Catullus 55

The poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus was written towards the end of the Roman Republic. It describes the lifestyle of the poet and his friends, as well as, most famously, his love for the woman he calls Lesbia.

Sources and organization

Catullus's poems have been preserved in three manuscripts that were copied from one of two copies made from a lost manuscript discovered around 1300. These three surviving manuscript copies are stored at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and the Vatican Library in Rome. These manuscripts contained approximately 116 of Catullus's ''carmina''. However, a few fragments quoted by later Roman editors but not found in the manuscripts show that there are some additional poems that have been lost. There is no scholarly consensus on whether Catullus himself arranged the order of the poems.

While the numbering of the poems up to 116 has been retained, three of these poems—18, 19 and 20—are excluded from most modern editions because they are now considered not to be Catullan, having been added by Muretus in his 1554 edition (which identified 113 poems existing in the Catullan manuscripts). Some modern editors (and commentators), however, retain ''Poem'' 18 as genuine Catullan. Furthermore, some editors have considered that, in some cases, two poems have been brought together by previous editors, and, by dividing these, add 2B, 14B, 58B, 68B and 78B as separate poems. Not all editors agree with these divisions, especially with regard to ''Poem'' 68.

Catullus's ''carmina'' can be divided into three formal parts: short poems in varying metres, called '' polymetra'' (1–60); eight longer poems (61–68); and forty-eight epigrams (69–116). The longer poems differ from the ''polymetra'' and the epigrams not only in length but also in their subjects: there are seven hymns and one mini- epic, or epyllion, the most highly prized form for the " new poets".

The ''polymetra'' and the epigrams can be divided into four major thematic groups (ignoring a rather large number of poems eluding such categorization):

* poems to and about his friends (e.g., an invitation such as ''Poem'' 13).
* erotic poems: some of them indicate homosexual penchants (48, 50, and 99), but most are about women, especially about one he calls "Lesbia" (in honour of the poet Sappho of Lesbos, source and inspiration of many of his poems); philologists have gone to considerable efforts to discover her real identity, and many have concluded that Lesbia was Clodia, sister of the infamous Publius Clodius Pulcher and a woman known for her generous sexuality, but this identification rests on some rather fragile assumptions. Catullus displays a wide range of highly emotional and seemingly contradictory responses to Lesbia, ranging from tender love poems to sadness, disappointment, and bitter sarcasm.
* invectives: some of these often rude and sometimes downright obscene poems are targeted at friends-turned-traitors (e.g., ''Poem'' 16) and other lovers of Lesbia, but many well-known poets, politicians (e.g. Julius Caesar) and orators, including Cicero, are thrashed as well. However, many of these poems are humorous and craftily veil the sting of the attack. For example, Catullus writes a poem mocking a pretentious descendant of a freedman who emphasizes the letter "h" in his speech because it makes him sound more like a learned Greek by adding unnecessary Hs to words like ''insidias'' (ambush).
* condolences: some poems of Catullus are, in fact, serious in nature. One poem, 96, comforts a friend for the death of his wife, while several others, most famously 101, lament the death of his brother.

All these poems describe the lifestyle of Catullus and his friends, who, despite Catullus's temporary political post in Bithynia, appear to have lived withdrawn from politics. They were interested mainly in poetry and love. Above all other qualities, Catullus seems to have sought ''venustas'' (attractiveness, beauty) and ''lepos'' (charm). The ancient Roman concept of ''virtus'' (i.e. of virtue that had to be proved by a political or military career), which Cicero suggested as the solution to the societal problems of the late Republic, are interrogated in Catullus.

But it is not the traditional notions Catullus rejects, merely their monopolized application to the active life of politics and war. Indeed, he tries to reinvent these notions from a personal point of view and to introduce them into human relationships. For example, he applies the word ''fides'', which traditionally meant faithfulness towards one's political allies, to his relationship with Lesbia and reinterprets it as unconditional faithfulness in love. So, despite the seeming frivolity of his lifestyle, Catullus measured himself and his friends by quite ambitious standards.

Catullus is the predecessor in Roman elegy for poets like Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid. Catullus's focus in his poetry is on himself, the male lover. He writes obsessively about Lesbia; however she is just an object to him. In his writing, the male lover is the important character, and Lesbia is part of his theatrical passion. Catullus's love-poetry offers a superb example of why it is not enough in love to focus exclusively on one's own feelings. It is important to note Catullus came at the beginning of this genre, so his work is much different than his predecessors. Ovid is heavily influenced by Catullus; however, he switches the focus of his writing to the concept of love and Amor, rather than himself or the male lover. This opposing views begin to shape the different types of love and controversies in Roman elegiac poetry.

