The Basilica of Saint Sabina ( la, Basilica Sanctae Sabinae, it, Basilica di Santa Sabina all'Aventino) is a historic church on the Aventine Hill in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

, Italy. It is a

titular Titular may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * Title character in a narrative work, the character referred to in its title Religion * Titular (Catholicism), a cardinal who holds a titulus, one of the main churches of Rome ** Titular bisho ...

minor basilica In the Catholic Church, a basilica is a designation given by the Pope to a church building. Basilicas are distinguished for ceremonial purposes from other churches. The building need not be a basilica in the architectural sense (a rectangular ...

and

mother church Mother church or matrice is a term depicting the Christian Church as a mother in her functions of nourishing and protecting the believer. It may also refer to the primary church of a Christian denomination or diocese, i.e. a cathedral or a metropo ...

of the

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

Order of Preachers The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...

, better known as the Dominicans. Santa Sabina is the oldest extant ecclesiastical basilica in Rome that preserves its original colonnaded rectangular plan with apse and architectural style. Its decorations have been restored to their original restrained design. Other basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore, have been ornately decorated in later centuries. Because of its simplicity, the Santa Sabina represents the adaptation of the architecture of the roofed Roman forum or basilica to the basilica churches of

Christendom Christendom historically refers to the Christian states, Christian-majority countries and the countries in which Christianity dominates, prevails,SeMerriam-Webster.com : dictionary, "Christendom"/ref> or is culturally or historically intertwine ...

. It is especially well-known for its cypress wood doors carved in AD 430-432 with Biblical scenes, the most famous being the first known publicly displayed depiction of the

crucifixion Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross or beam and left to hang until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation. It was used as a punishment by the Persians, Carthagi ...

Jesus Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...

and the two thieves. Santa Sabina is perched high above the

Tiber The Tiber ( ; it, Tevere ; la, Tiberis) is the third-longest List of rivers of Italy, river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing through Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, where ...

to the north and the

Circus Maximus The Circus Maximus (Latin for "largest circus"; Italian: ''Circo Massimo'') is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue in Rome, Italy. In the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and l ...

to the east. It is next to the small public park of ''Giardino degli Aranci'' ("Garden of Oranges"), which has a scenic terrace overlooking Rome. It is a short distance from the headquarters of the Knights of Malta. Its last

cardinal priest A cardinal ( la, Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are created by the ruling pope and typically hold the title for life. Col ...

was

Jozef Tomko Jozef Tomko (11 March 1924 – 8 August 2022) was a Slovak prelate of the Catholic Church who held positions in the Roman Curia from 1962 until he retired in 2007. He was prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 1985 ...

until his death on 8 August 2022. It is the stational church for Ash Wednesday.

History

The church was built on the site of early Imperial houses, one of which is said to be of

Sabina Sabina may refer to: Places and jurisdictions * Sabina (region), region and place in Italy, and hence: * the now Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina (-Poggio Mirteto), Italy * Magliano Sabina, city, Italy * Pozzaglia Sabina, city, Italy *Fara Sab ...

, a Roman matron originally from Avezzano in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Sabina was beheaded in AD 126 under Emperor Hadrian, because she had been converted to Christianity by her servant

Serapia The Serapia or Sarapia was a Roman Imperial religious festival devoted to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. It is found as an official holiday on 25 April as late as the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 AD. In farmers' almanacs ''( menologia rustica)' ...

, who also had been beheaded in AD 119. Sabina and Serapia were later declared Catholic saints. Santa Sabina was built by Peter of Illyria, a Dalmatian priest, between 422 and 432 near a temple of Juno on the Aventine Hill in

Pope Celestine I Pope Celestine I ( la, Caelestinus I) (c. 376 – 1 August 432) was the bishop of Rome from 10 September 422 to his death on 1 August 432. Celestine's tenure was largely spent combatting various ideologies deemed heretical. He supported the missi ...

established the cardinal title of Santa Sabina with its seat here in 423. In the 9th century, it was enclosed in a fortification area. in 1216

