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Caspofungin ( INN) (brand name Cancidas) is a lipopeptide
antifungal An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as crypto ...
drug from Merck & Co., Inc. discovered by James Balkovec, Regina Black and Frances A. Bouffard. It is a member of a new class of antifungals termed the
echinocandin Echinocandins are a class of antifungal drugs that inhibit the synthesis of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall via noncompetitive inhibition of the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase. The class has been termed the "penicillin of antifungals," along ...
s. It works by inhibiting the enzyme (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase and thereby disturbing the integrity of the fungal
cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...
. Caspofungin was the first inhibitor of fungal (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthesis to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Caspofungin is administered intravenously. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


Spectrum of Activity

Caspofungin has been effective in treating fungal infections caused by ''Aspergillus'' and ''Candida'' species. It is a member of the echinocandin family, a new class of antifungal agents with broad spectrum of activity against all Candida species. In comparison to treatment with either fluconazole or Amphotericin B, all three drugs in this class have been demonstrated to be highly effective or superior in well-defined clinical settings including invasive Candida infections, Candida oesophagitis and candidaemia. Higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these agents has been observed against C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. The following summarizes MIC susceptibility for a few medically significant organisms. * ''Candida albicans'' 0.015 — 16 ''μ''g/mL * ''Candida krusei'' 0.03 — 8 ''μ''g/mL * ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' — 16 ''μ''g/mL


Indications

Caspofungin acetate for injection was originally approved by both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in the U.S., and the EMEA, in Europe, in 2001. Its currently approved therapeutic indications by both organisations include the empirical therapy of presumed fungal infections in febrile, neutropenic adult patients and for salvage therapy in patients treatment of invasive aspergillosis in adult patients whose disease is refractory to, or who are intolerant of, other antifungal agents (i.e., conventional or lipid formulations of amphotericin B and/or itraconazole). Additionally, the FDA approval includes indication for the treatment of
candidemia Fungemia is the presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood. The most common type, also known as candidemia, candedemia, or systemic candidiasis, is caused by '' Candida'' species; candidemia is also among the most common bloodstream infections of a ...
and some specific ''Candida'' infections (intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, pleural cavity infections, and esophagitis) and the EMEA approval includes indication for the treatment of general invasive candidiasis in adult patients.


Metabolism

Slowly metabolized by peptide hydrolysis and ''N''-acetylation in liver. Therefore, in case of liver impairment the dose needs to be reduced. Caspofungin also undergoes spontaneous chemical degradation to an open-ring peptide compound, L-747969. Additional metabolism involves hydrolysis into constitutive amino acids and their derivatives, including dihydroxyhomotyrosine and ''N''-acetyl-dihydroxyhomotyrosine.


Clinical efficacy

About 36% of patients refractory to other therapies responded well to caspofungin therapy, while even 70% of patients intolerant to other therapies were classified as responders. Direct comparative studies to other drugs in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis have so far not been undertaken.


Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to caspofungin acetate or any other ingredient contained in the formulation contraindicate its use.


Warnings

* Hepatic effects The concomitant use of caspofungin and cyclosporine in healthy volunteers led to a more frequent increase of liver enzymes ( ALT=SGPT and AST=SGOT) than noted with cyclosporine alone. Combination treatment is only indicated if the potential benefit for the patient outweighs the potential risk. Dosage reduction in patients with moderately impaired liver function is recommended. No clinical data exist regarding the use of caspofungin in patients with severely impaired liver function. * Sensitivity reactions Reactions due to histamine release (rash, facial swelling, pruritus, sensation of warmth and one case of anaphylaxis) have been seen. Health-care providers should carefully watch for these reactions. * Drug resistance In a few patients with infections caused by '' Candida albicans'', mutants with reduced sensitivity to caspofungin have been noticed. Currently there are no data regarding development of resistance in other fungi than ''C. albicans''.


Pregnancy and lactation

Caspofungin has been shown in animal studies to have embroyotoxic properties, and therefore has been assigned to class C. It should only be given to pregnant women if the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risk to her fetus. The drug is found in the milk of lactating rats, but it is not known whether this is seen in humans. Thus, lactating women should be treated cautiously.


Geriatric patients

Ordinarily, no dose adjustments are necessary, however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.


Pediatric patients

Caspofungin is FDA approved for pediatric patients 3 months and older. Dosing is based on body surface area (BSA) as calculated by the Mosteller formula.


Side effects

Compared to amphotericin B, caspofungin seems to have a relatively low incidence of side effects. In clinical studies and postmarketing reports, the side effects seen in 1% or more of the patients were as follows: * Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea * Central nervous system:
headache Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck. It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result ...
* Whole body: fever, phlebitis or thrombophlebitis, complications at the
intravenous cannulation Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutri ...
site (e.g. induration), unspecified pain, flu-like syndrome, myalgia, chills, and
paresthesia Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause. Paresthesia may be transient or chronic, and may have any of dozens of possible underlying causes. Paresthesias ar ...
* Respiratory: dyspnea * Renal: increased plasma creatinine * Hematological: anemia *
Electrolyte An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. Upon dis ...
s: hypokalemia * Liver: increased liver enzymes (asymptomatic) * Hypersensitivity: rash, facial edema, pruritus * Other: tachycardia Additionally, infrequent cases of symptomatic liver damage, peripheral edema and swelling, and
hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia, also spelled hypercalcaemia, is a high calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum. The normal range is 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), with levels greater than 2.6 mmol/L defined as hypercalcemi ...
have been seen. One case of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) has also been noted.


Resistance

Resistance in ''C. albicans'' has been described, but is currently still rare. The mechanism is probably a point mutation in the (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase gene.


Drug interactions

* Cyclosporin: see under hepatic effects * Tacrolimus: potential pharmacokinetic interactions * Other systemic antimycotic agents: with amphotericin B, itraconazole and mycophenolate, no interactions have been seen * Inducers of drug clearance (e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, dexamethasone): consider 70 mg intravenous as maintenance dose instead of 50 mg


Duration of treatment

The mean duration of therapy in previous studies was 34 days. Some patients were even healed by a one-day treatment. However, a few patients were treated for as long as 162 days and tolerated the drug well, indicating that longtime use may be indicated and tolerated favourably in complicated cases of aspergillosis. Generally, the duration of treatment is dictated by the severity of the disease, the clinical response, and the improvement of immunocompetence in immunocompromised patients.


Dosage

An initial dose of 70 mg by intravenous infusion is given followed by 50 mg intravenous daily. If no response is seen or if inducers of caspofungin clearance (see above) are coadministered the daily dose may be increased to 70 mg. An infusion should take approximately 1 hour.


Dosage forms

* Cancidas 50 mg for intravenous infusion (manufacturer Merck) * Cancidas 70 mg for intravenous infusion (manufacturer Merck) * Brand names in countries other than the U.S. may vary.


Semisynthesis

Caspofungin is semisynthesized from
pneumocandin B0 Pneumocandin B0, also known as pneumocandin B0, pneumocandin B(0), and hydroxy echinocandin, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C50 H80 N8 O17, produced by the fungus '' Glarea lozoyensis''. It is a strong antifungal and inhibit ...
, a fermentation product of '' Glarea lozoyensis''.


References


External links

*
U.S. Full Prescribing Information

EMA on Cancidas (Summary of Product Characteristics)
{{Portal bar , Medicine Antifungals Echinocandins Merck & Co. brands World Health Organization essential medicines