Carditidae is a family of

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...

clams of the

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

Carditida Carditida is an order of marine bivalve clams. Superfamilies and families According to the World Register of Marine Species: * Family: † Archaeocardiidae *Superfamily: Carditoidea ** Family: Carditidae ** Family: Condylocardiidae *Superf ...

, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the

type Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Ty ...

taxon of the

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

Carditoidea Carditoidea is a superfamily of marine bivalve clams. Families According to the World Register of Marine Species: * Carditidae * Condylocardiidae * Cardiniidae Notes: * Previously in 2010, Condylocardiidae was classified in its own superf ...

. Carditidae is a neglected and poorly classified family. It has six subfamilies recognised by the World Register of Marine Species, but the WoRMS has refrained from assigning contents to any family due to ambiguity and overlap in their definitions. Additionally, several genera have been or are still considered subgenera of other genera by some authors.

Genera

The

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

of Carditidae recognised by the World Register of Marine Species are: *'' Akardita'' La Perna, Brunetti & Della Bella, 2018 *'' Arcturellina'' Chavan, 1951 * '' Bathycardita'' Iredale, 1924 * '' Beguina'' Röding, 1798 *'' Cardiocardita'' Anton, 1838 * '' Cardita'' Bruguière, 1792 * ''

Carditamera ''Carditamera'' is a genus of molluscs in the family Carditidae. It is the type genus of the subfamily Carditamerinae. ''Byssomera'' is a junior synonym or subgenus of ''Carditamera'' but has sometimes been written as a subgenus of ''Cardita'' ...

'' * '' Carditellopsis'' Iredale, 1936 * '' Cardites'' Link, 1807 * ''

Centrocardita ''Centrocardita'' is an extant genus of marine clams in the family Carditidae. It is also represented in the fossil record. It is sometimes treated as a subgenus of ''Glans The glans (, plural "glandes" ; from the Latin word for " acorn") is ...

'' Sacco, 1899 *†'' Choniocardia'' Cossmann, 1904 *†''

Claibornicardia ''Claibornicardia'' is an extinct genus of marine bivalve molluscs in the family Carditidae. It is sometimes considered a subgenus of either '' Glyptoactis'' or '' Venericardia''. It has been found in the Americas and Europe. Species No specie ...

'' Stenzel & Krause, 1957 * '' Coripia'' de Gregorio, 1885 * '' Cuna'' Hedley, 1902 ** ''

Cuna aupouri Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

Powell Powell may refer to: People * Powell (surname) * Powell (given name) * Powell baronets, several baronetcies *Colonel Powell (disambiguation), several military officers *General Powell (disambiguation), several military leaders *Governor Powell (di ...

, 1937 ** ''

Cuna carditelloides Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

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, 1911 ** ''

Cuna compressidens Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

, 1933 ** '' Cuna gibbosa''

, 1937 ** ''

Cuna laqueus Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

'' Finlay, 1927 ** ''

Cuna manawatawhia Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

, 1937 ** ''

Cuna mayi Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

, 1930 ** ''

Cuna mendica Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

Dell Dell is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies. Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data ...

, 1952 ** ''

, 1930 ** ''

Cuna otagoensis Cuna may refer to: * Credit Union National Association * CUNA Credit Union, a defunct credit union based in Madison, Wisconsin * CUNA Mutual Group, a mutual insurance company based in Madison, Wisconsin * Kuna (people), of Panama and Colombia * ...

, 1927 * ''

Cyclocardia ''Cyclocardia'' is a genus of molluscs in the family Carditidae. The related genus ''Vimentum'' is sometimes included here. Species * ''Cyclocardia astartoides'' (Martens, 1878) *†''Cyclocardia awamoensis'' (Harris, 1897) * ''Cyclocardia bail ...

'' * '' Glans'' Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811 * ''

Glyptoactis ''Glyptoactis'' is a mostly extinct genus of bivalves in the family Carditidae. They have been recovered from the Castle Hayne Limestone geologic formation in North Carolina and in France. Subgenera and species Subgenera: * †'' Glyptoactis ...

