Carl Richard Jacobi (10 July 1908 – 25 August 1997) was an American journalist and writer. He wrote short stories in the horror and fantasy genres for the
pulp magazine market, appearing in such pulps of the bizarre and uncanny as ''
Thrilling
''Thrilling'' is a 1965 Italian comedy film. The film is split into three distinct segments, each directed by a different director; namely Carlo Lizzani, Ettore Scola and Gian Luigi Polidoro.
Cast
Il vittimista
* Directed by Ettore Scola
* N ...
'', ''Ghost Stories'',''
Startling Stories'', ''
Thrilling Wonder Stories
''Wonder Stories'' was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, ''Amazing Stor ...
'' and ''
Strange Stories
''Strange Stories'' was a pulp magazine which ran for thirteen issues from 1939 to 1941. It was edited by Mort Weisinger, who was not credited. Contributors included Robert Bloch, Eric Frank Russell, C. L. Moore, August Derleth, and ...
''. He also wrote stories crime and adventure which appeared in such pulps as ''
Thrilling Adventures'', ''Complete Stories'', ''
Top-Notch'', ''
Short Stories
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest t ...
'',''
The Skipper'', ''
Doc Savage
Doc Savage is a fictional character of the competent man hero type, who first appeared in American pulp magazines during the 1930s and 1940s. Real name Clark Savage Jr., he is a doctor, scientist, adventurer, detective, and polymath who "rights w ...
'' and ''Dime Adventures Magazine''. Jacobi also produced some
science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to Sci-Fi or SF) is a genre of speculative fiction which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel uni ...
, mainly
space opera, published in such magazines as ''
Planet Stories
''Planet Stories'' was an American pulp science fiction magazine, published by Fiction House between 1939 and 1955. It featured interplanetary adventures, both in space and on some other planets, and was initially focused on a young readershi ...
''. He was one of the last surviving pulp-fictioneers to have contributed to the legendary American horror magazine ''
Weird Tales
''Weird Tales'' is an American fantasy and horror fiction pulp magazine founded by J. C. Henneberger and J. M. Lansinger in late 1922. The first issue, dated March 1923, appeared on newsstands February 18. The first editor, Edwin Baird, pri ...
'' during its "glory days" (the 1920s and 1930s). His stories have been translated into French, Swedish, Danish and Dutch.
Biography
Early life and education
Jacobi was born in
Minneapolis
Minneapolis () is the largest city in Minnesota, United States, and the county seat of Hennepin County. The city is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls. Minneapolis has its origins ...
,
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
in 1908 and lived there throughout his life. He was a lifelong bachelor. He was a voracious reader at an early age, reading
Jules Verne,
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (; Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is wid ...
,
H.G. Wells as well as the
Frank Merriwell
Frank Merriwell is a fictional character appearing in a series of novels and short stories by Gilbert Patten, who wrote under the pseudonym Burt L. Standish. The character appeared in over 300 dime novels between 1896 and 1930 (some between 1927 a ...
and
Tom Swift
Tom Swift is the main character of six series of American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science, invention, and technology. First published in 1910, the series totals more than 100 volumes. The character was ...
boys' adventure yarns. Jacobi was always a writer; at his junior high school he earned good pocket-money concocting his own 'dime novels' (short story booklets) and selling them to fellow students as 10 cents-a-piece.
Jacobi attended the
University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. ...
from 1927 to 1930, majoring in English Literature, where he began his writing career in campus magazines and was an undergraduate classmate of
Donald Wandrei
Donald Albert Wandrei (20 April 1908 – 15 October 1987)[Minnesota Death Certificates Index](_blank)
. ...
. He wrote of this period on ''
Thrilling Wonder Stories
''Wonder Stories'' was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, ''Amazing Stor ...
'' (June 1939) that "I tried to divide my time between rhetoric courses and the geology lab. As an underclassman I was somewhat undecided whether future life would find me studying rocks and fossils or simply pounding a typewriter. The typewriter won." Jacobi's first stories were published while he was at the University. Long before graduation he made his first professional sale, a short detective tale, "Rumbling Cannon", to ''Secret Service Stories.'' This ought to have paid around fifty dollars but Jacobi received nothing since the pulp folded soon after the story was published. The last of the stories he published while at university, "Moss Island", was a graduate's contribution to ''The Quest'' of Central High School, and "Mive" (which won a college-wide contest judged by
Margaret Culkin Banning), published in the University of Minnesota's ''The Minnesota Quarterly''. Both stories were later sold to ''Amazing Stories'' (Winter 1932) and ''
Weird Tales
''Weird Tales'' is an American fantasy and horror fiction pulp magazine founded by J. C. Henneberger and J. M. Lansinger in late 1922. The first issue, dated March 1923, appeared on newsstands February 18. The first editor, Edwin Baird, pri ...
