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__NOTOC__ Carlo, Count Gozzi (; 13 December 1720 – 4 April 1806) was an
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
( Venetian)
playwright A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays. Etymology The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English ...
and champion of
Commedia dell'arte (; ; ) was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is also known as , , and . Charact ...
.


Early life

Gozzi was born and died in
Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400  ...
; he came from a family of minor Venetian aristocracy, the Tiepolos. At a young age, his parents were no longer able to support him financially, so he joined the army in
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
. Three years later, he had returned to Venice and joined the Granelleschi Society. This society was dedicated to the pursuit of preservation of Tuscan literature from the influence of foreign culture; it was particularly interested in saving traditional Italian comedy such as
Commedia dell'arte (; ; ) was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is also known as , , and . Charact ...
.


Works

Pietro Chiari Pietro Chiari (; 25 December 1712 – 31 August 1785) was an Italian catholic priest, playwright, novelist and libretto, librettist. Life Chiari was born and died in Brescia. He was a Society of Jesus, Jesuit until leaving the Religious order ...
and
Carlo Goldoni Carlo is a given name. It is an Italian form of Charles. It can refer to: *Carlo (name) *Monte Carlo *Carlingford, New South Wales, a suburb in north-west Sydney, New South Wales, Australia *A satirical song written by Dafydd Iwan about Prince Char ...
, two Venetian writers, were moving away from the old style of Italian theatre, which threatened the work of the Granelleschi Society. In 1757 Gozzi defended
Commedia dell'arte (; ; ) was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is also known as , , and . Charact ...
by publishing a satirical poem, ''La tartana degli influssi per l'anno 1756''; and in 1761, in his comedy based on a fairy tale, ''
The Love for Three Oranges ''The Love for Three Oranges'', Op. 33, also known by its French language title ' (russian: Любовь к трём апельсинам, links=no, ''Lyubov' k tryom apel'sinam''), is a satirical opera by Sergei Prokofiev. Its French libretto ...
'' or ''Analisi riflessiva della fiaba L'amore delle tre melarance'', he parodied Chiari and Goldoni. To perform his play, he obtained the services of the Sacchi company of players, a Commedia dell'arte troupe who had been out of work due to the dwindling interest in Commedia dell'arte after Chiari and Goldoni's efforts. Their satirical powers thus sharpened by personal vendetta, the play was an extraordinary success, and Gozzi donated his play and the rest of his fairy tales to Sacchi's troupe, which in effect saved the company. While some have called Gozzi the saviour of Commedia dell'arte there has been much debate due to the fact that Gozzi wrote out all his scripts and traditional Commedia dell'arte is mainly improvised. Struck by the effect produced on the audience by the introduction of the supernatural or mythical element, which he had merely used as a convenient medium for his satirical purposes, Gozzi produced a series of dramatic pieces based on
fairy tale A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre. Such stories typically feature magic (paranormal), magic, incantation, enchantments, and mythical ...
s. These were hugely popular, but after Sacchi's company disbanded, they were unjustly neglected. Gozzi's fairy tales drew influence from
Commedia dell'arte (; ; ) was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is also known as , , and . Charact ...
, and the popularity of them caused a revival of Commedia dell'arte in Italy. These fairy tales were much praised by
Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treat ...
,
Schlegel Schlegel is a German occupational surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Anthony Schlegel (born 1981), former American football linebacker * August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), German poet, older brother of Friedrich * Brad Schlege ...
brothers,
Hoffmann Hoffmann is a German language, German surname. People A *Albert Hoffmann (horticulturist), Albert Hoffmann (1846–1924), German horticulturist *Alexander Hoffmann (politician), Alexander Hoffmann (born 1975), German politician *Arthur Hoffmann ...
,
Madame de Staël Madame may refer to: * Madam, civility title or form of address for women, derived from the French * Madam (prostitution), a term for a woman who is engaged in the business of procuring prostitutes, usually the manager of a brothel * ''Madame'' ...
, Sismondi and Ostrovsky. One of them, ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' (; see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, posthumously completed by Franco Alfano in 1926, and set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. ''Turandot'' best-known aria is "Nessun dorma", whi ...
'' or ''La Turandotte'', was translated by
Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friends ...
and staged by Goethe in Weimar in 1802 with great success. Gozzi was acclaimed throughout most of Europe, but was less esteemed in his own homeland. In the last years of Gozzi's life he had begun to experiment by producing tragedies with largely comical influences, but these endeavors were met with harsh critical response. He then began to work in Spanish drama, and found minor success before his death. He was buried in the church of San Cassiano in Venice.


