Carrefour () is a French multinational retail and wholesaling corporation headquartered in Massy, France. The eighth-largest retailer in the world by revenue, it operates a chain of hypermarkets, groceries stores and convenience stores, which as of December 2021, comprises its 13,894 stores in over 30 countries.

History

The first Carrefour shop (not a hypermarket) opened in 1960, within suburban

Annecy Annecy ( , ; frp, Èneci or ) is the prefecture and largest city of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy, south of Geneva, Switzerland. Nicknamed ...

, near a crossroads (hence the name, ''carrefour'' means ''crossroads'' in French). The group was created in 1958 by Marcel Fournier, Denis Defforey and

Jacques Defforey Ancient and noble French family names, Jacques, Jacq, or James are believed to originate from the Middle Ages in the historic northwest Brittany region in France, and have since spread around the world over the centuries. To date, there are ov ...

, who attended and were influenced by several seminars in the United States led by "the Pope of retail" Bernardo Trujillo. The Carrefour group was the first in Europe to open a hypermarket, a large supermarket, and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket on 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, near Paris. In April 1976, Carrefour launched a private label ''Produits libres'' (free products – ''libre'' meaning ''free'' in the sense of liberty as opposed to ''gratis'') line of fifty foodstuffs, including oil, biscuits (crackers and cookies), milk, and pasta, sold in unbranded white packages at substantially lower prices. In 1999, it merged with

Promodès Promodès is a former French group of retailers. It was owned up to 56% by the Halley family. Paul-Auguste Halley, which was a simple grocer in the Manche in the 1950s, had the idea of importing the concept of supermarkets in France. With his t ...

, better known through its retail banners Continent (hypermarkets) or Champion (supermarkets), one of its major competitors in the French market. In September 2009, Carrefour updated its logo. In May 2011, Carrefour reviewed its business situation under conditions of stagnant growth and increasing competition in France from rivals including

Casino Guichard-Perrachon SA Casino Group or Casino Guichard-Perrachon is a French mass-market retail group. It was founded on 2 August 1898 by Geoffroy Guichard under the corporate name Guichard-Perrachon & Co. Casino Group is the source of many innovations such as the f ...

, and decided to invest €1.5 billion ($2.22 billion) to introduce the supermarket concept of Carrefour Planet in Western Europe. In April 2015, Brazilian businessman

Abílio Diniz Abilio dos Santos Diniz (born December 28, 1936) is a Brazilian businessman. He is the chairman of the board of directors of Península Participações, chairman of the board of directors of BRF and member of the board of directors of both Car ...

revealed he was in talks to raise his 5.07 percent stake in Carrefour and has the support of shareholders to take a board seat. On 9 June 2017, the board of directors chose Alexandre Bompard as the new chairman and chief executive officer of Carrefour with effect as of 18 July 2017. In 2017, Carrefour began working with a small French start-up, Expliceat, on a trial basis. Expliceat built a commercial mill that is designed to crumb down leftover bread. It rents the mill to commercial bakeries and then uses the crumb to bake cookies, muffins and pancakes. In January 2018, Alexandre Bompard announced a strategic plan for the company, entitled "Carrefour 2022", that seeks to make Carrefour the "leader of the food transition for all". The plan includes measures for better food and package sustainability, limitation of food waste, development of organic products, e-commerce partnerships, and two billion euros in annual investments from 2018 as well as organisational and cost reduction measures. In the exceptional context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Carrefour is the first retailer to join ''C'est qui le Patron ?'' initiative to share its additional incomes related to COVID-19 to support people who are suffering from the current situation. According to co-founder Nicolas Chabanne, 100,000 euros have been paid out, then 50,000 euros each week until 11 May. Carrefour's Board of Directors has decided to reduce by 50% the dividend proposed for 2019. The dividend is now €0.23 per share (versus €0.46 per share). Until the end of the year, Alexandre Bompard and all the members of Carrefour Group's board of directors have decided to waive 25% of their director's fees. These savings will be used to finance solidarity actions for the company's employees, both in France and abroad. Alexandre Bompard, has decided to waive 25% of his fixed salary for a period of two months. To express his gratitude to his personnel in the field, he has decided to offer an exceptional bonus of €1,000 net to 85,000 employees in France.

Financial data

Domestic operations

The headquarters of the Groupe Carrefour is in Massy in the Paris metropolitan area. This major location gathers since 2019 the former Carrefour head office of

Boulogne-Billancourt Boulogne-Billancourt (; often colloquially called simply Boulogne, until 1924 Boulogne-sur-Seine, ) is a wealthy and prestigious Communes of France, commune in the Parisian area, located from its Kilometre zero, centre. It is a Subprefectures in ...

and the Carrefour France division office of Courcouronnes, Essonne, France, near Évry. A secondary head office is located in Mondeville, near

Caen Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional urban area has 470,000, In France, Carrefour operates under its name over 230 hypermarkets (from 2500 up to 23000 sq m sales area), 1020 Carrefour Market supermarkets (generally from 1000 up to 4000 sq m), and over 2000 smaller supermarkets and convenience stores under the Carrefour City, Carrefour Contact and Carrefour Express banners. Carrefour also owns the Promocash Cash&Carry chain (130 locations), and supplies 1500 independent small food stores under the Proxi banner. It has recently acquired the organic food chains SoBio and Bio C'Bon in order to boost is presence in this promising segment. In 2019, the group launched its first Supeco soft discount stores, which are so far all located in the French Northern region Hauts-de-France. The concept is still being assessed.