'' respectively and marked his debut in professional magazines. "Mive" (''Weird Tales'', 1932) brought him payment of 25 dollars.
[Herron, Don. "Jacobi, Carl", in Sullivan, Jack, (ed.) '' The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural''. Viking, New York, 1986 (p.229) ] "Mive" was praised by
H. P. Lovecraft in his letter to Jacobi of 27 February 1932: "Mive please me immensely, and I told Wright that I was glad to see at least one story whose weirdness of incident was made convincing by adequate emotional preparation and suitably developed atmosphere." Lovecraft commended Jacobi's work to Derleth and thereby helped set up the long-term relationship
Arkham House
Arkham House is an American publishing house specializing in weird fiction. It was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to publish hardcover collections of H. P. Lovecraft's best works, which had ...
would have with Jacobi.
Beginning in 1928, Jacobi corresponded with adventure-pulp veteran
Arthur O. Friel.
[Smith, R. Dixon. "Introduction: "Waking Up Dead". In Jacobi, Carl, ''Smoke of the Snake'', Fedogan & Bremer, Minneapolis, 1994 (pgs. 3-11)]
Jacobi's early story "The Monument" (1932) was submitted only once—to
Farnsworth Wright of ''Weird Tales''. It was not submitted subsequently but was discovered in a filing cabinet when R. Dixon Smith was researching his biography ''Lost in the Rentharpian Hills: Spanning the Decades with Carl Jacobi'' (1985) and finally saw print when included by Smith in ''Smoke of the Snake'' (1994).
1930s
Jacobi joined the editorial staff of ''The Minnesota Quarterly'', and after graduation in 1931, he became a news reporter, reviewer and sub-editor for the ''Minneapolis Star'', as well as a frequent reviewer of books and plays. He also served on the staff of the ''Minnesota Ski-U-Mah'', a campus humor magazine (described on the jackets of Jacobi's books as 'a scholastic publication'). After a while regular hours palled, and he left the ''Star'', renting an office in uptown Minneapolis in which were typewriter, paper, a few reference books, and a list of editorial addresses in New York.
Jacobi met
August Derleth
August William Derleth (February 24, 1909 – July 4, 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. Though best remembered as the first book publisher of the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, and for his own contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos and th ...
in January 1931 when Derleth was visiting Minneapolis to see
Donald Wandrei
Donald Albert Wandrei (20 April 1908 – 15 October 1987)[Minnesota Death Certificates Index](_blank)
. ...
. Jacobi had read Derleth's stories in ''Weird Tales'' and his
Solar Pons
Solar Pons is a fictional detective created by August Derleth as a pastiche of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.
Robert Bloch wrote of the series, "During a span of a century there have been literally hundreds of Sherlockian imitations ...
stories in ''Dragnet'' and asked to be introduced; they met together, and with Donald Wandrei, for a literary roundtable at Minneapolis' Rainbow Cafe. Though Derleth and Jacobi corresponded for 40 years thereafter, Jacobi saw him but a few times in St Paul and never visited Derleth's home of
Sauk City
Sauk City is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States, North America. The population was 3,518 as of the 2020 census. The first incorporated village in the state, the community was founded by Agoston Haraszthy and his business partner, R ...
, Wisconsin. Over the following summer, when Derleth worked briefly as an editor for Fawcett Publications, outside Minneapolis, the three men frequently got together for brainstorming sessions.
Jacobi owned his own private retreat, a cabin at
Minnewashta in the Carver country outlands of Minneapolis. His intimate familiarity with the terrain and environment there provided the setting for many of his most distinguished stories.
From 1932 until Jacobi's death in 1997, pulp writer
Hugh B. Cave corresponded with Jacobi. Scores of their letters are quoted in Cave's memoir ''Magazines I Remember'' (Chicago: Tattered Pages Press, 1994), though many of Jacobi's early letters to Cave were lost in a fire in the early 1970s, along with copies of all Cave's early stories. Jacobi and Cave often criticised and improved each other's stories.
