Catharine Furnace is a historic

iron furnace A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheric p ...

in Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park, near Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. It was built in 1837 and closed down ten years later. During the American Civil War the furnace came into use again. John S. Wellford was the manager, principal owner and driving force of Catharine Furnace from its foundation to his death in 1846. His success in obtaining government ordnance contracts for the furnace was based on his personal social network. Relying on these contracts, the company neglected to expand on the open market. When Wellford died in 1846, the loss of his network therefore led to its failure. In 1861, the furnace was taken over by a new company. It began its operations by restoring and updating the furnace. During the Overland Campaign, the furnace was at least partly destroyed by Union troops, yet being rebuilt again in November 1864 and in full operation in February 1865. The furnace operated under contract with the Confederate government and enjoyed the release of skilled workers from the Confederate army for service at the furnace. After the end of the war, the demand for Virginia iron products ceased due to loss of government contract and competition from western Pennsylvania.

First period, 1836-1847

Catharine Furnace was founded and built by ''Fredericksburg Iron and Steel Manufacturing Company'', a

joint-stock company A joint-stock company is a business entity in which shares of the company's capital stock, stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their share (finance), shares (certificates ...

chartered in 1836, and owned by Francis B. Deane, John Heth, John S. Wellford, Edward H. Carmichael and William Crump with an undivided fifth interest each. Wellford was the financial backer of the company as well as the manager of the furnace. After several transfers, the owners of the company in 1841 was Wellford who owned two undivided and one half of a fifth, Carmichael whose fifth was held in trust by William N. Wellford (the son of John S.), Deane whose fifth was held in trust by Richard N. Cunningham, and Henry Taylor who had bought half of Crump's fifth. When Wellford in 1846 bought Taylor's half interest, he obtained the controlling interest of the company. Wellford was the financial backer of the company and the manager of the furnace. When the older Wellford died in 1846, the younger Wellford, in agreement with Carmichael and Cunningham, decided to terminate operations and sell the furnace. No purchaser was found, however, and the owners in 1847 abandoned the

blast furnace A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheric ...

and other buildings.Northington 1936, ''op.cit.'', pp. 72-75. John Spotswood Wellford

John S. Wellford was a seasoned entrepreneur with a well developed personal network linking bankers,

miner A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, chalk, clay, or other minerals from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used. In its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face; cutting, blasting, ...

s and other enthusiasts of internal improvements. The company acquired land with rich assets of

iron ore Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to rusty red. The iron is usually found in the fo ...

and extensive woodlands suitable for charcoal production. Situated in an area with a surplus of enslaved workers that often were hired by iron works in the

Shenandoah Valley The Shenandoah Valley () is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. The valley is bounded to the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains, to the west by the eastern front of the Ridge- ...

, the furnace enjoyed a comparative advantage over its business rivals in acquiring inexpensive labor. Shares in the company was technically open for purchase by the general public, yet in reality it functioned as a partnership, with Wellford much of the time running the business as if he was a proprietary owner. Wellford named the furnace after his mother, and by the early spring of 1838 the blast furnace was ready for operation. The

panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major depression, which lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down, westward expansion was stalled, unemployment went up, and pessimism abound ...

undermined the business prospects in the iron industry dramatically, yet Catharine Furnace could sell

pig iron Pig iron, also known as crude iron, is an intermediate product of the iron industry in the production of steel which is obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Pig iron has a high carbon content, typically 3.8–4.7%, along with silic ...

to ''Fredericksburg Union Manufacturing Company'' and to Tredegar Iron Company. Two of the company's owner, Edward H. Carmichael and William Crump, sat on the board of the Fredericksburg Union Co., while another owner, Francis B. Deane, was president of Tredegar ironworks. Tredegar remained Catherine Furnace's largest customer until 1841, when Tredegar's business was at a slump and Deane left the presidency. During these years Catherine Furnace had been run with an accumulated loss of thirty-nine thousand dollars. From 1841, the business of Catharine Furnace began to improve through a number of ordnance contracts with the Navy and War departments. The Navy bought many tens of thousands of 32-pound shots, making the mainstay of the company's income. Wellford managed to persuade the Navy to give an extra allowance for transportation of the heavy shots from the furnace to Fredericksburg and from there to

Gosport Navy Yard The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling and repairing the Navy's ships. It is the oldest and largest industrial facility tha ...

. He lost out to bids from the Tredegar Works, however, and in 1845 the deliveries had been discontinued. The Army replaced the Navy as Catherine Furnace's main customer, now buying 8 and 10 inch

artillery shell A shell, in a military context, is a projectile whose payload contains an explosive, incendiary, or other chemical filling. Originally it was called a bombshell, but "shell" has come to be unambiguous in a military context. Modern usage ...

and 12 and 24 pound shot to be delivered at Fort Monroe. When Wellford died in December 1846, the business fell apart. A large government contract never came through and the surviving owners were not able to take over his role as the driving force behind the company. The government only contracted with individuals, not companies, and Wellford's son and

executor An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form, executrix, may sometimes be used. Overview An executor is a legal term referring to a person named by the maker of a ...