International operations

Asia

Mainland China CarrefourChinaShanghai

In 2007, expansion accelerated outside France, particularly in Asia, with the building of 36 new hypermarkets, including 22 in China – where the Group broke its record for store openings in a one-year period. It was the leading foreign retailer in terms of sales figures, until 2008 and has since lost its No. 1 position to RT-Mart. A selection of Carrefour products are sold in Hong Kong via Wellcome and its sister Market Place by Jasons. In 2019, Carrefour sold 80% equity of Carrefour China to local retail comglomorate Suning.com at €620 million. Taiwan In 1989, Carrefour became the first international retailer to establish a presence in Asia when it entered Taiwan through a joint venture with

Uni President Enterprises Corporation Uni-President Enterprises Corporation () is an international food conglomerate based in Tainan, Taiwan. It is the largest food production company in Taiwan as well as Asia, and has a significant market share in dairy products, foods and snacks, ...

. It leveraged the experience it gathered in Taiwan to expand into other Asian markets. In 2020, Carrefour Taiwan announced they would acquire 199 Wellcome and 25 Jasons Market Place stores from

Dairy Farm International DFI Retail Group Holdings Limited (formerly known as Dairy Farm International Holdings Limited) is a Hong Kong retail company with its legal base in Bermuda. A member of the Jardine Matheson Group, it is a major East Asian-Southeast Asian reta ...

. In 2022, Carrefour announces it would have sold 60% equity of Carrefour Taiwan to Uni President Enterprises Corporation. Pakistan In 2009, Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Lahore under the name of Hyperstar in a joint venture with Majid Al Futtaim Group, where it achieved in revenues in its first year. It attracted more than 1 million customers every month. On 14 November 2011, Hyperstar opened its second hypermarket in the country in Karachi. On 22 March 2016, it expanded its operations to Islamabad by opening a hypermarket in World Trade Center Islamabad. Since 20 December 2018, MAF has rebranded Hyperstar to Carrefour across Pakistan. It has plans to expand its stores to other cities including

Gujranwala Gujranwala ( ur, , label=none; ) is a city and capital of Gujranwala Division located in Pakistan. It is also known as "City of Wrestlers" and is quite famous for its food. It is the 5th most populous city proper after Karachi, Lahore, Faisala ...

, Multan and Hyderabad. As of June 2019, the group had already invested and was looking to invest another in Pakistan. It is operating at least seven hypermarkets (three in Lahore, two in Karachi, one in Islamabad and one in Faisalabad's Lyallpur Galleria) and one superstore in Pakistan.

Middle East

Majid Al Futtaim handled the Carrefour operations in MENA region since 1995 as the company opened the region's first hypermarket at City Centre Deira, albeit it initially was a Continent-branded store before it converted to Carrefour four years later. As of 2020, Majid Al Futtaim operates over 320 Carrefour stores in 16 countries, serving more than 750,000 customers daily and employing over 37,000 colleagues. Bahrain Majid Al Futtaim opened Carrefour's first Bahrain store in the Bahrain City Centre in 2008. Iran In February 2009, MAF opened its first store in Iran, called HyperStar in Western region of Tehran. It opened its second store in Iran in April 2012. This store located in Persian Gulf Complex. It opened the third store in

Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its Achaemenid empire, ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in Sassanian Empire, middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Regio ...

located in

Isfahan City Center Isfahan City Center is a large commercial and entertainment complex in Isfahan, Iran. As of November 2012, it was the second largest shopping mall (after Iran Mall ) in Iran, and one of the largest shopping malls in the world. History The mall ...

in 2012. Three other stores are to be opened in Eastern region of Tehran,

Mashhad Mashhad ( fa, مشهد, Mašhad ), also spelled Mashad, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. It serves as the capital of R ...

and Tabriz. Iraq Majid al Futtaim opened the first Carrefour in Erbil in 2011. Family Mall Carrefour Department store in Sulaymaniyah Israel In 2022, Carrefour announced that more than 150 branches will be opened in Israel. The Yeinot Bitan and Mega Ba'ir Israeli grocery chains will gradually be converted into Carrefour branches, with the first branches under the Carrefour brand opening near the end of 2022. Jordan Also operated by Majid al Futtaim, Carrefour is very popular in Jordan, with tens of locations dotting the capital and the suburbs; the largest and most frequented would be ''Carrefour: City Mall'' in the suburb of ''Dabuk''. Another multi-story complex is about to open near the ''Sixth Circle''. Carrefour Express are smaller sized stores that operate inside smaller shopping areas, best known is ''Carrefour Express: Swéfiéh Avenue'', inside the Avenue Mall in ''Swéfiéh. '' Kuwait In March 2007, Carrefour opened a store in Kuwait in

the Avenues mall ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in E ...