Inspirations

Catullus deeply admired Sappho and Callimachus. ''Poem'' 66 is a quite faithful translation of Callimachus' poem Βερενίκης Πλόκαμος ("Berenice's Braid", '' Aetia'' fr. 110 Pfeiffer) and he adapted one of his epigrams, on the lover Callignotus who broke his promise to Ionis in favor of a boy (Ep. 11 Gow-Page) into poem 70. Poem 51, on the other hand, is an adaption and re-imagining of Sappho 31. Poems 51 and 11 are the only poems of Catullus written in the meter of Sapphic strophe, and may be respectively his first and last poems to Lesbia. He was also inspired by the corruption of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and the other aristocrats of his time.

Influence

Catullus was a popular poet in the Renaissance and a central model for the neo-Latin love elegy. By 1347 Petrarch was an admirer and imitator who read the ancient poet in the Verona codex (the "V" manuscript). Catullus also influenced other humanist poets, including Panormita, Pontano, and Marullus.

Catullus influenced many English poets, including Andrew Marvell and Robert Herrick. Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe wrote imitations of his shorter poems, particularly Catullus 5, and John Milton wrote of the poet's "Satyirical sharpness, or naked plainness."

He has been praised as a lyricist and translated by writers including Thomas Campion, William Wordsworth, James Methven, and Louis Zukofsky.

Poems 5, 8, 32, 41, 51, 58, 70, 73, 75, 85, 87 and 109 were set to music by Carl Orff as part of his Catulli Carmina.

Style

Catullus wrote in many different meters including hendecasyllabic and elegiac couplets (common in love poetry). A portion of his poetry (roughly a fourth) shows strong and occasionally wild emotions especially in regard to Lesbia. He also demonstrates a great sense of humour such as in Catullus 13 and 42.

Many of the literary techniques he used are still common today, including hyperbole: ''plenus sacculus est aranearum'' (Catullus 13), which translates as ‘ ypurse is all full – of cobwebs.’ He also uses anaphora e.g. ''Salve, nec minimo puella naso nec bello pede nec…''(Catullus 43) as well as tricolon and alliteration. He is also very fond of diminutives such as in Catullus 50: ''Hesterno, Licini, die otiose/multum lusimus in meis tabellis'' – Yesterday, Licinius, was a day of leisure/ playing many games in my little note books.

History of the texts of Catullus's poems

Far more than for major Classical poets such as Virgil and Horace, the texts of Catullus's poems are in a corrupted condition, with omissions and disputable word choices present in many of the poems, making textual analysis and even conjectural changes important in the study of his poems.

A single book of poems by Catullus barely survived the millennia, and the texts of a great many of the poems are considered corrupted to one extent or another from hand transmission of manuscript to manuscript. Even an early scribe, of the manuscript G, lamented the poor condition of the source and announced to readers that he was not to blame:

Even in the twentieth century, not all major manuscripts were known to all major scholars (or at least the importance of all of the major manuscripts was not recognized), and some important scholarly works on Catullus don't refer to them.

Before the fourteenth century

In the Middle Ages, Catullus appears to have been barely known. In one of the few references to his poetry, Isidore of Seville quotes from the poet in the seventh century. In 966 Bishop Rather of Verona, the poet's hometown, discovered a manuscript of his poems "and reproached himself for spending day and night with Catullus's poetry." No more information on any Catullus manuscript is known again until about 1300.

Major source manuscripts up to the fourteenth century

A small number of manuscripts were the main vehicles for preserving Catullus's poems, known by these capital-letter names. Other, minor source manuscripts are designated with lower-case letters.

In summary, these are the relationships of major Catullus manuscripts:
* The V manuscript spawned A, which spawned O and X. The X manuscript then spawned G and R, and T is some kind of distant relative.
* O, G, R, and T are known exactly, but V is lost, and we have no direct knowledge of A and X, which are deduced by scholars.