Pope Honorius III Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. A canon at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, he came to hold a number of impor ...

approved the

, now commonly known as the Dominicans, which was "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission".Pirerre Mandonnet, "Order of Preachers" Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913; Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the

, to take up residence at the church of Santa Sabina in 1220. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its ''studium conventuale'', the first Dominican ''studium'' in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the

on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220. The church was the seat of a papal conclave in 1287, although the prelates left the church after an

epidemic An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί ''epi'' "upon or above" and δῆμος ''demos'' "people") is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of patients among a given population within an area in a short period of time. Epidemics of infectious ...

killed six of them. They later returned to the church, and elected Nicholas IV as pope on February 22, 1288. Its interior was renovated by

Domenico Fontana Domenico Fontana (154328 June 1607) was an Italian architect of the late Renaissance, born in today's Ticino. He worked primarily in Italy, at Rome and Naples. Biography He was born at Melide, a village on the Lake Lugano, at that time joint p ...

in 1587 (after being commissioned by Pope Sixtus V in 1586) and Francesco Borromini in 1643. The Kingdom of Italy conquered Rome in 1870; expelled the Dominicans; and converted the church into a lazaretto (quarantine station for maritime travelers). Italian architect and art historian Antonio Muñoz (1884-1960) restored the original simplistic medieval appearance of the church in 1914-1919. French architect P. Berthier completed its restoration in 1936-1938. Among those who have lived in its adjacent convent were Saint Dominic (1220-1221),

St Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...

(1265-1268), Blessed Ceslaus, Saint Hyacinth, and

Pope Pius V Pope Pius V ( it, Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in May 1572. He is v ...

Architecture

Exterior

The Minor Basilica of Santa Sabina is built in the manner of an Ancient Roman secular basilica, or covered forum. The characteristics are a long central nave with a lower aisle on each side. Above the aisles, the walls of the nave are pierced by a row of large clerestory windows. The brick walls are mostly unrendered, and the windows are made of

selenite Selenite may refer to: Substances containing selenium *A selenium-containing anion or ionic compound with the SeO32− anion: **Selenite (ion), anion is a selenium oxoanion with the chemical formula SeO32− ***Selenous acid, the conjugate acid, w ...

, not

glass Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent, amorphous solid that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling ( quenching ...

, making the building look much as it did when it was built in the 5th century. The building has a colonnaded porch opening onto a cloister, and at the other end, a semi-circular apse. The campanile (bell tower) was originally built in the 10th century; but was rebuilt in the 17th century in the Baroque style. The wooden door of the basilica is generally agreed to be the original door from 430 to 432, although it was apparently not constructed for this doorway. Eighteen of its wooden panels survive — all but one depicting scenes from the

Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...

. Most famous among these is one of the earliest certain depictions of the

and the 2 thieves. Other panels have also been the subjects of extensive analysis because of their importance to the study of Christian iconography. Above the doorway, the interior preserves an original dedication in

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

hexameter Hexameter is a metrical line of verses consisting of six feet (a "foot" here is the pulse, or major accent, of words in an English line of poetry; in Greek and Latin a "foot" is not an accent, but describes various combinations of syllables). It w ...

Interior

The interior has basilical form, with a central nave divided from the side aisle by two rows of columns,on which rests an arcade. Above the arcade is a row of large clerestory windows. The twenty four columns of

Proconnesian Marmara Island ( ) is a Turkish island in the Sea of Marmara. With an area of it is the largest island in the Sea of Marmara and is the second largest island of Turkey after Gökçeada (older name in Turkish: ; el, Ίμβρος, links=no ''I ...

marble with perfectly matched Corinthian capitals and bases, were reused from the Temple of Juno. A framed hole in the floor exposes a Roman era temple column that pre-dates Santa Sabina. This appears to be the remnant of the Temple of Juno erected on the hilltop site during Roman times, which was likely razed to allow construction of the basilica. There is an apse at the eastern end. The original fifth-century apse mosaic was replaced in 1559 by a fresco by

Taddeo Zuccari Taddeo Zuccaro (or Zuccari) (1 September 15292 September 1566) was an Italian painter, one of the most popular members of the Roman mannerist school. Biography Zuccaro was born in Sant'Angelo in Vado, near Urbino, the son of Ottaviano Zuccaro, ...

. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ is flanked by a

good thief The Penitent Thief, also known as the Good Thief, Wise Thief, Grateful Thief, or Thief on the Cross, is one of two unnamed thieves in Luke's account of the crucifixion of Jesus in the New Testament. The Gospel of Luke describes him asking Jesus ...

and a bad thief, seated on a hill while lambs drink from a stream at its base. The iconography of the mosaic was very similar to another 5th-century mosaic, destroyed in the 17th century, in Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara.

Convent

The interior cells of the Dominican convent are little changed since the earliest days of the Order of Preachers. The cell of St. Dominic is still identified, though it has since been enlarged and converted to a

chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common ty ...

. Also, the original dining room still remains, in which St.

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...

would dine when he lived in Rome. 223SSabina

Doors

The doors on the exterior of Santa Sabina are made of cypress wood, and originally had a layout of twenty-eight panels. Out of these panels, ten of the original have been lost, and are left without ornamentation. Seventeen out of the original remaining eighteen panels depict a scene from the Old Testament or the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chri ...

, leaving one panel that does not directly correlate to a Biblical story. This panel, found near the bottom of the door, depicts an homage to a man wearing a chlamys, and is thought to depict a historical event relating to a powerful ruler, though the exact story depicted is unknown. One of the smaller top panels depicts the crucifixion of

Jesus Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label= Hebrew/ Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religiou ...

and two other figures in front of a building that alludes to the architecture of a Roman mausoleum. This panel is the first known publicly displayed image of the

crucifixion of Christ The crucifixion and death of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. It is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and considere ...

. The panels are carved in two distinct styles, one including more detail and adherence to the style of

classical art Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation. The rate of stylistic d ...

, and one adopting a simpler style, indicating that several artists may have worked on the doors. The abstract vegetal designs on the panels' frames are consistent with a

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...

n style, suggesting the origin of at least one of the artists was from this region. Due to the cramped composition of the panels and the thin outer frame, it is likely that the door was originally bigger, then cut down to fit into the frame of Santa Sabina. This makes it unclear as to whether the door was initially intended to be used for this specific structure. It may have been designed for a different Roman building with larger doorway dimensions, but then been transferred to Santa Sabina for unknown reasons. However, the door was most likely constructed near the same time as the erection of the Church of Santa Sabina in 432, as the powerful figure in the chlamys scene carving shares stylistic similarities with depictions of

Theodosius II Theodosius II ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος, Theodosios; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450) was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed ''augustus'' as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his ...

, the emperor at the time of the consecration of Santa Sabina. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wood used for the door panels is from the beginning of the 5th century, therefore the carvings could date from the reigns of

Celestine I Pope Celestine I ( la, Caelestinus I) (c. 376 – 1 August 432) was the bishop of Rome from 10 September 422 to his death on 1 August 432. Celestine's tenure was largely spent combatting various ideologies deemed heretical. He supported the missi ...

(421–431) or

Sixtus III Pope Sixtus III was the bishop of Rome from 31 July 432 to his death on 18 August 440. His ascension to the papacy is associated with a period of increased construction in the city of Rome. His feast day is celebrated by Catholics on 28 March. ...

(431–440).

Convent and ''Studium'' of the Dominican Order

In 1216 the

, now commonly known as the Dominicans, was approved by Pope Honorius as "the first order instituted by the Church with an academic mission". Honorius III invited Saint Dominic, the founder of the

on June 5, 1222 though the brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220. Some scholars have written that Honorius III was a member of the

Savelli family The House of Savelli (de Sabellis in documents) were a rich and influential Roman aristocratic family who rose to prominence in the 13th century, the youngest is still alive today (1626–2022). History The family, who held the lordship of Pal ...

and that the church and associated buildings formed part of the holdings of the Savelli, thereby explaining why Honorius III donated Santa Sabina to the Dominicans. In fact, Honorius III was not a Savelli. These scholars may have confused later

Pope Honorius IV Pope Honorius IV (c. 1210 – 3 April 1287), born Giacomo Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 April 1285 to his death in 1287. During his pontificate he largely continued to pursue the pro-French politi ...