. Lebanon On 4 April 2013, Majid al Futtaim inaugurated a Carrefour hypermarket at their City Centre Beirut mall, in the Hazmiyeh suburb of Beirut. In September 2017, a second Carrefour outlet opened at the CityMall Dora, replacing a venue formerly held by a Monop' hypermarket. In June 2018, a third outlet opened at the Tower Center mall in

Zouk Mosbeh Zouk Mosbeh (Arabic: زوق مصبح) is a town and municipality in the Keserwan District of the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate in Lebanon. It is located 12 kilometers north of Beirut. Zouk Mosbeh's average elevation is 170 meters above sea level and ...

. In February 2019, a fourth Carrefour, and the first supermarket format venue, opened within the Aley District. The fourth Carrefour is considered a major step for the company's expansion in Lebanon. Oman In Oman, Carrefour opened a store in 2001 on the outskirts of the city of Muscat. And in 2008, another branch opened in Qurum. In May 2011 Carrefour opened a store in

Sohar Sohar ( ar, صُحَار, also Romanized as Suḥār) is the capital and largest city of the Al Batinah North Governorate in Oman. An ancient capital of the country that once served as an important Islamic port town, Suhar has also been credited ...

. The fourth Carrefour opened in March 2012 at Muscat Grand Mall. The fifth branch opened in Salalah on 24 May 2013. Carrefour now (2021) operates 12 Hypermarkets and 3 Supermarkets in Oman. Saudi Arabia Carrefour has 18 franchise operated hypermarkets in Saudi Arabia, with 7 of them being in the capital Riyadh itself. Careforuce Promotions and offers all around the ua
Brands For Less Dubai
United Arab Emirates Carrefour operates in the United Arab Emirates under Majid al Futtaim. The country's first Carrefour hypermarket at City Centre Deira opened in 1995. On 1 March 2022, Carrefour opened in City Centre Me’aisem in Dubai its first Bio store.

Europe (outside France)

Belgium Carrefour started its internationalization in Belgium in 1969 by the formation of a strategic alliance with GB Group. Between 1970 and 2000 several formats were tried with multiple brands and names used by Carrefour GB. In 2000 the Carrefour Group took over GB and Carrefour Belgium was officially born. The company retained the GB brand for some outlets as late as 2007 when all Carrefour stores were united under the Carrefour name, being operated as Carrefour and Carrefour Express GB. In May 2008, EcoPlanet Carrefour was launched selling gas and green energy throughout Belgium. In 2009 Carrefour Hyper, GB Carrefour, Carrefour Market and Carrefour Express outlets were established and online shopping was launched. In February 2010 Carrefour announced the elimination of 1,672 jobs and the closure of 21 stores and the possibility of acquisition of 20 stores by the group Mestdagh, its main franchise partner in Belgium.Italy Carrefour's presence in Italy is mainly due to its merger with Promodès, which operated hypermarkets, supermarkets and convenience stores. Carrefour is considered the 5th retailer in Italy, including lots of franchise stores. Poland Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Poland in 1997. Currently the group operates around 90 hypermarkets in this country, as well as Carrefour Market and Carrefour Express stores. Romania In 2001, Carrefour entered the Romanian market, expanded into 43 stores. It is one of the top retailers in Romania. Spain Spain is the 3rd most important international market for Carrefour after France and Brazil. Carrefour has 205 hypermarkets, 112 Carrefour Markets and more than 820 Carrefour Express in Spain as well as 143 petrol stations, 426 travel agencies and other smaller Carrefour retailers. There are as well more hypermarkets and supermarkets under construction or planned. The company operates in Spain under the name of Centros Comerciales Carrefour SA. As of 2019, Carrefour Spain is the 15th most important Spanish company by revenue. Its rivals in Spain are: Mercadona, Eroski, Alcampo and Bonpreu. Greece In 1999, Carrefour entered the Greek market, in collaboration with Marinopoulos S.A, Carrefour had stopped operating in Greece in 2017 due to its acquisition by the Sklavenitis group. The company reopened in the country in May 2022, the reactivation of the Carrefour brand in market will be done in collaboration with Retail & more S.A., a subsidiary of the Teleunicom group. Turkey Carrefour also operates in Turkey in a joint venture with Sabancı Group under the name ''CarrefourSA''. Albania In November 2011, Carrefour opened its first store in Albania as part of TEG Shopping Center ( Tirana East Gate) with the same rights as in the European Union and throughout the rest of Europe. Carrefour is integrated in the new shopping center in the same format as in other countries extending into a space of about 7000 square meters. Carrefour will have a policy of supplying imported products while promoting Albanian products, particularly agro-industrial ones. Armenia Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Armenia at

Yerevan Mall Yerevan Mall ( hy, Երևան Մոլ) is a shopping mall located on Arshakunyats Avenue, Yerevan, Armenia. Opened in 2014, it is the largest mall in Armenia in terms of number of stores and total floor area. Carrefour hypermarket was opened in th ...