Descriptions and history of the major source manuscripts

*T – ninth-century – contains only ''Poem'' 62.
*V – nothing is known about its creation date, except that it was certainly written in a minuscule script; it became known in the late 13th or early 14th century – a manuscript preserved in the Chapter Library of Verona and also known as the Verona Codex, is said to have been "clearly available to various Paduan and Veronese humanists in the period 1290 – 1310". Benvenuto de Campesanis "celebrated the discovery as the poet's resurrection from the dead". This manuscript is now lost. V was the sole source of nearly all of the poet's surviving work. It was a "late and corrupt copy which was already the despair of its earliest scribes." Many scholars think this manuscript spawned manuscripts O, X, G, and R.
*A – a scholar-deduced intermediate source of the O and X manuscripts. If it existed, it could date from the late 13th to sometime in the 14th century – created from V soon after V was discovered in Verona. Its (disputable) existence is deduced from the titles and divisions of the poems of the O, X, G, and R manuscripts.
*O – last third of the fourteenth century. It is most probably the oldest of all known MSS. containing the entire Catullan corpus (T is five hundred years older, but it contains only one poem). Its importance was not presented to the public until R. Ellis brought out ''Catulli Veronensis Liber'' in 1867 (Oxford).
*X – last quarter of the fourteenth century. This manuscript is lost; scholars deduced its existence as a direct source of the later G and R manuscripts. Contrary to the disputable existence of A, the existence of X is not doubted.
*G – last quarter of the fourteenth century. G and R are two manuscripts with close textual "proximity" that "make it clear that these two descend together" from a common source (X). G bears a date of 19 October 1375 in its subscription, but there is a prevailing opinion of scholars that this date (and the entire subscription) has been copied from X.
*R – in about 1391, the X manuscript was copied for the humanist Coluccio Salutati, the chancellor of Florence. This copy is the R manuscript. Coluccio added some important marginal readings, now called "R²". Some of this material comes from the X manuscript because it is also present in G. The R manuscript, lost through an error in cataloguing, was dramatically rediscovered in a dusty corner of the Vatican Library by the American scholar William Gardner Hale in 1896. It helped form the basis of Ellis's ''Oxford Classical Text'' of Catullus in 1904, but didn't receive wide recognition until 1970, when it was printed in a facsimile edition by D.F.S. Thompson: ''The Codex Romanus of Catullus: A Collation of the Text'' (RhM 113: 97–110).

In print

The text was first printed in Venice by printer Wendelin von Speyer in 1472. There were many manuscripts in circulation by this time. A second printed edition appeared the following year in Parma by Francesco Puteolano, who stated that he had made extensive corrections to the previous edition.

Over the next hundred years, Poliziano, Scaliger and other humanists worked on the text and "dramatically improved" it, according to Stephen J. Harrison: "the ''apparatus criticus'' of any modern edition bears eloquent witness to the activities of these fifteenth and sixteenth-century scholars."

The divisions of poems gradually approached something very close to the modern divisions, especially with the 1577 edition of Joseph J. Scaliger, ''Catulli Properti Tibulli nova editio'' (Paris).

:"Sixteenth-century Paris was an especially lively center of Catullan scholarship," one Catullus scholar has written. Scaliger's edition took a "novel approach to textual criticism. Scaliger argued that all Catullus manuscripts descended from a single, lost archetype. ... His attempt to reconstruct the characteristics of the lost archetype was also highly original. .. the tradition of classical philology, there was no precedent for so detailed an effort at reconstruction of a lost witness."

In 1876, Emil Baehrens brought out the first version of his edition, ''Catulli Veronensis Liber'' (two volumes; Leipzig), which contained the text from G and O alone, with a number of emendations.

In the twentieth century

The 1949 Oxford Classical Text by R.A.B. Mynors, partly because of its wide availability, has become the standard text, at least in the English-speaking world.

One very influential article in Catullus scholarship, R.G.M. Nisbet's "Notes on the text and interpretation of Catullus" (available in Nisbet's ''Collected Papers on Latin Literature'', Oxford, 1995), gave Nisbet's own conjectural solutions to more than 20 problematic passages of the poems. He also revived a number of older conjectures, going as far back as Renaissance scholarship, which editors had ignored.

Another influential text of Catullus poems is that of George P. Goold, ''Catullus'' (London, 1983).