Jack Adrian writes:
In the depression years of the early 1930s, the pulp-writer needed as formidable a creative armoury as possible, along with a certain amount of luck, and cunning, to crack even the lowest paying markets. Jacobi had a useful knack for dreaming up memorable milieu against which to set his tales, and bizarre situations that stayed in the mind long after the magazine the story itself was in had been finished and tossed away. He may have been the only writer ever to have a story firmly rejected by the redoubtable ''Weird Tales
''Weird Tales'' is an American fantasy and horror fiction pulp magazine founded by J. C. Henneberger and J. M. Lansinger in late 1922. The first issue, dated March 1923, appeared on newsstands February 18. The first editor, Edwin Baird, pri ...
'' editor Farnsworth Wright, only to have Wright, weeks later, begging for the story back, because an incident in it had stuck in his mind. This was "Revelations in Black", a chilling, and much-reprinted, vampire tale set in an old stone farmhouse outside of Minneapolis Jacobi had driven past one night (the house's eerie statue-lined garden, as seen by brilliant moonlight, had caught his eye and his imagination.
Jacobi wrote scores of tales for all the best-known magazines of fantasy and science fiction and was represented in numerous anthologies of imaginative fiction published in the United States, England and New Zealand. His stories were translated into French, Swedish, Danish and Dutch. Many of his tales were published in anthologies edited by Derleth, and
Arkham House
Arkham House is an American publishing house specializing in weird fiction. It was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, in 1939 by August Derleth and Donald Wandrei to publish hardcover collections of H. P. Lovecraft's best works, which had ...
published his first three short story collections. Stories also appeared in such magazines as ''
Short Stories
A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the oldest t ...
'', ''Railroad Magazine'', ''The Toronto Star'', ''Wonder Stories'', ''MacLean's magazine'', ''Ghost Stories'', ''Strange Stories'', ''Thrilling Mystery'', ''Startling Stories'', ''Complete Stories'', ''
Top-Notch'' and others. Though best known for his macabre fiction, Jacobi also wrote science fiction, weird-menace yarns and adventure stories.
["Jacobi, Carl" in ''Encyclopedia of pulp fiction writers'' by ]Lee Server
Lee Server (May 27, 1953 – December 28, 2021) was an American writer. He was a graduate of New York University Film School. Server wrote several books about Hollywood cinema and pulp fiction. His book on Ava Gardner, ''Love is Nothing'' (2006) ...
. Facts on File (2002)
, (pp. 155-6)
Already by 1935, Jacobi was seeing a greater percentage of rejected stories. Pressed by financial problems and the need to help his parents survive the Depression, he took a $50 a week job as a
continuity writer for the local radio station where he stayed until 1940.
Jacobi was fascinated by adventure tales with a Southeast Asia setting, particularly in regard to Dutch central
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ...
and the
Maritime Southeast Asia
Maritime Southeast Asia comprises the countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and East Timor. Maritime Southeast Asia is sometimes also referred to as Island Southeast Asia, Insular Southeast Asia or Oceanic Sout ...
. Jacobi wrote to officials working in Southeast Asia to obtain details for his stories,
and he had considerable knowledge of that background in his fiction. According to Jack Adrian, "He would write to those in charge of far-flung outposts deep in the heart of the Borneo jungle, say, demanding geographical detail, obscure ethnic lore, atmospheric and forestall conditions; anything, in short, you couldn't get out of a book. This way he became an acknowledged expert in a field he had created himself, at the same time inventing whole new fiction subgenres, such as "Borneo terror tale", "New Guinea adventure" and so on. Later he turned the same trick with
Baluchistan.
In 1939, Jacobi met writer
Clifford D. Simak
Clifford Donald Simak (; August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He won three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. The Science Fiction Writers of America made him its third SFWA Grand Master, and the Horror W ...
when Simak moved to Minneapolis to take a job with the Minneapolis ''Star''; they became friends. At this time, Jacobi listed his hobbies as "studying the night sky with a 60 power glass; continuing contacts with friends now located in jumping off spots of the South Seas and Malaysia; and collecting old tobacco tins."
["Fiction Family: Carl Jacobi in ]Thrilling Wonder Stories
''Wonder Stories'' was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, ''Amazing Stor ...
(June 1939)
1940s and 1950s
In 1940-41, Jacobi served as editor of ''Midwest Media'', an advertising and radio trade journal. He then spent some years as a reporter, and reviewer of books and plays, for the Minneapolis ''Star''. He worked for them for many years, writing fiction on the side. Following this, he "travelled a spell; fooled about with telegraphy, both wireless and Morse for another spell; then turned to writing fiction full-time."
At the time of the compilation of ''
Revelations in Black'' (1947), Jacobi's first collection, Jacobi was at work on a novel, but it is unknown whether this was completed.