, who was a Savelli, and Honorius III. In any case, the church was given over to the Dominicans and it has since then served as their headquarters in Rome. In 1265 in accordance with the injunction of the Chapter of the Roman province of the Order of Preachers at

Anagni Anagni () is an ancient town and ''comune'' in the province of Frosinone, Latium, central Italy, in the hills east-southeast of Rome. It is a historical and artistic center of the Latin Valley. Geography Overview Anagni still maintains the appear ...

was assigned as

regent master Regent master (''Magister regens'') was a title conferred in the medieval universities upon a student who had acquired a master's degree. The degree meant simply the right to teach, the ''Licentia docendi'', a right which could be granted, in the ...

at the ''studium conventuale'' at Santa Sabina: “Fr. Thome de Aquino iniungimus in remissionem peccatorum quod teneat studium Rome, et volumus quod fratribus qui stant secum ad studendum provideatur in necessariis vestimentis a conventibus de quorum predicatione traxerunt originem. Si autem illi studentes inventi fuerint negligentes in studio, damus potestatem fr. Thome quod ad conventus suos possit eos remittere”. At this time the existing ''studium conventuale'' at Santa Sabina was transformed into the Order's first ''studium provinciale'', an intermediate school between the ''studium conventuale'' and the ''studium generale''. "Prior to this time the Roman Province had offered no specialized education of any sort, no arts, no philosophy; only simple convent schools, with their basic courses in theology for resident friars, were functioning in Tuscany and the meridionale during the first several decades of the order's life. But the new ''studium'' at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province," a ''studium provinciale''. Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Aquinas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina ''studium''

Aquinas Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known ...

taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural. With the departure of

for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the ''studium provinciale'' at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. A new

convent A convent is a community of monks, nuns, religious brothers or, sisters or priests. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The word is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglic ...

of the Order at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva had a modest beginning in 1255 as a community for women converts, but grew rapidly in size and importance after being given to the Dominicans in 1275. In 1288 the theology component of the provincial curriculum was relocated from the Santa Sabina ''studium provinciale'' to the ''studium conventuale'' at Santa Maria sopra Minerva which was redesignated as a ''studium particularis theologiae''. Thus, the ''studium'' at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the ''

studium generale is the old customary name for a medieval university in medieval Europe. Overview There is no official definition for the term . The term ' first appeared at the beginning of the 13th century out of customary usage, and meant a place where stud ...

'' at Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Following the curriculum of studies laid out in the capitular acts of 1291 the Santa Sabina ''studium'' was redesignated as one of three ''studia nove logice'' intended to offer courses of advanced logic covering the '' logica nova'', the Aristotelian texts recovered in the West only in the second half of the 12th century, the '' Topics'', ''

Sophistical Refutations ''Sophistical Refutations'' ( el, Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι, Sophistikoi Elenchoi; la, De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text in Aristotle's ''Organon'' in which he identified thirteen fallacies.Sometimes listed as twelve. According to A ...

'', and the '' Prior and Second Analytics'' of Aristotle. This was an advance over the ''logica antiqua'', which treated the ''

Isagoge The ''Isagoge'' ( el, Εἰσαγωγή, ''Eisagōgḗ''; ) or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", written by Porphyry in Greek and translated into Latin by Boethius, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his ...

'' of Porphyry, ''Divisions'' and ''Topics'' of

Boethius Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, commonly known as Boethius (; Latin: ''Boetius''; 480 – 524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, ''magister officiorum'', historian, and philosopher of the Early Middle Ages. He was a central figure in the tr ...

, the ''

Categories Category, plural categories, may refer to: Philosophy and general uses *Categorization, categories in cognitive science, information science and generally *Category of being * ''Categories'' (Aristotle) *Category (Kant) * Categories (Peirce) * ...