Readings

File:Catullus 1 in Latin English Cui dono lepidum novum libellum.webm, Catullus 1 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 2 in Latin English Passer, deliciae meae puellae.webm, Catullus 2 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 3 in Latin English Lugete, O Veneres Cupidinesque.webm, Catullus 3 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 4 in Latin English Phaselus ille, quem videtis, hospites.webm, Catullus 4 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 5 in Latin English Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus.webm, Catullus 5 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 6 in Latin English Flavi, delicias tuas Catullo.webm, Catullus 6 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 7 in Latin English Quaeris, quot mihi basiationes tuae, Lesbia.webm, Catullus 7 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 8 in Latin English Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire.webm, Catullus 8 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 9 in Latin English Verani, omnibus e meis amicis.webm, Catullus 9 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 10 in Latin English Varus me meus ad suos amores.webm, Catullus 10 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 11 in Latin English Furi et Aureli comites Catulli.webm, Catullus 11 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 12 in Latin English Marrucine Asini, manu sinistra non belle uteris.webm, Catullus 12 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 14 in Latin English Ni te plus oculis meis amarem, iucundissime Calve.webm, Catullus 14 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 15 in Latin English Commendo tibi me ac meos amores, Aureli.webm, Catullus 15 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 16 in Latin English Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo.webm, Catullus 16 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 17 in Latin English O Colonia, quae cupis ponte ludere longo.webm, Catullus 17 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 21 in Latin English Aureli, pater esuritionum.webm, Catullus 21 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 22 in Latin English Suffenus iste, Vare, quem probe nosti.webm, Catullus 22 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 23 in Latin English Furi cui neque servus est neque arca.webm, Catullus 23 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 24 in Latin English O qui flosculus es Iuventiorum.webm, Catullus 24 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 25 in Latin English Cinaede Thalle, mollior cuniculi capillo.webm, Catullus 25 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 26 in Latin English Furi, villula vestra non ad Austri flatus opposita est.webm, Catullus 26 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 27 in Latin English Minister vetuli puer Falerni.webm, Catullus 27 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 28 in Latin English Pisonis comites, cohors inanis.webm, Catullus 28 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 29 in Latin English Quis hoc potest videre, quis potest pati.webm, Catullus 29 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 30 in Latin English Alfene immemor atque unanimis false sodalibus.webm, Catullus 30 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 31 in Latin English Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque ocelle.webm, Catullus 31 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 32 in Latin English Amabo, mea dulcis Ipsitilla; Pronunciation Meter Notes.webm, Catullus 32 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 33 in Latin O furum optime balneariorum, Pronunciation, Meter, Vocabulary Grammar Notes.webm, Catullus 33 Latin and English
File:Catullus 34 in Latin English w Pronunciation Meter Notes Dianae sumus in fide.webm, Catullus 34 Latin and English
File:Catullus 35 in Latin English Poetae tenero, meo sodali, velim Caecilio, Papyre.webm, Catullus 35 Latin and English
File:Catullus 36 in Latin English Annales Volusi, cacata carta.webm, Catullus 36 Latin and English
File:Catullus 37 in Latin English Salax taberna vosque contubernales.webm, Catullus 37 Latin and English
File:Catullus 38 in Latin and English.webm, Catullus 38 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 39 in Latin English, Vocabulary, Grammar Notes Egnatius, quod candidos habet dentes.webm, Catullus 39 in Latin and English
File:Catullus 40 in Latin English; Vocabulary Grammar Notes Quaenam te mala mens, miselle Ravide.webm, Catullus 40 Latin and English
File:Catullus 41 in Latin English with Vocabulary Grammar notes Ameana puella defututa.webm, Catullus 41 Latin and English
File:Catullus 42 in Latin English, Vocabulary Grammar Notes Adeste, hendecasyllabi, quot estis omnes.webm, Catullus 42 Latin and English
File:Catullus 43 in Latin English, Vocabulary Grammar Notes Salve, nec minimo puella naso.webm, Catullus 43 Latin and English
File:Catullus 44 in Latin English with Vocabulary Notes O funde noster seu Sabine seu Tiburs.webm, Catullus 44 Latin and English
File:Catullus 45 in Latin English Acmen Septimius suos amores.webm, Catullus 45 in Latin English
File:Catullus 46 in Latin English Iam ver egelidos refert tepores, Vocabulary Notes.webm, Catullus 46 in Latin English
File:Catullus 47 in Latin English Porci et Socration, duae sinistrae Pisonis.webm, Catullus 47 in Latin English
File:Catullus 48.webm, Catullus 48 Latine Anglice Mellitos oculos tuos, Iuventi
File:Catullus 49 in Latin & English- Disertissime Romuli nepotum.webm, Catullus 49 in Latin & English- Disertissime Romuli nepotum
File:Catullus 50 in Latin & English- Hesterno, Licini, die otiosi, Vocabulary notes.webm, Catullus 50 in Latin & English- Hesterno, Licini, die otiosi, Vocabulary notes
File:Catullus 51 in Latin English Ille mi par esse deo videtur, Pronunciation Meter Notes.webm, Catullus 51 Latin and English
File:Catullus 52 in Latin & English- Quid est, Catulle- Quid moraris emori-.webm, Catullus 52 in Latin & English- Quid est, Catulle- Quid moraris emori
File:Catullus 53 in Latin & English- Risi nescio quem modo e corona.webm, Catullus 53 in Latin & English- Risi nescio quem modo e corona
File:Catullus 55 in Latin & English- Oramus, si forte non molestum est.webm, Catullus 55 in Latin & English- Oramus, si forte non molestum est
File:Catullus 101 in Latin w Pronunciation Meter Notes Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus.webm, Catullus 101

See also

* Codex Vaticanus Ottobonianus Latinus 1829

Notes

References

*''Oxford Latin Reader'', by Maurice Balme and James Morwood (1997)

Collections and commentaries

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External links

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Poems of Catullus at ''Project Gutenberg''

Catullus's work in Latin and over 25 other languages at ''Catullus Translations''

Find other Catullus-minded people and discuss his works with them at the ''Catullus Forum''

The complete poems of Catullus at ''The Latin Library''


Short essay on Catullus by Morgan Meis of 3 Quarks Daily

Poems of Catullus in Latin/English


CATULLUS PURIFIED: A BRIEF HISTORY OF CARMEN 16

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