Personal life

He is well known for his feuds with
Carlo Goldoni Carlo is a given name. It is an Italian form of Charles. It can refer to: *Carlo (name) *Monte Carlo *Carlingford, New South Wales, a suburb in north-west Sydney, New South Wales, Australia *A satirical song written by Dafydd Iwan about Prince Char ...
and
Pietro Chiari Pietro Chiari (; 25 December 1712 – 31 August 1785) was an Italian catholic priest, playwright, novelist and libretto, librettist. Life Chiari was born and died in Brescia. He was a Society of Jesus, Jesuit until leaving the Religious order ...
between 1756-1762 over the changing style of Italian theatre that was moving away from the masked and improvised styling of
Commedia dell'arte (; ; ) was an early form of professional theatre, originating from Italian theatre, that was popular throughout Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was formerly called Italian comedy in English and is also known as , , and . Charact ...
. He was the titular protector of the actress Teodora Ricci, and caused the voluntary exile of Pier Antonio Gratarol, a member of Venetian society whom Gozzi's ''Draghe d'Amore'' was partially based on, for having an affair with and ruining the reputation of Ricci. His brother,
Gasparo Gozzi Gasparo, count Gozzi (4 December 1713 – 26 December 1786) was a Venice, Venetian critic and dramatist. Life and works Gasparo Gozzi was the first of eleven children born to the Venetian Count Jacopo Antonio and Angela Tiepolo, who was also of n ...
, was also a well-known writer of the time. His collected works were published under his own superintendence at Venice in 1792, in 10 volumes. A number of twentieth-century stage works were inspired by Gozzi's plays. These include treatments of ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' (; see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, posthumously completed by Franco Alfano in 1926, and set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. ''Turandot'' best-known aria is "Nessun dorma", whi ...
'' by
Karl Vollmöller Karl Gustav Vollmöller (or Vollmoeller; 7 May 1878 – 18 October 1948) was a German philologist, archaeologist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and aircraft designer. He is most famous for the elaborate religious spectacle-pantomime '' The Mira ...
and
Bertolt Brecht Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was a German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the Weimar Republic, he had his first successes as a pl ...
, operas based on the same story by
Ferruccio Busoni Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary ...
, and, more famously,
Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Puccini (Lucca, 22 December 1858Bruxelles, 29 November 1924) was an Italian composer known primarily for his operas. Regarded as the greatest and most successful proponent of Italian opera after Verdi, he was descended from a long li ...
,
Sergei Prokofiev Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev; alternative transliterations of his name include ''Sergey'' or ''Serge'', and ''Prokofief'', ''Prokofieff'', or ''Prokofyev''., group=n (27 April .S. 15 April1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, p ...
's '' The Love of Three Oranges'',
Alfredo Casella Alfredo Casella (25 July 18835 March 1947) was an Italian composer, pianist and conductor. Life and career Casella was born in Turin, the son of Maria (née Bordino) and Carlo Casella. His family included many musicians: his grandfather, a f ...
's ''
La donna serpente ''La donna serpente'' is a fable by Carlo Gozzi which premiered at the Teatro Sant'Angelo, Venice, in 1762. The play was adapted as a children's TV film, broadcast Rete 1, 26 March 1976, directed by :it:Alessandro Brissoni, starring Ave Ninchi, Car ...
'' and
Hans Werner Henze Hans Werner Henze (1 July 1926 – 27 October 2012) was a German composer. His large oeuvre of works is extremely varied in style, having been influenced by serialism, atonality, Stravinsky, Italian music, Arabic music and jazz, as well as t ...
's ''
König Hirsch ' (in English, ''The Stag King'') is an opera in three acts by Hans Werner Henze to a German libretto by after ''Il re cervo'', a theatrical fable (1762) by Carlo Gozzi. He revised it as ''Il re cervo'', premiered in 1963 at the Staatstheater Kas ...
''.