on 11 March 2015, occupying approximately 10000 square meters. As of March 2022, Carrefour operates a total of seven stores in Armenia, all located in the Yerevan area. Six of these stores are in the Carrefour Market format, in addition to the original hypermarket in Yerevan Mall. Georgia Carrefour operates three hypermarkets and 53 Carrefour markets in Georgia. It opened its first hypermarket in Georgia at Tbilisi Mall on 13 September 2012, occupying approximately 12,000 sq m. The first market was opened at Karvasla Malon 16 September 2013. In 2014, the second Carrefour market was opened at Shopping Mall GTC on Orbeliani Square. On 10 November 2015, Carrefour opened its second hypermarket at East Point shopping mall near Kakheti Highway at 2 Aleksandre Tvalchrelidze Street. Shortly after the opening, Carrefour opened its third market in Isani district of Tbilisi at 8a Navtlughi Street. In 2016, Carrefour opened its fourth Market in City Mall Gldani at 1 Khizanishvili Street. The latest markets were opened in Saburtalo, Vake, Gldani and Vazisubani neighborhoods of Tbilisi and one – in Batumi.

Africa

Egypt Carrefour () has 44 outlets under franchise in Egypt, which are often situated in shopping malls and frequented by the Egyptian upper class. The location in Alexandria was severely looted during the

Egyptian Revolution of 2011 The 2011 Egyptian revolution, also known as the 25 January revolution ( ar, ثورة ٢٥ يناير; ), began on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police ho ...

. Another 8 outlets or more are coming in 2012/2013. Opened Hyper Markets: (Maadi City Center, Dandy Mega Mall, Sun City Mall, Obour Golf City Mall, Alex City Center, Cairo Festival City, Sky Plaza (El-Shorouk City), Mall of Egypt). Opened Express Markets: (Maadi, Tiba Outlet Mall, Sharm-El-Sheik, Green Plaza Mall, Down Town Mall). Kenya Carrefour has 13 outlets mostly located in the suburbs of Kenya's capital city, Nairobi. The retailer's expansion into Kenya has benefited from the failure of previously-dominant supermarket chains such as Nakumatt and Uchumi as Carrefour rushed in to occupy the retail spaces and market share they vacated. The retailer is the anchor client of The Hub Karen Mall where it opened its first Kenyan store in May 2016. A second outlet was opened at Two Rivers Mall in March 2017, soon followed by a third store the Thika Road Mall in November 2017. The fourth outlet was opened at the Junction Mall along

Ngong Road Ngong Road is a major road in Kenya that links the city of Nairobi to Ngong town. It runs from the Nairobi central business district all the way to the Ngong Stadium, passing by major places in Nairobi and Ngong such as the Kenyatta National Hospi ...

in January 2018; the fifth at Sarit Center in April 2018; and the sixth at Galleria Mall in June 2018. In May 2018, Carrefour announced that plans were underway to open a seventh branch at The Village Market as its first 'Carrefour Market' focused predominantly on food items over non-food items. In June 2020, Carrefour opened a new store along Uhuru Highway. In September 2020, Carrefour announced plans to continue its expansion efforts by opening three branches in the coastal city of Mombasa. In May 2021 it opened another branch of Carrefour Market in Garden City Mall along Thika superhighway. It also has a branch at Westgate Mall previously occupied by ShopRite. Morocco Carrefour has 10 hypermarkets in Morocco, with the most being located in and around the

Casablanca Casablanca, also known in Arabic as Dar al-Bayda ( ar, الدَّار الْبَيْضَاء, al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ, ; ber, ⴹⴹⴰⵕⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ, ḍḍaṛlbiḍa, : "White House") is the largest city in Morocco and the country's econom ...

metropolitan area. Carrefour Maroc is a partner of Label'vie, a Moroccan supermarket chain. All the Label'Vie stores are transformed into Carrefour Markets. There are 30 of them widely spread around the kingdom. Carrefour is still expanding its presence in Morocco by opening more supermarkets and hypermarkets to face the settled competition like the Moroccan hypermarket chain Marjane. Tunisia Carrefour has 2 hypermarkets and 70 outlets under MAF in Tunisia. Uganda Carrefour operates 2 stores in the Ugandan capital city of Kampala. The outlets are the anchor clients at Oasis Mall and Metroplex mall and are in spaces previously occupied by the Kenyan retail chain, Nakumatt. In September 2021 Carrefour signed an agreement with Shoprite of South Africa for the former to take over six stores that the latter was vacating in Uganda, no later than 31 December 2021. This will increase Carrefour's presence in the country from two stores to eight outlets.

South America

;Argentina Around 605 stores in various sizes are in operation . ;Brazil Carrefour Brasil (which is the biggest market outside France) was founded in 1975 and today it is the major supermarkets chain in Brazil under competition with Grupo Pão de Açúcar and currently it sells more than 25 million products per year.

Former stores

* Austria - In 1976 Carrefour opened a store in the Shopping City Süd at the southern edge of Vienna. Due to limited success the store closed soon after. Carrefour has not made any other attempt at entering the Austrian market thereafter. *Bulgaria - From 2009 to 2011 in Bulgaria were opened eight locations (five hypermarkets and three supermarkets) in Sofia,

Plovdiv Plovdiv ( bg, Пловдив, ), is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, standing on the banks of the Maritsa river in the historical region of Thrace. It has a population of 346,893 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is the c ...