'' and ''

On Interpretation ''De Interpretatione'' or ''On Interpretation'' ( Greek: Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας, ''Peri Hermeneias'') is the second text from Aristotle's '' Organon'' and is among the earliest surviving philosophical works in the Western tradition to dea ...

'' of Aristotle, and the ''Summule logicales'' of Peter of Spain. Milone da Velletri was the

lector Lector is Latin for one who reads, whether aloud or not. In modern languages it takes various forms, as either a development or a loan, such as french: lecteur, en, lector, pl, lektor and russian: лектор. It has various specialized uses. ...

at the Santa Sabina ''studium'' in 1293. In 1310 the Florentine Giovanni dei Tornaquinci was the lector at Santa Sabina. In 1331 at the Santa Sabina ''studium'' Nerius de Tertia was the lector, and Giovanni Zocco da Spoleto was a student of logic.

List of cardinal priests

* Peter the Illyrian (425 – ?) * Valens (494 – ?) * Basil (523 – ?) * Felix (590 – before 612) * Marinus (612 – ?) * Marinus (fl. 721)

Giovanni Domenico Mansi Gian (Giovanni) Domenico Mansi (16 February 1692 – 27 September 1769) was an Italian prelate, theologian, scholar and historian, known for his massive works on the Church councils. Biography He was born at Lucca, of a patrician family, and di ...

''Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio''
vol. XII, Florence 1766, col. 265. * Tordonus (741 – before 745) * Theophilus (745 – 757) * Theophilus (757 – 761) * Peter William (761 – ?) * Eugenio Savelli (816 – May 824 elected

pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

) * Gioviniano (853 – ?) * Stefano (964 – ?) * Martino (1033 – before 1058) * Bruno (1058 – before 1088) * Alberico (1088 – circa 1092) * Bruno (1092 – circa 1099) * Alberto (1099 – 1100) * Vitale (1105 – before 1112) * Uberto (1112 – circa 1117) * Roberto (1120 – 1122) * Gregorio (1126 – circa 1137, deceased) * Stanzio (1137 – 1143, deceased) * Manfredo (17 December 1143 – circa 1158, deceased) * Galdino Valvassi della Sala (15 December 1165 – 18 April 1176, deceased) * Pietro (December 1176 – 1178, deceased) *

Guillaume aux Blanches Mains William of the White Hands (french: Guillaume aux Blanches Mains; 1135–1202), also called William White Hands, was a French cardinal. William was born in Brosse, Île-de-France, France. He was a son of Theobald the Great, Count of Bloi ...

(March 1179 – 7 September 1202, deceased) * Thomas of Capua (13 June 1216 – 22 August 1243, deceased) * Hughes de Saint-Cher (28 May 1244 – 24 December 1261, named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri) * Bertrand de Saint–Martin (1273 – 29 March 1277, deceased) * Hughes Seguin de Billom (16 May 1288 – August 1294), '' in commendam'' (August 1294 – 30 December 1298, deceased) * Niccolò Boccassini (4 December 1298 – 2 March 1300, named cardinal bishop of Ostia and Velletri) * William Marsfeld (1303 – 1304, deceased) * Walter Winterbourne (19 February 1304 – 24 September 1305, deceased) * Thomas Jorz (15 December 1305 – 13 December 1310, deceased) * Nicolas Caignet de Fréauville (1310 – 15 January 1323, deceased) * Gérard Domar (20 September 1342 – 27 September 1343, deceased) * Jean de la Molineyrie (17 December 1350 – 23 February 1353, deceased) * Francesco Tebaldeschi (22 September 1368 – 20 August 1378 ?, deceased) * Giovanni da Amelia (18 September 1378 – December 1385, deceased) ** Tommaso di Casasco (30 May 1382 – 17 June 1390, deceased),

pseudocardinal Pseudocardinals, quasi-cardinals or anticardinals were the uncanonical Cardinals created by six of the Antipopes, in or rival to Rome, including two of Avignon Papacy and one of Pisa, as princes of their schismatic government of the Catholic Ch ...