Works


Plays

;''Fiabe Teatrali'' — "Tales for the Theatre" * '' L'amore delle tre melarance'' — "The Love of Three Oranges" (1761) * '' Il corvo'' — "The Raven" (1761)Katherine Rae Syer - 2014 ''Wagner's Visions: Poetry, Politics, and the Psyche in the Operas'' 1580464823 "... Il corvo was precisely the play that E. T. A. Hoffmann singled out for special praise in his 1813 dialogue on Romantic aesthetics, "Der Dichter und der Komponist" (The poet and the composer), in which he praised Gozzi's legends as the ideal ... * ''Il Re Cervo'' — "The King Stag" (1762) * ''
Turandot ''Turandot'' (; see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, posthumously completed by Franco Alfano in 1926, and set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. ''Turandot'' best-known aria is "Nessun dorma", whi ...
'' (1762) * ''
La donna serpente ''La donna serpente'' is a fable by Carlo Gozzi which premiered at the Teatro Sant'Angelo, Venice, in 1762. The play was adapted as a children's TV film, broadcast Rete 1, 26 March 1976, directed by :it:Alessandro Brissoni, starring Ave Ninchi, Car ...
'' — "The Serpent Woman" (1762) * ''La Zobeide'' (1763) * ''I Pitocchi Fortunati'' — "The Fortunate Beggars" (1764) * ''Il Mostro Turchino'' — "The Blue Monster" (1764) * ''L'Augellino Bel Verde'' — " The Green Bird" (1765) * ''Zeim, Re de' Geni'' — "Zeim, King of the Genies" (1765) ;Other plays * ''
Marfisa Marfisa (also translated as "Marphisa") is a character in the Italian romantic epics ''Orlando innamorato'' by Matteo Maria Boiardo and ''Orlando Furioso'' by Ludovico Ariosto. She is the sister of Ruggiero but was separated from him in early chi ...
bizzarra'' (1766) * ''The Elixir of Love'' (1775/1776) * ''Il Cavaliere Amico; o sia, Il Trionfo dell'Amicizia'' — "The Knight; or, The Triumph of Friendship" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''Doride; o sia, La Rassegnata'' — "Doride; or, The Resigned" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Donna Vendicativa'' — "The Vengeful Woman" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Caduta di Donna Elvira, Regina di Navarra'' — "The Fall of Donna Elvira, Queen of Navarre" rologo Tragico * ''La Punizione nel Precipizio'' — "Punishment in the Precipice" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts) * ''Il Pubblico Secreto'' — "The Public Secret" (Comedy in 3 Acts) * ''Le Due Notti Affannose; o sia, gl'Inganni della Immaginazione'' — "Two Frantic Nights; or, Illusions of Imagination" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Principessa Filosofa; o sia, Il Controveleno'' — "The Princess Philosopher; or, The Antidote" (Drama in 3 Acts) * ''I Due Fratelli Nimici'' — "The Two Enemy Brothers" (Tragicomedy in 3 Acts) * ''Eco e Narciso'' — "Echo and Narcissus" (Seriocomic Pastoral with Music in 3 Acts) * ''Il Moro di Corpo Bianco; o sia, Lo Schiavo del Proprio Onore'' — "The Moor with White Body; or, The Slave of his own Honor" (Tragicomedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Donna Contraria al Consiglio'' — "The Woman Against the Council" (Scenic Composition in 5 Acts) * ''Cimene Pardo'' — "Cimene Pardo" (Tragedy in 5 Acts) * ''Innamorata da Vero'' — "True Love" (Comedy in 3 Acts) * ''Bianca Contessa di Melfi; o sia, Il Maritaggio per Vendetta'' — "Bianca, Countess of Malfi; or, the Maritaggio for Vendetta" (Tragedy in 5 Acts) * ''Il Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale'' — "The Montanaro Don Giovanni Pasquale" (Moral Stage Action in 5 Acts) * ''La Figlia dell'Aria; o sia, L'Innalzamento di Semiramide'' — "Daughter of the Air; or, The Rise of Semiramis" (Allegorical Tale in 3 Acts) * ''Il Metafisico; o sia, L'Amore, e L'Amicizia alla Prova'' — "The Metaphysical; or, Love and Friendship Put to the Test" (Drama 3 Acts) * ''Annibale, Duca di Atene'' — "Hannibal, Duke of Athens" (Verse Representation in 5 Acts) * ''La Malia della Voce'' — "The Woman's(?) Voice" (Drama 5 Acts) * ''Amore Assottiglia il Cervello'' — "Love Thins the Brain" (Comedy in 5 Acts) * ''La Vedova del Malabar'' — "The Widow of Malabar" (Tragedy in 5 Acts)