Pleven Pleven ( bg, Плèвен ) is the seventh most populous city in Bulgaria. Located in the northern part of the country, it is the administrative centre of Pleven Province, as well as of the subordinate Pleven municipality. It is the biggest ...

, Varna, Burgas and Ruse. In 2010, Carrefour and Marinopoulos Group, the largest group of retail in Greece, established a franchise company

MSC Bulgaria MSC may refer to: Computers * Message Sequence Chart * Microelectronics Support Centre of UK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory * MIDI Show Control * MSC Malaysia (formerly known as Multimedia Super Corridor) * USB mass storage device class (USB ...

to develop hypermarkets and supermarkets under the Carrefour banner within Southeastern Europe. In June 2016 the owner of the franchise for Bulgaria declared bankruptcy and the stores were closed. *Chile – Carrefour opened six supermarkets in Santiago de Chile between 1998 and 2003. However, Carrefour never surpassed a 3% market share in the country and their assets in Chile were sold to D&S in 2003. * Colombia – In October 2012, Carrefour sold to Chilean retailer Cencosud all 72 stores in Colombia for $2.6 billion, with Cencosud converting all existing Carrefour hypermarkets to its Jumbo brand. Carrefour pulled out of Colombia to focus on its core markets. *Cyprus – In 2017, all of the Carrefour stores were sold to Greek supermarket brand Sklavenitis and underwent major rebranding, to reflect the brand that now owns the stores. * Czech Republic – In September 2005, Carrefour sold to Tesco (the biggest UK retailer) 11 stores in the Czech Republic. Tesco paid €57.4 million as well as its stores in Taiwan. Carrefour had opened its first store in 1998 in the Czech Republic. The stores use the Tesco name and brand now. *Germany – The only store in Germany was opened in 1977 in Mainz-Bretzenheim, as a Joint venture with Delhaize le Lion and German retailer Stüssgen (later part of

REWE Group The REWE Group is a German diversified retail and tourism co-operative group based in Cologne, Germany. The name REWE comes from Revisionsverband der Westkauf-Genossenschaften", meaning "Western Buying Co-operatives Auditing Association". The mos ...

). Due to problems with a new building permit process and the associated difficulties in opening new locations the store was sold in 1979 to the German retailer Massa (later part of real). * Hong Kong – On 18 September 2000, Carrefour closed its stores in Hong Kong after complaints from manufacturers about selling products (especially electronics) at prices far below those of its competitors. A company spokesman said at that time that the closures were due to "difficulties in finding sites suitable for developing its hypermarket concept and quickly acquiring a significant market share". Carrefour had entered the Hong Kong market in December 1996 with a store in Heng Fa Chuen and had later added stores in Tsuen Wan ( Skyline Plaza), Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tsim Sha Tsui. Plans to open additional stores in Ma On Shan, Tseung Kwan O and

Yau Tsim Mong Yau Tsim Mong District is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong, located on the western part of Kowloon Peninsula. It is the core urban area of Kowloon. The district has the second highest population density of all districts, at . The 2016 By ...

had been cancelled. * India - Carrefour operated cash and carry stores in India under the name "Carrefour Wholesale Cash&Carry". The first store opened on 30 December 2010 in Shahdara, Delhi. This was followed by a store in Jaipur in late 2011 and one in Meerut in October 2012, Agra in December 2013. Prior to September 2012, India's

foreign direct investment A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct co ...

(FDI) policy did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country. However, 100% FDI in cash-and-carry has been permitted since 1997. As a result, most global retailers, including Carrefour, opted for the cash-and-carry route in India. A new FDI policy, allowing up to 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, came into effect on 20 September 2012. On 8 July 2014, Carrefour announced that it would shut down its Indian operations and close its five wholesale stores by the end of September. * Indonesia - The first Carrefour branch in Indonesia opened in October 1998 in Cempaka Putih region of Jakarta, following the end of

1997 Asian financial crisis The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia and Southeast Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion. However, the recovery in 1998–1 ...

and the subsequent fall of Suharto. In 2012, after operating independently, Carrefour Indonesia was bought by CT Corp and its shares are owned by Chairul Tandjung. CT Corp developed Transmart in 2014, a subsidiary of CT Corp operated by Carrefour Indonesia and named after CT Corp's television networks. It also developed Groserindo, a grocery store also operated by mostly Carrefour. CT Corp announced that it will replace all Carrefour branches with Transmart brand as its license expires in 2019. Carrefour officially left the nation in 2020, and all branches were named Transmart from then on. * Japan – In 1999 Carrefour's Japanese subsidiary, Carrefour Japan Co. Ltd., opened.Company Overview of AEON Marche´ Co., Ltd.