Jacobi continued to sell stories to ''Weird Tales'' up through the 1950s, with that market taking eighteen of his stories in all.
When the pulp markets collapsed, Jacobi took regular employment with one of the
Honeywell
Honeywell International Inc. is an American publicly traded, multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It primarily operates in four areas of business: aerospace, building technologies, performance ma ...
defense plants as an electronics inspector, a job he had through WWII and beyond, while writing part-time. He worked the night shift at Honeywell seven days a week, which had a severe effect on both his writing schedule and his health, leading to heart problems.
1960s
1964 saw the publication of Jacobi's second collection of weird fiction, ''
Portraits in Moonlight'', and several short stories published in magazines.
1970s and 1980s
In 1972, Arkham House published Jacobi's third collection of weird fiction, ''
Disclosures in Scarlet''. Don Herron, writing in Jack Sullivan's ''Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural'', calls Jacobi's 1972 story "The Unpleasantness at Carver House" his masterpiece - "a ghoulish tale of horror and madness that may rank with the best work of
Robert Aickman
Robert Fordyce Aickman (27 June 1914 – 26 February 1981) was an English writer and conservationist. As a conservationist, he co-founded the Inland Waterways Association, a group which has preserved from destruction and restored England's inl ...
and
Walter de la Mare
Walter John de la Mare (; 25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem "The Listeners", and for a highly acclaimed selection of ...
in its brilliant use of suggestion. A feeling of unease pervades the story, and its many macabre implications prey on the imagination long after the last sentence is read."
In 1973, Jacobi attended the science-fiction convention Torcon II
31st World Science Fiction Convention
The 31st World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Torcon II, was held on 31 August–3 September 1973 at the Royal York Hotel in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The chairman was John Millard.
Participants
Attendance was approxi ...
, held in Canada, having been persuaded to attend by literary agent
Kirby McCauley
Kirby McCauley (September 11, 1941 – August 30, 2014) was a Minnesota-born American fan of the macabre who went on to a career as a major literary agent and editor professionally based in New York City, becoming a prime mover behind the commerci ...
. There he met such figures as
J. Vernon Shea and
Robert Bloch. In the same year, ''Etchings and Odysseys'' magazine was launched in Minneapolis by
Kirby McCauley
Kirby McCauley (September 11, 1941 – August 30, 2014) was a Minnesota-born American fan of the macabre who went on to a career as a major literary agent and editor professionally based in New York City, becoming a prime mover behind the commerci ...
, John Koblas, Eric Carlson, Joe West and others. Jacobi attended the launch, along with
Mary Elizabeth Counselman
Mary Elizabeth Counselman (November 19, 1911 – November 13, 1995) was an American writer of short stories and poetry.
Biography
Mary Elizabeth Counselman was born on November 19, 1911, in Birmingham, Alabama. She began writing poetry as a ...
, who had frequently appeared in the pages of the same magazines as Jacobi. Jacobi also met
E. Hoffman Price (visiting from the West) at both
Donald Wandrei
Donald Albert Wandrei (20 April 1908 – 15 October 1987)[Minnesota Death Certificates Index](_blank)
. ...
's home and at ''Etchings and Odysseys'' 'headquarters'. Koblas had come to know Jacobi much earlier, and received encouraging criticism from Jacobi on his manuscripts. Jacobi also came much in contact with poet and novelist
Richard L. Tierney, a Twin Cities resident for nine years during the 1970s. During this period, however, Jacobi had suffered a stroke which left one side of his body paralysed and gave him a speech impediment.
1980 saw a collection of Jacobi's stories published in French, under the title ''Les ecarlates''. In 1989 appeared a collection of all-reprint adventure stories from the pulps, ''East of Samarinda''. In the late 1980s, Robert M. Price's Cryptic Publications published a number of obscure Jacobi stories in such magazines as ''Astro-Adventures'', ''Pulp Stories'', ''Pulse-Pounding Adventure Stories'' and ''Shudder Stories''.
Jacobi continued to write macabre stories in the 1970s and 1980s. Many are collected in his final volume, ''The Smoke of the Snake'' (1994). His last published story, "A Quire of Foolscap" (''Whispers'', Oct 1987) contains an in-joke: an unfaithful wife and her lover check into a motel "out on Carcosa", an obvious reference to both Ambrose Bierce's "
An Inhabitant of Carcosa
"An Inhabitant of Carcosa" is a short story by American Civil War soldier, wit, and writer Ambrose Bierce. It was first published in the ''San Francisco Newsletter'' of December 25, 1886 and was later reprinted as part of Bierce's collections '' ...