Antipope Clement VII Robert of Geneva, (french: Robert de Genève; 1342 – 16 September 1394) elected to the papacy as Clement VII (french: Clément VII) by the cardinals who opposed Pope Urban VI, was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France. His election le ...

* Bálint Alsáni (9 February 1385 – 1386, named cardinal priest of

Santi Quattro Coronati Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient basilica in Rome, Italy. The church dates back to the fourth or fifth century, and is devoted to four anonymous saints and martyrs. The complex of the basilica with its two courtyards, the fortified Cardinal P ...

) *

Giuliano Cesarini Julian Cesarini the Elder ( It.: ''Giuliano Cesarini, seniore'') (1398 in Rome – 10 November 1444 in Varna, Ottoman Empire) was one of the group of brilliant cardinals created by Pope Martin V on the conclusion of the Western Schism. His ...

(circa 1440 – 7 March 1444, named

cardinal bishop of Frascati The Diocese of Frascati (Lat.: ''Tusculana'') is a suburbicarian see of the Holy Roman Church and a diocese of the Catholic Church in Italy, based at Frascati, near Rome. The bishop of Frascati is a Cardinal Bishop; from the Latin name of the a ...

) * Giovanni de Primis (16 December 1446 – 21 January 1449, deceased) *

Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing (died 28 October 1455) (called the Cardinal of Metz) was a French Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing was born in Étain, the son of Hugues d'Estaing. After becoming a doctor of b ...

(12 January 1450 – 28 October 1455, deceased) *

Enea Silvio Piccolomini Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August ...

(18 December 1456 – 19 August 1458 elected

) *

Berardo Eroli Berardo Eroli (1409–1479) (called the Cardinal of Spoleto) was an Italians, Italian Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Bishop (Catholic Church), bishop and Cardinal (Catholicism), cardinal. Biography Berardo Eroli was born in Narni in 1409. He w ...

(19 March 1460 – 23 May 1474, named cardinal bishop of

) * Ausias Despuig (12 December 1477 – 2 September 1483, deceased) * Giovanni d'Aragona, ''in commendam'' (10 September 1483 – 17 October 1485, deceased) * Vacante (1485 – 1493) * Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas (23 September 1493 – 6 August 1499, deceased) * Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Quiñones (5 October 1500 – 14 October 1502, deceased) *

Francisco Lloris y de Borja Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name ''Franciscus''. Nicknames In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed "Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Comunitatis'' (father of ...

, diacon ''pro illa vice'' (12 June 1503 – 17 December 1505, named cardinal deacon of

Santa Maria Nuova Santa Maria Nuova is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche, located about southwest of Ancona. Santa Maria Nuova borders the following municipalities: Filottrano, Jesi, Osimo, Polverigi Polverigi is ...

) * Fazio Giovanni Santori (17 December 1505 – 22 March 1510, deceased) * René de Prie (17 March 1511 – 24 October 1511 deposto) * Bandinello Sauli (24 October 1511 – 18 July 1516, named cardinal priest of

Santa Maria in Trastevere The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere ( it, Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere); en, Our Lady in Trastevere) is a titular minor basilica in the Trastevere district of Rome, and one of the oldest churches of Rome. The basic floor plan and ...

) * Giovanni Piccolomini (6 July 1517 – 11 June 1521, named cardinal priest of

Santa Balbina Santa Balbina is a Roman Catholic basilica church in located in the Aventine rione, adjacent to the Baths of Caracalla in Rome. History A church at the site initially was built in the 4th century over the house of consul Lucius Fabius Cilo. ...

) * Vacante (1521 – 1533) *

Louis II de Bourbon-Vendôme Louis may refer to: * Louis (coin) * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also Derived or associated terms * Lewis ( ...

(3 March 1533 – 24 February 1550, named cardinal bishop of

Palestrina Palestrina (ancient ''Praeneste''; grc, Πραίνεστος, ''Prainestos'') is a modern Italian city and ''comune'' (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Pre ...