'' Stewart, 1930 * †'' Goosensia'' Cossmann, 1885 *'' Hamacuna'' Cotton, 1931 * '' Lazariella'' Sacco, 1899 * '' Megacardita'' Sacco, 1899 * '' Milneria'' Dall, 1881 * †'' Miodomeris'' Chavan, 1936 * '' Miodontiscus'' Dall, 1903 * †'' Paraglans'' Chavan, 1941 * '' Pleuromeris'' * ''

Powellina ''Powellina brookesi'' is a bivalve mollusc of the family Carditidae, endemic to the north east coast of the North Island of New Zealand including Great Barrier Island and the Mercury Islands The Mercury Islands are a group of seven isla ...

'' Huber, 2010 * ''

Pteromeris ''Pteromeris'' is a genus of molluscs in the family Carditidae Carditidae is a family of marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the type taxon of the superfamily Carditoidea. Car ...

'' * '' Purpurocardia'' Maxwell, 1969 * '' Strophocardia'' Olsson, 1961 * ''

Thecalia ''Thecalia'' is a monotypic genus of bivalves belonging to the family Carditidae Carditidae is a family of marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the type taxon of the superfamily ...

'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857 *†'' Tutcheria'' Cox, 1946 * †''

Venericardia ''Venericardia'' is a widely distributed genus of marine bivalve molluscs, in the family Carditidae. It is the type genus of subfamily Venericardiinae. The closely related '' Purpurocardia'' was for long included here as a subgenus In biology ...

'' * †'' Venericor'' Stewart, 1930 * '' Vimentum'' Iredale, 1925 Synonyms: * ''Arcturella'' Chavan, 1941 is a junior synonym of ''Arcturellina''. It is not to be confused with ''Arcturella'' Sars, 1879, which is a junior synonym of the

isopod Isopoda is an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives. Isopods live in the sea, in fresh water, or on land. All have rigid, segmented exoskeletons, two pairs of antennae, seven pairs of jointed limbs on the thorax, an ...

genus '' Astacilla''. * ''Azarella'' is a junior synonym of ''Beguina''. * ''Agaria, Cardiocardites'' icand ''Divergidens'' are junior synonyms of ''Cardiocardita''. * ''Actinobolus'' Mörch, 1853 is a junior synonym of ''Cardites''. It is not to be confused with the rhinoceros beetle genus '' Actinobolus'' Westwood, 1842. * ''Ceropsis'' Dall, 1871 is a junior synonym of ''Milneria''. It should not be confused with the true weevil genus '' Ceropsis''. * ''Miodon'' Carpenter, 1863 is a junior synonym of ''Miodontiscus''. It should not be confused with ''Miodon'' Duméril, 1859, which is a junior synonym of the

mole viper The Atractaspididae (atractaspidids) are a family of venomous snakes found in Africa and the Middle East, commonly called mole vipers, stiletto snakes, or burrowing asps. Currently, 12 genera are recognized. Description This family includes ...

genus '' Polemon''. Notes: * In some classifications, ''Bathycardita'' is a subgenus of ''Cardiocardita''. * In some classifications, ''Centrocardita'' is a subgenus of ''Glans''. *In some classifications, ''Claibornicardia'' is a subgenus of either ''Glyptoactis'' or ''Venericardia''. * In some classifications, ''Vimentum'' is a subgenus of ''Cyclocardia''. *In some classifications prior to the 2000s, '' Carditella'' was included in Carditidae, but it has since been moved to

Condylocardiidae Condylocardiidae is a family of small marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida. Genera * '' Benthocardiella'' Powell Powell may refer to: People * Powell (surname) * Powell (given name) * Powell baronets, several baronetcies *Colonel Powell ...

, along with its former junior synonym/subgenus (now independent genus) '' Carditellona''. *Increasingly in several 2010s classifications, the subgenus ''Venericardia'' (†''

Baluchicardia ''Baluchicardia'' is an extinct genus of fossil saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Carditidae. These clams were facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeders. Subtaxa Some authors consider ''Baluchicardia'' a subgenus of ...

