Lycoxanthin γ,γ-Caroten-16-ol
**
Rhodopin
Rhodopin (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic
Phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. Phototropism is most often observed in plants, but can also occur i ...
1,2-Dihydro-γ,γ-caroten-l-ol
**
Rhodopinol a.k.a.
Warmingol 13-''cis''-1,2-Dihydro-γ,γ-carotene-1,20-diol
**
Saproxanthin 3',4'-Didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-carotene-3,1'-diol
**
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji ( wolfberries ...
* Glycosides
**
Oscillaxanthin 2,2'-Bis(β-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene-1,1'-diol
**
Phleixanthophyll 1'-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-3',4'-didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-caroten-2'-ol
* Ethers
**
Rhodovibrin 1'-Methoxy-3',4'-didehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-caroten-1-ol
**
Spheroidene 1-Methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene
* Epoxides
**
Diadinoxanthin
Diadinoxanthin is a pigment found in phytoplankton. It has the formula C40H54O3. It gives rise to the xanthophylls diatoxanthin and dinoxanthin.
Diadinoxanthin is a plastid pigment. Plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin, hete ...
5,6-Epoxy-7',8'-didehydro-5,6-dihydro—carotene-3,3-diol
**
Luteoxanthin 5,6: 5',8'-Diepoxy-5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
**
Mutatoxanthin
**
Citroxanthin
**
Zeaxanthin furanoxide
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji ( wolfberries ...
5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
**
Neochrome
NEOchrome is an early color bitmap graphics editor for the Atari ST. It was written by Dave Staugas, a programmer at Atari Corporation and co-author of the ST's operating system. ''NEOchrome'' supports hardware-supported color cycling to give the ...
5',8'-Epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,5,3'-triol
**
Foliachrome
**
Trollichrome
**
Vaucheriaxanthin 5',6'-Epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,5,19,3'-tetrol
* Aldehydes
**
Rhodopinal
**
Warmingone 13-cis-1-Hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-γ,γ-caroten-20-al
**
Torularhodinaldehyde 3',4'-Didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-al
* Acids and acid esters
**
Torularhodin 3',4'-Didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-oic acid
**
Torularhodin methyl ester Methyl 3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-oate
* Ketones
**
Astacene
**
Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a keto- carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as terpenes. Astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. It is a lipid-soluble pigment with r ...
**
Canthaxanthin a.k.a. Aphanicin, Chlorellaxanthin β,β-Carotene-4,4'-dione
**
Capsanthin
Capsanthin is a natural red dye of the xanthophyll class of carotenoids. As a food coloring, it has the E number E160c(i). Capsanthin is the main carotenoid in the ''Capsicum annuum'' species of plants including red bell pepper, New Mexico chile ...
(3R,3'S,5'R)-3,3'-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one
**
Capsorubin
Capsorubin is a natural red dye of the xanthophyll class. As a food coloring, it has the E number E160c(ii). Capsorubin is a carotenoid found in red bell pepper (''Capsicum annuum'') and a component of paprika oleoresin
Paprika oleoresin (als ...
(3S,5R,3'S,5'R)-3,3'-Dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6'-dione
**
Cryptocapsin (3'R,5'R)-3'-Hydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one
**
2,2'-Diketospirilloxanthin 1,1'-Dimethoxy-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene-2,2'-dione
**
Echinenone
Echinenone is a xanthophyll, with formula C40H54O. It is found in some cyanobacteria. It is synthesized from β-carotene by the enzyme beta-carotene ketolase (or CrtW). It has also been isolated from sea urchins
Sea urchins () are spiny, g ...
β,β-Caroten-4-one
**
3'-Hydroxyechinenone
**
Flexixanthin 3,1'-Dihydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-caroten-4-one
** 3-OH-Canthaxanthin a.k.a. Adonirubin a.k.a.
Phoenicoxanthin 3-Hydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
**
Hydroxyspheriodenone 1'-Hydroxy-1-methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,1',2',7',8'-hexahydro-γ,γ-caroten-2-one
**
Okenone 1'-Methoxy-1',2'-dihydro-c,γ-caroten-4'-one
**
Pectenolone 3,3'-Dihydroxy-7',8'-didehydro-β,β-caroten-4-one
**
Phoeniconone a.k.a.
Dehydroadonirubin 3-Hydroxy-2,3-didehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
**
Phoenicopterone β,ε-caroten-4-one
**
Rubixanthone 3-Hydroxy-β,γ-caroten-4'-one
**
Siphonaxanthin 3,19,3'-Trihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one
* Esters of alcohols
**
Astacein 3,3'-Bispalmitoyloxy-2,3,2',3'-tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione or 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,3,2',3'-tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione dipalmitate
**
Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll, with formula C42H58O6. It is found as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green ...
3'-Acetoxy-5,6-epoxy-3,5'-dihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,6,7,8,5',6'-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-8-one
**
Isofucoxanthin 3'-Acetoxy-3,5,5'-trihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,8,5',6'-tetrahydro-β,β-caroten-8-one
**
Physalien
**
Siphonein 3,3'-Dihydroxy-19-lauroyloxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one or 3,19,3'-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one 19-laurate
*
Apocarotenoid Apocarotenoids are organic compounds which occur widely in living organisms. They are derived from carotenoids by oxidative cleavage,
catalyzed by carotenoid oxygenases. Examples include the vitamin A retinoids retinal, retinoic acid, and retinol; ...
s
**
β-Apo-2'-carotenal 3',4'-Didehydro-2'-apo-b-caroten-2'-al
**
Apo-2-lycopenal
**
Apo-6'-lycopenal 6'-Apo-y-caroten-6'-al
**
Azafrinaldehyde 5,6-Dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-10'-apo-β-caroten-10'-al
**
Bixin
Bixin is an apocarotenoid found in the seeds of the achiote tree (''Bixa orellana'') from which it derives its name. It is commonly extracted from the seeds to form annatto, a natural food coloring, containing about 5% pigments of which 70-80% ar ...