Archive
Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 13 October 2013. The first Carrefour in Japan opened in a suburb of Tokyo in December 2000. In January and February 2001 new Carrefour stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka. Sales were initially strong, but Miki Tanikawa of ''The New York Times'' wrote that "But now, 10 months later, there is barely a line for most of the day at cash registers of most Carrefour stores here. Lengthy aisles of goods ranging from clothes to bicycles are mostly empty. " In early 2003, Carrefour sold its 8 hypermarkets to AEON Group and on 10 March 2005, the subsidiary's name changed to AEON Marche´ Co., Ltd. The stores were still operated in the Carrefour name until 31 March 2010, when the license expired. * Kazakhstan – In the summer of 2017, the one and only Carrefour hypermarket closed down in

Almaty Almaty (; kk, Алматы; ), formerly known as Alma-Ata ( kk, Алма-Ата), is the List of most populous cities in Kazakhstan, largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of about 2 million. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1929 to ...

as a result of the loss of value of the

Tenge The tenge ( or ; kk, теңге, teñge, ; Currency symbol, sign: ₸ ; ISO 4217, code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn ( kk, тиын, tıyın also transliterated as ''tiyin''). History After the breakup of th ...

currency. * Malaysia – Carrefour entered Malaysia in 1994 sold its 26 hypermarkets to AEON Group in November 2012. The hypermarkets was rebranded as AEON BIG, and operates with an orange logo, compared to the magenta logo used by its parent company and existing JUSCO stores in the country. The outlets in Kota Damansara and Jalan Ipoh was first to be changed from Carrefour to AEON BIG; * Mexico – In March 2005, Carrefour sold its 29 hypermarkets in Mexico to

Chedraui Chedraui is a publicly traded Mexican grocery store and department store chain which also operates stores in the U.S. in the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada under the name El Super. It is traded on the Mexican Stock Exchan ...

. Carrefour had opened its first store in 1994 in Mexico; *North Macedonia - In October 2012, Carrefour opened its first store in Skopje. The store is part of a brand new shopping mall (City Mall) that opened the same day in Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, and by the end of summer 2014 there were plans to open the second store in Tetovo, a city located not too far from Skopje. Carrefour ended up closing because of debt. * Portugal – Carrefour entered Portugal by buying its first stores in 1991 – two

Euromarché Euromarché (''Euromarket'') was a French hypermarket chain. The first store opened in 1968 in Saint-Michel-sur-Orge. In June 1991, the group was rebought by its rival, Carrefour, for 5,2 billion francs. In June 1991, there were 77 Euromarché h ...

hypermarkets, in Telheiras (a

Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...

neighbourhood) and Vila Nova de Gaia (suburbs of Porto); This chain was known to have very good quality products, mainly from French origin, when in July 2007 Carrefour sold all of its 12 hypermarkets and 9 fuel stations to Sonae for €662 million. Also included were 11 licenses for opening new commercial spaces. Nowadays only the 365 hard-discount supermarkets (Minipreço) are supported by Carrefour in this country, not included in the takeover. * Russia – Carrefour entered Russian market in the summer of 2009. In October 2009, only a month after it opened its second hypermarket in the country, Carrefour announced it was exiting Russia. * Singapore – In 2012, Carrefour's stores were primarily replaced by Giant Hyper (Suntec City) and Cold Storage. * Slovakia – In 2018, Carrefour pulled out of the Slovak market, after 17 years of operation in the country. * South Korea – Carrefour entered the Korean market in 1996 with their first store in

Bucheon Bucheon () is a administrative divisions of South Korea, city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Bucheon is located away from Seoul, of which it is a satellite town, satellite city. It is located between Incheon and Seoul. Bucheon is the second ...

and operated thirty-two stores across the country at its peak in its final year of 2006. Carrefour was confident they would dominate the market, and by 1999 invested a total of 925 million US Dollars into the Korean venture- more than any other foreign companies in the Korean market at that time. Carrefour Korea enjoyed mediate success in the beginning, gaining traction for unseen low prices and standing above its competitors. But the rise quickly ended when the Asian Financial Crisis struck South Korea in late 1997, and as Carrefour was exposed smuggling real estate in South Korea to international recipients, their reputation suffered a blow and alongside the reluctance of people spending in the midst of the financial crisis, boycotts ensued, beginning Carrefour's eventual demise. Complaints of Carrefour Korea's poor service quality grew, citing pushing produces unfit for the Korean market and significantly soured relationship between the executives and the labor unions. With the company's attitude becoming reckless to its clients and suppliers, clients would boycott again while suppliers began refusing association with Carrefour Korea. With the company stained with controversial negativity, Carrefour Korea sold all their stores to

E-Land E·Land Group (hangul:이랜드그룹) is a South Korean conglomerate headquartered in Changjeon-dong Mapo-gu Seoul, South Korea. E-Land Group takes part in retail malls, restaurants, theme parks, hotels and construction businesses as well as its ...

and exited the Korean market in April 2006. Shortly after, E-Land sold their supermarket asset to Homeplus, who is recognized as Carrefour Korea's soul successor. * Switzerland – In August 2007 Carrefour sold its 12 hypermarkets in Switzerland to Swiss retailer Coop for $390 million; * Syria – Carrefour previously opened a store in Shahba Mall in

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in 2009 and operated until the mall was destroyed during the Syrian Civil War on 16 October 2014 when the mall was destroyed and permanently closed. * Thailand – Carrefour's business in Thailand was sold to Big C Supercenter Public Company Limited, the owner of Big C hypermarket stores in Thailand due to complaints. The transaction is completed in March 2011, with the Suwintawong branch being the first changed brand store from Carrefour to Big C. Carrefour entered the Thai market in 1996. * United Kingdom – Carrefour opened the first of several hypermarkets in the UK in September 1972 in

Caerphilly Caerphilly (, ; cy, Caerffili, ) is a town and community in Wales. It is situated at the southern end of the Rhymney Valley. It is north of Cardiff and northwest of Newport. It is the largest town in Caerphilly County Borough, and lies wit ...