William Wellford, were neither willing, nor able to follow in his father's footsteps. The personal network that the older Wellford had created, and which he relied on to create business opportunities, could not be replicated by his son.

Second period, 1861-1865

In 1861, the furnace was sold to a

consortium A consortium (plural: consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for ...

made up of George B. Scott, A. Alexander Little, J. Warren Slaughter, Charles C. Wellford (the brother of the deceased John S.) and Charles B. Wellford (the nephew). Within two months, the consortium sold the property to ''The Catherine Furnace Company''; a business venture with the purpose of mining and smelting ore and manufacturing iron, owned by the members of the consortium themselves. It was the increased demand for iron for arming the Confederate army and navy that made resumptions of operations profitable. Catharine Furnace entered into a contract with the Confederate Navy; it was agreed that the furnace would deliver 2,000 tons of

over three years. The iron would be used either by the Tredegar Works or the Virginia State Armory, both at Richmond. The first blast took place in 1862 after the stack and the hot blast equipment was repaired and a

steam engine A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be trans ...

was bought. Catherine Furnace also managed to obtain leave from the army for a large number of skilled workers needed for the rebuilding of the furnace. Catharine Furnace (Chancellorsville)

In July 1862, Charles C. Wellford was imprisoned by the federal government, but released after six weeks in custody. He later moved his family to Catharine Furnace when his house in the city was damaged during the

battle of Fredericksburg The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought December 11–15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The combat, between the Union Army of the Potomac commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnsi ...

. The battle of Chancellorsville raged around the furnace complex. Wellford had to run into the woods when federal soldiers early in the battle searched his house for enemies and food.

Stonewall Jackson Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, considered one of the best-known Confederate commanders, after Robert E. Lee. He played a prominent role in nearl ...

's flanking movement began at Catharine Furnace. The movement took place along cart roads that Wellford had told Stonewall's

topographical engineer Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sci ...

Jedediah Hotchkiss about, and was guided by Wellford's son, Charles B. Wellford. The Union Army believed Stonewall was retreating and opened artillery fire after them, forcing Wellford's wife and daughters to flee the bursting shells. A small confederate regiment held a defensive line at the furnace in order to buy time for Stonewall's flanking movement and fighting took place among the furnace buildings. After the battle, Catharine Furnace Company claimed compensation for damages from the Confederate government. Most breakage did not occur during actual combat, but at the time when United States forces held the furnace while the real fighting took place north of it. The furnace was repaired and back in operation in early 1864. During the Overland Campaign, Union cavalry under

General Custer George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class, b ...

met Confederate cavalry under

Fitz Lee Fitzhugh Lee (November 19, 1835 – April 28, 1905) was a Confederate cavalry general in the American Civil War, the 40th Governor of Virginia, diplomat, and United States Army general in the Spanish–American War. He was the son of Sydney Smi ...

at the furnace on May 6, 1864. The fighting resulted in the destruction of the furnace, and it was officially reported by the Confederate Army that the complex was "burned by the enemy". It was not the end of Catharine Furnace, as it was rebuilt, back in operation and hiring slaves at least as early as at the end of January 1865. J. Warren Slaughter took over from Wellford as actual manager, but the end of the war ended the heavy demand for iron; the inventory was sold to Philadelphia and Slaughter was told to sell off the land.

Appendix: Physical property 1847

When the owners decided to sell Catharine Furnace in 1847, a description of the property was included in advertisements published in several papers. The property contained 4,684 acres of land; a dwelling house or family residence, two stories, 8 rooms, kitchen and room for servants; an engine house of stone, 20 feet wide and 70 feet long, and a

of 14 horsepower; a blast furnace 36 feet high, built in 1837 with two tuyeres; a bridge house 33 feet wide and 47 feet long; a casting house 30 feet wide and 50 feet long with a shed on each side; cupolas; office; boarding house for workers; ball house; pattern house;

smoke house A smokehouse (North American) or smokery (British) is a building where meat or fish is cured with smoke. The finished product might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more.

; and a coal house.

Appendix: Enslaved labor 1837-1846

Although positions as moulders at Catharine Furnace were filled by itinerant white workers, the bulk of the labor needed was provided by enslaved workers hired from their masters. Patterns and gauges were provided by the government and the furnace did not develop its own labor force of skilled workers. In 1837, the labor force consisted of 86 enslaved workers, with 19 earmarked as mine workers. The number of hired enslaved workers varied over the years. The lowest figure was 33 in 1844 which was about the minimum number needed to run a furnace. The highest number was 100 in 1838. Wellford used both free and enslaved workers for making

charcoal Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, cal ...

. Colliers were skilled workers and Wellford used to reward the enslaved collier he hired with small amount of cash, at the same time paying a large sum in hire for him. The menial task of chopping wood for the pile was done by unqualified enslaved labor. Enslaved workers at the furnace were also paid cash for extra work. There are records of enslaved workers trying to run away but no evidence of anyone succeeding.Adams 2011, ''op.cit.'', pp. 51, 58, 81.

References

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