6'-Methyl hydrogen 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate
**
Citranaxanthin
Citranaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment used as a food additive under the E number E161i as a food coloring. There are natural sources of citranaxanthin, but it is generally prepared synthetically. It is used as an animal feed additive to impar ...
5',6'-Dihydro-5'-apo-β-caroten-6'-one or 5',6'-dihydro-5'-apo-18'-nor-β-caroten-6'-one or 6'-methyl-6'-apo-β-caroten-6'-one
**
Crocetin
Crocetin is a natural apocarotenoid dicarboxylic acid that is found in the crocus flower together with its glycoside, crocin, and '' Gardenia jasminoides'' fruits. It forms brick red crystals with a melting point of 285°C.
The chemical struct ...
8,8'-Diapo-8,8'-carotenedioic acid
**
Crocetinsemialdehyde 8'-Oxo-8,8'-diapo-8-carotenoic acid
**
Crocin
Crocin is a carotenoid chemical compound that is found in the flowers of crocus and gardenia. Crocin is the chemical primarily responsible for the color of saffron.
Chemically, crocin is the diester formed from the disaccharide gentiobiose and ...
Digentiobiosyl 8,8'-diapo-8,8'-carotenedioate
**
Hopkinsiaxanthin 3-Hydroxy-7,8-didehydro-7',8'-dihydro-7'-apo-b-carotene-4,8'-dione or 3-hydroxy-8'-methyl-7,8-didehydro-8'-apo-b-carotene-4,8'-dione
**
Methyl apo-6'-lycopenoate Methyl 6'-apo-y-caroten-6'-oate
**
Paracentrone 3,5-Dihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,7',8'-tetrahydro-7'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one or 3,5-dihydroxy-8'-methyl-6,7-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-8'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one
**
Sintaxanthin 7',8'-Dihydro-7'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one or 8'-methyl-8'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one
* Nor- and seco-carotenoids
**
Actinioerythrin 3,3'-Bisacyloxy-2,2'-dinor-b,b-carotene-4,4'-dione
**
β-Carotenone 5,6:5',6'-Diseco-b,b-carotene-5,6,5',6'-tetrone
**
Peridinin
Peridinin is a light-harvesting apocarotenoid, a pigment associated with chlorophyll and found in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein (PCP) light-harvesting complex in dinoflagellates, best studied in '' Amphidinium carterae''.
Biological signif ...
3'-Acetoxy-5,6-epoxy-3,5'-dihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-12',13',20'-trinor-b,b-caroten-19,11-olide
**
Pyrrhoxanthininol 5,6-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-7',8'-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-12',13',20'-trinor-b,b-caroten-19,11-olide
**
Semi-α-carotenone 5,6-Seco-b,e-carotene-5,6-dione
**
Semi-β-carotenone 5,6-seco-b,b-carotene-5,6-dione or 5',6'-seco-b,b-carotene-5',6'-dione
**
Triphasiaxanthin 3-Hydroxysemi-b-carotenone 3'-Hydroxy-5,6-seco-b,b-carotene-5,6-dione or 3-hydroxy-5',6'-seco-b,b-carotene-5',6'-dione
* Retro-carotenoids and retro-apo-carotenoids
**
Eschscholtzxanthin 4',5'-Didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-carotene-3,3'-diol
**
Eschscholtzxanthone 3'-Hydroxy-4',5'-didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-caroten-3-one
**
Rhodoxanthin 4',5'-Didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-carotene-3,3'-dione
**
Tangeraxanthin 3-Hydroxy-5'-methyl-4,5'-retro-5'-apo-b-caroten-5'-one or 3-hydroxy-4,5'-retro-5'-apo-b-caroten-5'-one
* Higher carotenoids
**
Nonaprenoxanthin 2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-7',8',11',12'-tetrahydro-e,y-carotene
**
Decaprenoxanthin 2,2'-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-e,e-carotene
**
C.p. 450 2-
-Hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-butenyl2'-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-b,b-carotene
**
C.p. 473 2'-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3',4'-didehydro-l',2'-dihydro-β,γ-caroten-1'-ol
**
Bacterioruberin
''Halobacterium'' (common abbreviation ''Hbt.'') is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.
The genus ''Halobacterium'' ("salt" or "ocean bacterium") consists of several species of Archaea with an aerobic metabolism which requires an environment ...
2,2'-Bis(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene-1,1'-diol
See also
*
List of phytochemicals in food
While there is ample evidence to indicate the health benefits of diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts, no specific food has been acknowledged by scientists and government regulatory authorities as providing a health bene ...
*
CRT (genetics)
CRT is the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Those genes are found in eubacteria,Carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: molecular phylogenies and evolutionary behavior of crt genes in eubacteria. Phadwal K, Gene, 17 January 2 ...
,
gene cluster
A gene family is a set of homologous genes within one organism. A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism's DNA that encode similar polypeptides, or proteins, which collectively share a generalized function and are ...
responsible for the
biosynthesis of carotenoids
*
E number#E100–E199 (colours)
*
Phytochemistry
References
External links
Carotenoid TerpenoidsCarotenoid gene in aphidsInternational Carotenoid Society*
{{Authority control
Bioindicators
Photosynthesis