'') Rutsch and Schenck 1943 is considered an independent genus.

Subfamilies

Chavan, 1969

The original six-subfamily system was first proposed by Chavan in 1969, contain the following genera (some of which are now synonyms or classified in other families): Carditamerinae Chavan, 1969 Carditesinae Chavan, 1969 * ''

'' * '' Cardites'' * ''

'' * ''

'' * '' Ludbrookia'' * '' Paraglans'' * '' Xenocardita'' Carditinae Férussac, 1822 * '' Beguina'' * '' Cardita'' * ''

Jesonia ''Cardita'' is a genus of marine bivalve molluscs in the family Carditidae. Naming Especially in the early 19th century, this genus was often confused with the Carditid genus '' Cardites''. ''Cardita'' was originally established by J.G. B ...

'' Miodomeridinae Chavan, 1969 * '' Chavanella'' * '' Coripia'' * '' Miodomeris'' * ''

'' Thecaliinae Dall, 1903 * '' Milneria'' * ''

'' Venericardiinae Chavan, 1969 * '' Leuroactis'' * '' Megacardita'' * '' Pacificor'' * '' Trapezicardita'' * ''

'' * '' Venericor''

Perez, 2019

In 2019, D. E. Pérez proposed a seven-subfamily system for Carditidae. Carditamerinae * ''

'' * ''

'' * '' Glans'' Carditinae * '' Beguina'' * *'' Birkelundita'' * '' Cardita'' Miodomeridinae * *'' Kolmeris'' * '' Miodomeris'' * ''

'' Palaeocarditinae Chavan, 1969 * *'' Palaeocardita'' * *'' Schizocardita'' Scalaricarditinae Pérez, 2019 * '' Coripia'' * *'' Scalaricardita'' * '' Vimentum'' Thecaliinae * ''

'' * ''

'' Venericardiinae * = not yet recognised by the World Register of Marine Species. In addition, Pérez proposed possible affiliations for the genera not included in his subfamilies: * Carditidae: '' Carditomantea''? * Carditinae: '' Goosensia''? * Cyclocardida: '' Ainicardita'', ''

Crassicardia ''Cyclocardia'' is a genus of molluscs in the family Carditidae Carditidae is a family of marine bivalve clams of the order Carditida, which was long included in the Venerida. They are the type taxon of the superfamily Carditoidea. Ca ...

'', '' Lunulicardita'' * Eucarditidae: '' Pseudocardia''? (some species) * Miodomeridinae: '' Miodontiscus'' * Scalaricarditinae: '' Malarossia'', '' Akardita''?, '' Choniocardia ''(could be Cyclocardida) * Stem-Carditidae: '' Fenestricardita''?, '' Trapezicardita''?, '' Gujocardita''? (could be Permophoridae), '' Septocardia''? (could be Cardiidae) * Stem-Eucarditidae or Stem-Carditida: Izumicardia * Venericardiini: '' Cossmannella'', '' Cretocardia'', '' Lazariella'' * Venericardiinae: ''

Cycloglans ''Pleuromeris'' is a genus of molluscs in the family Carditidae. Species * ''Pleuromeris armilla'' (Dall, 1903) * ''Pleuromeris benthicola'' Powell, 1937 * †''Pleuromeris decemcostata'' Conrad, 1867 * †''Pleuromeris koruahinensis ''(Bartrum ...

'', '' Strophocardia'', '' Maghrebella''?, '' Subvenericardia''? * Uncertain: '' Milneria'', '' Xenocardita'' In some classifications prior to the 2000s, Carditidae used to contain a seventh subfamily Carditellinae, until it was reallocated to

References

* (1979): ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. * (2008)
Psamathini
Version of 2008-MAR-26. Retrieved 2009-FEB-23. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2938109 Bivalve families Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Taxa described in 1822