" and Robert W. Chambers' ''
The King in Yellow'', as well as affectionate praise for
Karl Edward Wagner
Karl Edward Wagner (12 December 1945 – 14 October 1994) was an American writer, poet, editor, and publisher of horror, science fiction, and heroic fantasy, who was born in Knoxville, Tennessee and originally trained as a psychiatrist. He ...
's newly established publishing firm (see
Carcosa
Carcosa is a fictional city in Ambrose Bierce's short story " An Inhabitant of Carcosa" (1886). The ancient and mysterious city is barely described and is viewed only in hindsight (after its destruction) by a character who once lived there.
Ameri ...
).
Later life and death
Debilitating illness crippled Jacobi during the final half-decade of his life, although his literary agent and biographer R. Dixon Smith did much to alleviate his various afflictions.
Jacobi died at St Louis Park, Minnesota on 25 August 1997.
A memorial for him was held at the
Arcana (convention) 27, Sept 26-28, 1997 at the Holiday Inn Express Bandana Square, Minneapolis.
Critical Reception
Fritz Leiber
Fritz Reuter Leiber Jr. ( ; December 24, 1910 – September 5, 1992) was an American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He was also a poet, actor in theater and films, playwright, and chess expert. With writers such as Rober ...
wrote about Jacobi: "his best tales surely include "Mive", "Carnaby's Fish", "Revelations in Black", "Moss Island", "Portrait in Moonlight", "The Lo Prello Paper", "The Aquarium", "The Singleton Barrier"...and "The Unpleasantness at Carver House".
Writer Don Herron has stated "Jacobi has a genuine bent for original, gruesome invention equal to the best writers who emerged from ''Weird Tales.''" Herron also said "Jacobi's finest stories have an exquisitely creepy quality from first paragraph to last" and descripted the story "The Unpleasantness at Carver House" as "Jacobi's masterpiece".
Bibliography
(All of the following are short story collections)
*''
Revelations in Black'' (1947)
*''
Portraits in Moonlight'' (1964)
*''
Disclosures in Scarlet'' (1972)
*''
East of Samarinda'' (1989) (edited by Carl Jacobi and R. Dixon Smith).
*''Smoke of the Snake'' (1994) (edited by Carl Jacobi and R. Dixon Smith). Note: This volume of short stories was originally titled ''Levitations in Lavender'' and later, ''Wayfarers in Darkness''. The death of
August Derleth
August William Derleth (February 24, 1909 – July 4, 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. Though best remembered as the first book publisher of the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, and for his own contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos and th ...
scuttled its publication and it circulated in manuscript for some twenty years until being issued by Fedogan and Bremer, 1994. It contains 15 tales, some early, some late, all previously uncollected. The tale "The Street That Wasn't There" is a collaboration with
Clifford D. Simak
Clifford Donald Simak (; August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He won three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. The Science Fiction Writers of America made him its third SFWA Grand Master, and the Horror W ...
. The volume is dedicated by the editor to
Basil Copper and his wife Annie, and illustrated by
Jon Arfstrom and Rodger Geberding. The editor's introduction is titled "Waking Up Dead".
* ''Masters of the Weird Tale: Carl Jacobi''. Edited by
S. T. Joshi. Introduction by John Pelan. A mammoth collection of Jacobi's best weird fiction.
*'' Mive and Others: Best Weird Stories of Carl Jacobi Volume 1'' (2021) Edited by S.T. Joshi
* ''Witches in the Corrnfield: Best Weird Stories of Carl Jacobi Volume 2'' (2021) Edited by S.T. Joshi
References
Sources
* Don Herron. "Carl Jacobi" in Jack Sullivan (ed). ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural''. New York: Viking Penguin, 1986, p. 229.
*
W. H. Pugmire
Wilum Hopfrog Pugmire (born William Harry Pugmire; May 3, 1951 – March 26, 2019), was a writer of weird fiction and horror fiction based in Seattle, Washington. His works typically were published as W. H. Pugmire (his adopted middle name deriv ...
(ed). ''Carl Jacobi: An Appreciation''. Pensacola, FL: Stellar Z Productions, 1977.
* Ruber, Peter (ed). ''Arkham's Masters of Horror.'' Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 2000.
* Smith, R. Dixon. ''Lost in the Rentharpian Hills: Spanning the Decades with Carl Jacobi.'' Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Press, 1985.
External links
*
*
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacobi, Carl Richard
1908 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American novelists
American crime fiction writers
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American male short story writers
Pulp fiction writers
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Novelists from Minnesota
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Weird fiction writers