South Wales South Wales ( cy, De Cymru) is a loosely defined region of Wales bordered by England to the east and mid Wales to the north. Generally considered to include the historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, south Wales extends westwards ...

, in a joint partnership with a UK company Wheatsheaf / Hypermarket Holdings, followed by stores at the Telford Centre, Chandlers Ford, Minworth, Patchway and Swindon. The Dee Corporation later acquired the stores in the early 1980s; they continued to trade under the Carrefour name; and some other existing smaller sites were rebranded as Carrefour. New stores were opened at the Metro Centre and Merry Hill Shopping Centre before being offloaded briefly to the now defunct Gateway supermarket chain and then shortly after this to Asda One such was the Merry Hill branch near Dudley, West Midlands, which opened on 1 July 1986 but became a Gateway branch in 1988 and an Asda in 1990. The initial Caerphilly store was redeveloped in the 1990s; however the original 1970s hypermarkets at Chandlers Ford, Minworth and Patchway (Cribbs Causeway) still exist as large Asda Supercentres. Carrefour was the first retailer to open in the MetroCentre in Tyne and Wear. Since July 2011, online supermarket Ocado has sold a range of Carrefour products in the UK. * United States – Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in March 1988, across from the site of what is now called Philadelphia Mills (formerly Franklin Mills; opened 1989). Despite the huge selection, the store was generally derided for its poor conditions, and most of the time, the many 61 check-out lanes in the store were deserted. In 1992, another location opened in Voorhees Township, New Jersey. Both stores closed because of financial debt in 1993. The Voorhees store was broken up into many smaller stores, while the Philadelphia location became a Walmart and a

Dick's Sporting Goods Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. (stylized as "DICK'S Sporting Goods") is an American sporting goods retail company, based in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. The company was established by Richard "Dick" Stack in 1948, and has approximately 854 stores an ...

. In September 2014, Walmart moved to one of the former department store spaces in Philadelphia Mills that they knocked down and built up, while the Dick's at the old Carrefour property remains open. * Vietnam – Carrefour had two stores at

Ho Chi Minh City , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...

until 2004. In which they were later converted into Lotte Mart branches.

Carrefour Foundation

The Carrefour Foundation (''Fondation d'Enterprise Carrefour'') is a philanthropic fund created by Carrefour in 2000 to support social welfare programmes 'linked to tscore business as a retailer' in countries the company operates and in countries where its suppliers are located.

Criticism and controversies

On 1 May 2007, more than 30 employees of the now closed Carrefour Ratu Plaza,

Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...

, Indonesia, were taken to the Pertamina Central Hospital after being affected by carbon monoxide. The hypermarket was located in the mall's basement, which offered insufficient ventilation. On 26 June 2007, the company was convicted in a French court for false advertising. The suit alleged that Carrefour regularly stocked insufficient quantities of advertised products for sale. In addition, the company was convicted of selling products below cost and accepting kickbacks from wholesalers. Carrefour was ordered to pay a fine of €2 million and to prominently and legibly display a notice in all of its French stores disclosing the false advertising. In Carrefour Mangga Dua Square in Jakarta, Indonesia, a 5-metre high metal rack fell on top of a 3-year-old boy, killing him almost instantly due to internal bleeding. Afterwards, the victim's family claimed that Carrefour has refused to meet with them to settle the case. However, a Carrefour Corporate Affairs Officer denied this allegation. Carrefour has also received criticism for engaging in sweatshop practices. On 7 May 2009, the French government asked a tribunal to fine Carrefour some €220,000 for more than 2,500 violations. Meat products lacked proper tracking information (more than 25% of inventory at some locations), and some products had incorrect labels – such as meat products that "shrank" in weight by 15% after receiving labels. The chain sold products that had long since passed their expiration dates, including, in one case, packs of baby formula that had expired six months earlier. Some 1,625 frozen and refrigerated products were found that had been stored in warehouses at ambient temperature.

Boycott of supplies in China

In April 2008, after the 2008 Olympic torch relay was disrupted by Tibetan independence movement advocates in London and especially in Paris, where some protesters attempted to wrest control of the torch from the torch bearers, Chinese activists promoted boycotting Carrefour because of its French roots. The boycott of Carrefour in particular was further fueled by unsubstantiated rumours that a major shareholder, Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton, had donated to the Dalai Lama because of the Tibetan protests in the same year. In its response, Carrefour China stated that it did support the Beijing Olympics; and that it would never do anything to harm the feelings of the

Chinese people The Chinese people or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by speakers of s ...