Other works

* ''Ragionamento ingenuo, e storia sincera dell'origine delle mie dieci Fiabe teatrali'' — "Ingenuous Disquisition and Sincere History of My Ten Tales for the Theatre" (1772) * ''Memorie Inutili'' — "Useless Memoirs" (1777, published 1797)


Editions

* Carlo Gozzi, ''Memorie inutili ''(éd. Giuseppe Prezzolini). Laterza, Bari 1910. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere del Co: Carlo Gozzi''. Colombani, Venezia/Firenze 1772 1774 * Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere edite ed inedite del Co. Carlo Gozzi''. Zanardi, Venezia 1801 1803 * Carlo Gozzi, ''Opere. Teatro e polemiche teatrali'' (éd. Giorgio Petronio). Rizzoli, Milano 1962. * ''Scritti di Carlo Gozzi'' éd. E. Bonora. Einaudi, Torino 1977. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Le fiabe teatrali'' (= ''Biblioteca di Cultura.'' 261). Testo, introduzione e commento a cura di Paolo Bosisio. Bulzoni, Rom 1984. * Carlo Gozzi, ''Theatralische Werke.'' Aus dem italiänischen übersezt. 5 voll. Typographische Gesellschaft, Bern 1777–1779.


Notes and references


Notes


References


Further reading

* Carmelo Alberti (ed.), ''Carlo Gozzi, scrittore di teatro'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 1). Bulzoni, Rom 1996, . * Alfredo Beniscelli, ''La finzione del fiabesco. Studi sul teatro di Carlo Gozzi'',(= ''Collana di saggistica'', vol. 19). Marietti, Casale Monferrato 1986, . * Michele Bordin, Anna Scannapieco (eds.): ''Antologia della critica goldoniana e gozziana.'' Marsilio, Venezia 2009, . * Paolo Bosisio, ''Carlo Gozzi e Goldoni. Una polemica letteraria'', Olschki, Firenze 1979. * Françoise Decroisette, "Carlo Gozzi", in ''Il contributo italiano alla storia del pensiero. La Letteratura'', Giulio Ferroni (ed.), Roma, Enciclopedia Treccani, 2017. * Helmut Feldmann, ''Die Fiabe Carlo Gozzis. Die Entstehung einer Gattung und ihre Transposition in das System der deutschen Romantik'' (= ''Studi italiani.'' Bd. 11). Böhlau, Köln u. a. 1971, . * Siro Ferrone, ''Attori mercanti corsari. La Commedia dell'arte in Europa tra Cinque e Seicento'', Einaudi, Torino 1993. * Bodo Guthmüller/
Wolfgang Osthoff Wolfgang Osthoff (17 March 1927 – 29 July 2008) was a German musicologist and professor (ordinarius) for historical musicology at the University of Würzburg. Life Born in Halle as son of the musicologist Helmuth Osthoff, Osthoff received hi ...
(eds.), ''Carlo Gozzi. Letteratura e musica'' (= ''La fenice dei teatri.'' 4). Bulzoni, Rom 1997, . * Thomas F. Heck, ''Commedia dell'Arte: A Guide to the Primary and Secondary Literature'', Garland, New York 1988. * Kii-Ming Lo, ''Turandot auf der Opernbühne'', Peter Lang, Frankfurt/Bern/New York 1996. * Gérard Luciani, ''L’œuvre de Carlo Gozzi et les polémiques théâtrales contre les Lumières'', dans: ''Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century'' 89/1972, pp. 939–974. * Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi : 1720-1806, l’homme et l’œuvre…'', Paris, H. Champion, 1977. * Gérard Luciani, ''Carlo Gozzi, ou, L’enchanteur désenchanté'', Grenoble, Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2001 . * Arnaldo Momo, ''La carriera delle maschere nel teatro di Goldoni, Chiari, Gozzi'', Marsilio, Venezia 1992. * Allardyce Nicoll, ''The World of Harlequin'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1963. * Robert Perroud, ''La défense et l'utilisation des ‚masques’ de la commedia dell'arte dans l'oeuvre de Carlo Gozzi.'' In: Roger Bauer, Jürgen Wertheimer (eds.), ''Das Ende des Stegreifspiels – Die Geburt des Nationaltheaters. Ein Wendepunkt in der Geschichte des europäischen Dramas.'' Fink, München 1983, , pp. 9–16. *
Jean Starobinski Jean Starobinski (17 November 1920 – 4 March 2019) was a Swiss literary critic. Biography Starobinski was born in Geneva in 1920, the son of Jewish physicians Aron Starobinski of Warsaw and Sulka Frydman of Lublin. Both his parents left ...
, ''Ironie et mélancholie (I): Le théâtre de Carlo Gozzi'', dans: Critiques 22 (1966), pp. 438–457. *
Jean Starobinski Jean Starobinski (17 November 1920 – 4 March 2019) was a Swiss literary critic. Biography Starobinski was born in Geneva in 1920, the son of Jewish physicians Aron Starobinski of Warsaw and Sulka Frydman of Lublin. Both his parents left ...
, ''Portrait de l'artiste en saltimbanque'', Gallimard, Paris 1983/2004, . * Jörn Steigerwald, ''Serendipità oder Selbstaufklärung im Medium des Theaters: Carlo Gozzis „Il re cervo".'' In: ''Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert.'' Nr. 35.1, 2011, , pp. 73–89. * Frederik D. Tunnat, ''Karl Vollmoeller. Dichter und Kulturmanager. Eine Biographie.'' tredition, Hamburg 2008, (gives information on Vollmoeller's productions of Gozzi's plays). * Olga Visentini, ''Movenze dell'esotismo: »il caso Gozzi«'', in:
Jürgen Maehder Jürgen Maehder (born 1950) is a German musicologist and opera director. He discovered Franco Alfano's original version of the finale for the third act of Puccini's ''Turandot''. He has lectured and staged opera internationally. Career Born in Du ...
(ed.), ''Esotismo e colore locale nell'opera di Puccini. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale sull'opera di Giacomo Puccini'', Giardini, Pisa 1985, pp. 37–51. * Susanne Winter, ''Von illusionärer Wirklichkeit und wahrer Illusion. Zu Carlo Gozzis Fiabe teatrali'', Frankfurt/Main 2007, . * Friedrich Wolfzettel, ''Märchen, Aufklärung und ‚Antiaufklärung’: zu den ‚fiabe teatrali’ Carlo Gozzis'' dans: ''Aufklärung'', éd. Roland Galle, Helmut Pfeiffer, Fink, Paderborn/München 2007, , pp. 117–145.


External links

* * *
''The Memoirs of Count Carlo Gozzi''
at gutenberg.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Gozzi, Carlo 1720 births 1806 deaths 18th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights Commedia dell'arte 18th-century Venetian writers