Carcinisation (or carcinization) is an example of
convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last com ...
in which a
crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group can ...
evolves into a
crab-like form from a non-crab-like form. The term was introduced into
evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes ( natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life ...
by
L. A. Borradaile, who described it as "one of the many attempts of Nature to evolve a crab". Most carcinised crustaceans belong to the infraorder
Anomura
Anomura (sometimes Anomala) is a group of decapod crustaceans, including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans include the word ''crab'', all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura (the two grou ...
.
Definition of carcinised morphology
It was stated by
Lancelot Alexander Borradaile
Lancelot Alexander Borradaile (1872 – 20 October 1945) was an English zoologist, noted for his work on crustaceans and his books ''The Invertebrata'' and ''Manual of Elementary Zoology''.
Legacy
Borradaile may be best known for his undergradua ...
in 1916 that:
Keiler et al., 2017 defines a carcinised
morphology
Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to:
Disciplines
* Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts
* Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...
as follows:
* "The
carapace is flatter than it is broad and possesses lateral margins"
* "The
sternites
The sternum (pl. "sterna") is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen.
In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the ...
are fused into a wide sternal
plastron which possesses a distinct emargination on its posterior margin."
* "The
pleon
The decapod (crustaceans such as a crab, lobster, shrimp or prawn) is made up of 20 body segments grouped into two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various ...
is flattened and strongly bent, in dorsal view completely hiding the
tergites
A ''tergum'' (Latin for "the back"; plural ''terga'', associated adjective tergal) is the dorsal ('upper') portion of an arthropod segment other than the head. The anterior edge is called the 'base' and posterior edge is called the 'apex' or 'mar ...
of the fourth pleonal segment, and partially or completely covers the plastron"
Examples
Carcinisation is believed to have occurred independently in at least five groups of
decapod crustaceans:
[
* Order Decapoda:
**Infraorder ]Anomura
Anomura (sometimes Anomala) is a group of decapod crustaceans, including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans include the word ''crab'', all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura (the two grou ...
:
*** King crabs
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king.
*In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...
, which most scientists believe evolved from hermit crab
Hermit crabs are anomuran decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea that have adapted to occupy empty scavenged mollusc shells to protect their fragile exoskeletons. There are over 800 species of hermit crab, most of which possess an as ...
ancestors First appearance: Late Cenozoic
*** Porcelain crabs
Porcelain () is a ceramic material made by heating substances, generally including materials such as kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly ...
, which are closely related to squat lobsters
Squat lobsters are dorsoventrally flattened crustaceans with long tails held curled beneath the cephalothorax. They are found in the two superfamilies Galatheoidea and Chirostyloidea, which form part of the decapod infraorder Anomura, alongside ...
First appearance: Late Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of ...
*** The hairy stone crab
The hairy stone crab (''Lomis hirta'') is a crab-like crustacean that lives in the littoral zone of southern Australia from Bunbury, Western Australia, to the Bass Strait. It is the only species in its family (biology), family. It is wide, slow- ...
(''Lomis hirta'')
*** Hermit crabs
Hermit crabs are anomuran decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea that have adapted to occupy empty scavenged mollusc shells to protect their fragile exoskeletons. There are over 800 species of hermit crab, most of which possess an a ...
:
**** The coconut crab
The coconut crab (''Birgus latro'') is a species of terrestrial hermit crab, also known as the robber crab or palm thief. It is the largest terrestrial arthropod in the world, with a weight of up to . It can grow to up to in width from the tip ...
(''Birgus latro'')
**** ''Patagurus rex''
** Infraorder Brachyura (true crabs
Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) ( el, βραχύς , translit=brachys = short, / = tail), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. They live in all the ...
) First appearance: Early Jurassic
The extinct probable crustacean order Cyclida
Cyclida (formerly Cycloidea, and so sometimes known as cycloids) is an extinct order of crab-like fossil arthropods that lived from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous. Their classification is uncertain, but they are generally interpreted as cru ...
are also noted to "strikingly resemble crabs", and probably had a similar ecology.
King crabs
The example of king crabs (family Lithodidae) evolving from hermit crabs has been particularly well studied, and evidence in their biology supports this theory. For example, most hermit crabs are asymmetrical
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in pre ...
, so that they fit well into spiral snail
A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class G ...
shell
Shell may refer to:
Architecture and design
* Shell (structure), a thin structure
** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses
** Thin-shell structure
Science Biology
* Seashell, a hard o ...
s; the abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the to ...
s of king crabs, even though they do not use snail shells for shelter, are also asymmetrical.
Hypercarcinisation
An exceptional form of carcinisation, termed "hypercarcinisation", is seen in the porcelain crab '' Allopetrolisthes spinifrons''. In addition to the shortened body form, ''A. spinifrons'' also shows similar sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most an ...
to that seen in true crabs, where males have a shorter pleon
The decapod (crustaceans such as a crab, lobster, shrimp or prawn) is made up of 20 body segments grouped into two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various ...
than females.
Decarcinization
Some crab shaped species have evolved away from the crab form in a process known as decarcinisation.[ ]
See also
*List of examples of convergent evolution
Convergent evolution — the repeated evolution of similar traits in multiple lineages which all ancestrally lack the trait — is rife in nature, as illustrated by the examples below. The ultimate cause of convergence is usually a similar evolut ...
*Cretaceous crab revolution
The Cretaceous crab revolution refers to a major diversification event of Brachyura crabs (also known as true crabs) that took place during the Cretaceous Period, from 145 to 66 million years ago. Nearly 80% of modern groups of crabs originated d ...
* Mesozoic marine revolution
References
{{reflist, 25em
Crustaceans
Evolutionary biology