Cel-shaded animation

Cel shading or toon shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3-D computer graphics appear to be flat by using less shading color instead of a shade gradient or tints and shades. A cel shader is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. There are similar techniques that can make an image look like a sketch, an oil painting or an ink painting. The name comes from ''cels'' (short for celluloid), clear sheets of acetate which were painted on for use in traditional 2D animation.

Basic process

The cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its non-photorealistic illumination model. Conventional smooth lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then quantized to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic "flat look", where the shadows and highlights appear as blocks of color rather than being smoothly mixed in a gradient.

Outlines

Wireframe method

Black ink outlines and contour lines can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Back-face culling is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the silhouette, these back-faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their vertex normals in a vertex shader. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is composited via Z-buffering, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied.

The Utah teapot rendered using cel shading:

# The back faces are drawn with thick lines
# The object faces are drawn using a single color
# Shading is applied

Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using multitexturing (part of texture mapping).

Edge-detection method

In video games

The Sega Dreamcast title '' Jet Set Radio'', which was revealed at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show, drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. It used cel-shading for its characters and its vibrant visual style has had a lasting influence on the use of cel-shading in video games. The PlayStation title '' Fear Effect'' also had character models that are cel-shaded, and was released in February 2000, several months before ''Jet Set Radio'' officially released in mid-2000. Since the early 2000s, many notable video games have made use of this style, such as '' The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'' (2002) and '' Ōkami'' (2006).

Cel shading, in contrast to other visual styles such as photorealism, is often used to lend a more artistic or fantastical element to a video game's environment. In developing ''Ōkami'', director Hideki Kamiya described his vision for the game's graphics: "I wanted to create a game with the natural beauty of the Japanese countryside... to make a world that was glistening and beautiful." Producer Atsushi Inaba recalls in a 2004 interview that Clover Studios had "abandoned the realistic style" for ''Ōkami'' as they became inspired by traditional Japanese art.

Game studios might choose a style such as cel shading in their development for reasons beyond artistic vision. Cel shaded graphics are usually simple in visual information, which can be useful in some applications. In the case of ''The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker'', developer Satoru Takizawa states that using this style allowed to “represent the mechanisms and objects for puzzles n ''The Wind Waker''in a more easy-to-understand way”. Takizawa also argues that photorealistic graphics, in contrast, would have “had the adverse effect of making information difficult to represent game-wise”.

Lists of cel-shaded media

Film

* '' The Great Mouse Detective'', a 1986 American animated film based on "Basil of Baker Street" by Eve Titus and Paul Galdone
* ''Technological Threat'', a 1988 American animated short made by Brian Jennings and Bill Kroyer and was produced by Kroyer Films.
* '' Help! I'm a Fish'', a 2000 Danish-German-Irish traditionally animated science fantasy musical film.
* '' The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle'' (2000)
* '' The Little Polar Bear'', a 2001 German animated film based on Hans de Beer books.
* '' Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron'', a 2002 American animated Western film.
* '' Brother Bear'', a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film.
* '' Hot Wheels: World Race'', a 2003 computer-animated direct-to-video film.
* '' Appleseed'', a 2004 Japanese animated film.
* '' Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild'', a 2005 American computer-animated comedy film.
* '' A Scanner Darkly'', a 2006 film based on Philip K. Dick novel.
* '' Horrid Henry: The Movie'', a 2011 British 3D children's film based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children's book series of the same name by Francesca Simon.
* '' Paperman'', a 2012 American black-and-white computer-cel animated short film.
* '' Feast'', a 2014 American 2D animated romantic comedy short film.
* '' The Peanuts Movie'' (2015)
* '' Mutafukaz: Operation Blackhead'', a 2017 crime short film that became the basis for the comic book for the same name produced by Run.
* '' Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse'' (2018)
* '' Tom & Jerry'' (2021)
* '' Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers'' (2022)
* ''The Pink Panther'' directed by Jeff Fowler (Upcoming Film)

Television

* '' Molly, Star-Racer'' - a 2001 French television pilot produced by Sparx Animation Studios
* Spider-Man: The New Animated Series - a 2003 Canadian-American television series produced by Mainframe Studios, Marvel Enterprises, Adelaide Productions, and Sony Pictures Television
* '' Boo!'' - a 2003 British television series produced by Tell-Tale Productions
* '' Dragon Booster'' - a 2004 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
* '' Handy Manny'' - a 2006 American-Canadian children's television series produced by Nelvana
* '' Z-Squad'' - a 2006 South Korean-Canadian magical girl television series produced by Enemes, SBS, CJ Entertainment, and Nelvana