwardsii''
(Gervais, 1843)
* ''
Centruroides elegans''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides exilicauda''
(Wood, 1863)
* ''
Centruroides exilimanus''
Teruel & Stockwell, 2002
* ''
Centruroides exsul''
(Meise, 1933)
* ''
Centruroides fallassisimus''
Armas & Trujillo, 2010
* ''
Centruroides farri''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides flavopictus''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides franckei''
Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013
* ''
Centruroides fulvipes''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides galano''
Teruel, 2001
* ''
Centruroides gracilis''
(Latreille, 1804)
* ''
Centruroides granosus''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides griseus''
(C. L. Koch, 1844)
* ''
Centruroides guanensis''
Franganillo, 1930
* ''
Centruroides hamadryas''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
* ''
Centruroides hentzi''
(Banks, 1900)
* ''
Centruroides hirsuticauda''
Teruel, 2011
* ''
Centruroides hirsutipalpus''
Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2009
* ''
Centruroides hoffmanni''
Armas, 1996
* ''
Centruroides huichol''
Teruel, Ponce-Saavedra & Quijano-Ravell, 2015
* ''
Centruroides infamatus''
(C. L. Koch, 1844)
* ''
Centruroides insulanus''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides ixil''
Trujillo & Armas, 2016
* ''
Centruroides jaragua''
Armas, 1999
* ''
Centruroides jorgeorum''
Santiago-Blay, 2009
* ''
Centruroides koesteri''
Kraepelin, 1912
* ''
Centruroides lauriadnae''
Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2019
* ''
Centruroides limbatus''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides limpidus''
(Karsch, 1879)
* ''
Centruroides luceorum''
Armas, 1999
* ''
Centruroides lucidus''
Teruel, Armas & Kovarik, 2015
* ''
Centruroides marcanoi''
Armas, 1981
* ''
Centruroides margaritatus
''Centruroides'' is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Centr ...
''
(Gervais, 1841)
* ''
Centruroides mascota''
Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011
* ''
Centruroides meisei''
Hoffmann, 1939
* ''
Centruroides melanodactylus''
Teruel, 2001
* ''
Centruroides navarroi''
Teruel, 2001
* ''
Centruroides nigrescens''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides nigrimanus''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides nigropunctatus''
Teruel, 2006
* ''
Centruroides nigrovariatus''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides nitidus''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides noxius''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides ochraceus''
(Pocock, 1898)
* ''
Centruroides orizaba''
Armas & Martin-Frias, 2003
* ''
Centruroides ornatus''
Pocock, 1902
* ''
Centruroides pallidiceps''
Pocock, 1902
* ''
Centruroides panamensis''
Arias & Esposito, 2014
* ''
Centruroides platnicki''
Armas, 1981
* ''
Centruroides pococki''
Sissom & Francke, 1983
* ''
Centruroides polito''
Teruel, 2007
* ''
Centruroides poncei''
Teruel, Kovarik, Baldazo-Monsivais & Hoferek, 2015
* ''
Centruroides possanii''
Gonzalez-Santillan, Galan-Sanchez & Valdez-Velazquez, 2019
* ''
Centruroides rileyi''
Sissom, 1995
* ''
Centruroides robertoi''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides rodolfoi''
Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013
* ''
Centruroides romeroi''
Quijano-Ravell, De Armas, Francke & Ponce-Saavedra, 2019
* ''
Centruroides ruana''
Quijano-Ravell & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016
* ''
Centruroides sanandres''
Armas, Sarmiento & Florez, 2012
* ''
Centruroides sasae''
Santiago-Blay, 2009
* ''
Centruroides schmidti''
Sissom, 1995
* ''
Centruroides sculpturatus''
Ewing, 1928
* ''
Centruroides serrano''
Santibanez-Lopez & Ponce-Saavedra, 2009
* ''
Centruroides simplex''
(Thorell, 1876)
* ''
Centruroides sissomi''
Armas, 1996
* ''
Centruroides spectatus''
Teruel, 2006
* ''
Centruroides stockwelli''
Teruel, 2001
* ''
Centruroides suffusus''
(Pocock, 1902)
* ''
Centruroides tapachulaensis''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides tecomanus''
Hoffmann, 1932
* ''
Centruroides tenuis''
Thorell, 1876
* ''
Centruroides testaceus''
(DeGeer, 1778)
* ''
Centruroides thorellii''
(Kraepelin, 1891)
* ''
Centruroides tuxtla''
Armas, 1999
* ''
Centruroides underwoodi''
Armas, 1976
* ''
Centruroides villegasi''
Baldazo-Monsivaiz, Ponce-Saavedra & Flores-Moreno, 2013
* ''
Centruroides vittatus''
(Say, 1821)
* ''
Centruroides yucatanensis''
Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2702846
Scorpions of South America