. Protests occurred in and around a number of Carrefour outlets throughout China, and anti-Carrefour advocates campaigned for a one-day boycott of Carrefour on May Day, a public holiday in China. This led to diplomatic negotiations between the Chinese and French governments to resolve tensions. As a result of the boycott, Chinese search engines Baidu.com.cn and sina.com temporary blocked access to Carrefour's website in China for a short time. Users searching Carrefour in China were sent an error page indicating "The search result may contain illegal content, so we can not display the result." in Chinese.

Building collapse at Savar

On 24 April 2013, the eight-story ''Rana Plaza'' commercial building collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured. The factory housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group, Joe Fresh, The Children's Place, Primark, Monsoon, and DressBarn. Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only 9 attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign, including Walmart, Carrefour, Bonmarché,

Mango A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree ''Mangifera indica''. It is believed to have originated in the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in South a ...

Auchan Auchan () is a French multinational retail group headquartered in Croix, France. It was founded in 1961 by Gérard Mulliez and is owned by the Mulliez family, who has 95% stake in the company. With 354,851 employees, of which 261,000 have 5% s ...

and

KiK KiK, legally ''KiK Textilien und Non-Food GmbH'', is a German clothing discount store chain headquartered in Bönen. Overview KiK was founded in 1994 by Stefan Heinig and the holding company Tengelmann Group. ''KiK'' is an acronym for ( en, T ...

. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarche and El Corte Ingles.

Slavery in Thailand

In 2014, '' The Guardian'' reported that Carrefour is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. During a six-month investigation, ''The Guardian'' traced the entire supply-chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers.

Deaths in Brazil

On 28 November 2018, a mixed-breed dog named Manchinha was poisoned and later beaten to death with an aluminum bar by one of the security guards at a Carrefour store in the city of Osasco, São Paulo. The episode, known as Caso Manchinha, sparked a series of protests led by activists in front of the Osasco store in December 2018, and also inspired the creation of bill PL 1.095/2019, which was later approved by the executive and turned into a federal law in September 2020, imposing harsher penalties to crimes related to animal abuse. In 2020, two death-related incidents were reported in Brazil. The first one happened in August, when a sales representative died of a heart attack. To allow the store to continue operating, other workers hid his body in a barricade made out of umbrellas and cardboard boxes. On 19 November 2020, one day before the Brazilian holiday Black Awareness Day, a 40-year-old black man named João Alberto Silveira Freitas was killed by security guards after an altercation with a cashier. After an alleged "violent gesture" to one of the cashiers, two security guards were called, proceeded to drag the man out of the store and beat him to death in the parking lot. Both security guards were arrested and charged with qualified homicide.

Deforestation in Amazonia

According to

Mighty Earth The Center for International Policy (CIP) is a non-profit foreign policy research and advocacy think tank with offices in Washington, D.C. and New York City. It was founded in 1975 in response to the Vietnam War. The Center describes its mission ...

, Carrefour is not respecting its commitments to fight deforestation in the

Amazon rainforest The Amazon rainforest, Amazon jungle or ; es, Selva amazónica, , or usually ; french: Forêt amazonienne; nl, Amazoneregenwoud. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle. ...

. In a report at the occasion of the 2022 World Amazon Day, Mighty Earth published a report criticising the retail group for sourcing from "meat and soy traders with devastating practices." The organisation points to the group's activities in Brazil where, with its 1,000 sales outlets, Carrefour controls 25% of the food distribution market. The NGO found that two thirds of the 102 meat products inspected in Carrefour stores in Brazil are supplied by JBS, which is "regularly targeted for deforestation cases", according to Mighty Earth. Following the report publication, Carrefour suspended beef supplies from two JBS slaughterhouses in the Amazon.

Stabbing in Italy

On the 27th of October 2022, a man grabbed a knife from a supermarket shelf in Milan, stabbing five people, killing one and wounding four others, including Spanish soccer player

Pablo Mari Pablo is a Spanish form of the name Paul. People *Pablo Alborán, Spanish singer *Pablo Aimar, Argentine footballer * Pablo Armero, Colombian footballer *Pablo Bartholomew, Indian photojournalist * Pablo Brandán, Argentine footballer *Pablo Bren ...

, Italian authorities said. Police arrested a 46-year-old Italian man suspected in the attack at a shopping center in

Assago Assago ( lmo, Assagh or ) is a town and '' comune'' in the Metropolitan City of Milan, in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It contains the headquarters of Nestlé's Italian branch and the Mediolanum Forum. Sport Football Teams:''GS ...

(a suburb of Milan).

Notes

References

External links

*
Yahoo! – Carrefour SA Company Profile
* The history-book of Yves Soulabail
Carrefour Un combat pour la liberté
''Le Loup Hurlant Editions'', 2010. {{Authority control 1970s initial public offerings CAC 40 Companies based in Île-de-France Companies listed on Euronext Paris French brands French business families French companies established in 1958 Hypermarkets of France Multinational companies headquartered in France Retail companies established in 1958 Retail companies of France Supermarkets of France Wholesalers of France