) * Ottone di Waldburg (28 February 1550 – 14 April 1561, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere) *

Michele Ghislieri Pope Pius V ( it, Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in May 1572. He is v ...

(14 April 1561 – 15 May 1565, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva) * Simone Pasqua (15 May 1565 – 4 September 1565, named cardinal priest of

San Pancrazio The basilica of San Pancrazio ( en, St Pancras; la, S. Pancratii) is a Roman Catholic ancient basilica and titular church founded by Pope Symmachus in the 6th century in Rome, Italy. It stands in via S. Pancrazio, westward beyond the Porta S ...

) * Stanislaw Hosius (4 September 1565 – 7 September 1565, named cardinal priest ''pro hac vice'' of San Teodoro) *

Benedetto Lomellini Benedetto Lomellini (1517 – 24 July 1579) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Benedetto Lomellini was born in Genoa in 1517, the son of a rich noble family. He received a doctorate in law. He practiced as a lawyer a ...

(7 September 1565 – 24 July 1579, deceased) *

Vincenzo Giustiniani Marchese Vincenzo Giustiniani (13 September 1564 – 27 December 1637) was an aristocratic Italian banker, art collector and intellectual of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known today largely for the Giustiniani art collection, assembled ...

(3 August 1579 – 28 October 1582, deceased) *

Filippo Spinola Filippo Spinola (1 December 1535 – 20 August 1593) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal. Biography A member of the Spinola family, Filippo Spinola was born in Genoa on 1 December 1535, the son of Agostino Spinola, count of Tassa ...

(20 February 1584 – 20 August 1593, deceased) *

Ottavio Bandini Ottavio Bandini (1558–1629) was a Roman Catholic cardinal. Biography On 25 June 1595 he was consecrated bishop by Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, Archbishop of Florence, with Ludovico de Torres, Archbishop of Monreale, and Gian Francesco ...

(21 June 1596 – 16 September 1615, named cardinal priest of

San Lorenzo in Lucina The Minor Basilica of St. Lawrence in Lucina ( it, Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Lucina or simply it, San Lorenzo in Lucina; la, S. Laurentii in Lucina) is a Roman Catholic parish, titular church, and minor basilica in central Rome, Italy. ...

) * Giulio Savelli (11 January 1616 – 10 November 1636, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere) *

Alessandro Bichi Alessandro Bichi (30 September 1596 – 25 May 1657) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and papal nuncio to France. Biography Bichi was born in Siena in 1596, the son of Vincenzo Bichi and nephew of Cardinal Metello Bichi. At an early age he ...

(7 December 1637 – 25 May 1657, deceased) *

Scipione Pannocchieschi d'Elci Scipione Pannocchieschi d’Elci (28 June 1598 – 12 April 1670) was a Catholic cardinal who served as Apostolic Nuncio to the Republic of Venice and as Archbishop of Pisa. Biography Scipione Pannocchieschi d’Elci was born on 28 June 1598 ...

(6 May 1658 – 12 April 1670, deceased) *

Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzmán, (8 January 1635, Palma del Río – 14 September 1709, Toledo, Spain) was a Spanish prelate, who was cardinal archbishop of Toledo. Uncle of Luis Antonio Tomás de Portocarrero y Moscoso, 5th ...

(19 May 1670 – 27 January 1698, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina) * Francesco del Giudice (30 March 1700 – 12 February 1717, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina) * Mihály Frigyes (Michele Federico) Althan (16 September 1720 – 20 June 1734, deceased) * Vacante (1734 – 1738) * Raniero d'Elci (23 July 1738 – 10 April 1747); ''in commendam'' (10 April 1747 – 22 June 1761, deceased) * Vacante (1761 – 1775) *

Leonardo Antonelli Leonardo Antonelli (6 November 1730 – 23 January 1811) was an Italian Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church. Biography A native of Senigallia, Antonelli was the nephew of Cardinal Nicolò Maria Antonelli. During the early part of his long di ...

(29 May 1775 – 21 February 1794, named cardinal bishop of Palestrina) *

Giulio Maria della Somaglia Giulio Maria della Somaglia (29 July 1744 – 2 April 1830) was an Italian cardinal. He was, in his later life — a staunch '' zelante'' cardinal who, as Secretary of State under Pope Leo XII, helped enforce an authoritarian regime in t ...

(22 September 1795 – 20 July 1801, named cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva) * Vacante (1801 – 1818) * Kasimir Johann Baptist von Häffelin (25 May 1818 – 19 April 1822, named cardinal priest of

Sant'Anastasia Sant'Anastasia ( nap, Santa Nastàsë) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about northeast of Naples. Sant'Anastasia borders the following municipalities: Casalnuovo di Napoli ...

) * Luigi Pandolfi (16 May 1823 – 2 February 1824, deceased) * Vacante (1824 – 1829) * Gustave-Maximilien-Juste de Croÿ–Solre (21 May 1829 – 1º January 1844, deceased) * Sisto Riario Sforza (16 April 1846 – 29 September 1877, deceased) * Vincenzo Moretti (31 December 1877 – 6 October 1881, deceased) *

Edward MacCabe Edward Cardinal MacCabe or McCabe (Dublin, 14 February 1816 – Kingstown, 11 February 1885) was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin from 1879 until his death and a Cardinal from 1882. Biography MacCabe's father was a poor shopkeeper. Edwa ...

(30 March 1882 – 11 February 1885, deceased) *

Serafino Vannutelli Serafino Vannutelli (26 November 1834 – 19 August 1915) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, a cardinal and official of the Roman Curia where he held several of the highest administrative posts. Made a cardinal in 1887, he was named ...

(26 May 1887 – 11 February 1889, named cardinal priest of San Girolamo of Croati) * Agostino Bausa (14 February 1889 – 15 April 1899, deceased) * François–Désiré Mathieu (22 June 1899 – 26 October 1908, deceased) * Léon-Adolphe Amette (30 November 1911 – 29 August 1920, deceased) * Francisco de Asís Vidal y Barraquer (16 June 1921 – 13 September 1943, deceased) * Vacante (1942 – 1946) *

Ernesto Ruffini Ernesto Ruffini (19 January 1888 – 11 June 1967) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Palermo from 1945 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII. Biography Ruffini was ...

(22 February 1946 – 11 June 1967, deceased) *

Gabriel-Marie Garrone Gabriel-Marie Garrone (12 October 1901 in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, France – 15 January 1994 in Rome, Italy) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education. Gabriel-Marie Garrone was b ...

(29 June 1967 – 15 January 1994, deceased) *

(29 January 1996 – 8 August 2022, deceased)

Notes and references

Sources

* * Richard Delbrueck. "Notes on the Wooden Doors of Santa Sabina",'' The Art Bulletin'', Vol. 34, No. 2. (Jun., 1952), pp. 139–145. * Ernst H. Kantorowicz, "The 'King's Advent': And The Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina",'' The Art Bulletin'', Vol. 26, No. 4. (Dec., 1944), pp. 207–231. *

Alexander Coburn Soper Alexander Coburn Soper III (February 18, 1904 – January 13, 1993) was an American art historian who specialized in Asian art. He was a longtime editor of the journal '' Artibus Asiae'' and professor at the Institute of Fine Arts of New York Un ...

. "The Italo-Gallic School of Early Christian Art",'' The Art Bulletin'', Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1938), pp. 145–192. * Richard Delbrueck. "The Acclamation Scene on the Doors of Santa Sabina" (in Notes), ''The Art Bulletin'', Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 1949), pp. 215–217. * Allyson E. Sheckler and Mary Joan Winn Leith, “The Crucifixion Conundrum and the Santa Sabina Doors,” Harvard Theological Review 103 (January 2010), pp. 67–88. * Weitzmann, Kurt, ed.,
Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century
', nos. 247, 438 & 586, 1979,

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

, New York, ; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries

External links

Thayer's Gazetteer
with Mario Armellini's

Door Panels of Santa Sabina
analyzed. {{Authority control

Dominican churches 5th-century churches