![Acrylate-ion-3D-balls](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Acrylate-ion-3D-balls.png)
In
organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, ...
, a carboxylate is the
conjugate base
A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton () to a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the reverse reaction it loses a ...
of a
carboxylic acid, (or ). It is an
ion
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conve ...
with
negative charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes charged matter to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be ''positive'' or ''negative'' (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectiv ...
.
Carboxylate salts are
salts
In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. A common example is table salt, with positively c ...
that have the general formula , where M is a metal and ''n'' is 1, 2,...; ''carboxylate esters'' have the general formula (or ). R and R′ are organic groups; R′ ≠ H.
Synthesis
Carboxylate ions can be formed by deprotonation of carboxylic acids. Such acids typically have
p''K''a of less than 5, meaning that they can be deprotonated by many bases, such as
sodium hydroxide or
sodium bicarbonate.
:
RCOOH + NaOH -> RCOONa + H2O
Resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion
Carboxylic acids easily dissociate into a carboxylate anion and a positively charged hydrogen ion (proton), much more readily than alcohols do (into an
alkoxide ion and a proton), because the carboxylate ion is stabilized by
resonance
Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied Periodic function, periodic force (or a Fourier analysis, Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system ...
. The negative charge that is left after
deprotonation
Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction.Henry Jakubowski, Biochemistry Online Chapter 2A3, https://employees.csbsju. ...
of the carboxyl group is delocalized between the two
electronegative
Electronegativity, symbolized as , is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the d ...
oxygen atoms in a resonance structure. If the R group is an electron-withdrawing group (such as
–CF3), the basicity of the carboxylate will be further weakened.
:
![Carboxylate-resonance-2D](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Carboxylate-resonance-2D.png)
This
delocalization
In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond.IUPAC Gold Boo''delocalization''/ref>
The term delocalization is general and can have slightly dif ...
of the electron cloud means that both of the oxygen atoms are less strongly negatively charged; the positive proton is therefore less strongly attracted back to the carboxylate group once it has left; hence, the carboxylate ion is more stable and less basic as a result of
resonance stabilization
In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or ''forms'', also variously known as ''resonance structures'' or '' ...
of the negative charge. In contrast, an
alkoxide ion, once formed, would have a strong negative charge localized on its lone oxygen atom, which would strongly attract any nearby protons (indeed, alkoxides are very strong bases). Because of resonance stabilization, carboxylic acids have much lower
p''K''a values (and are therefore stronger acids) than
alcohols. For example, the p''K''
a value of
acetic acid is 4.8, while
ethanol
Ethanol (abbr. EtOH; also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound. It is an alcohol with the chemical formula . Its formula can be also written as or (an ethyl group linked to a ...
has a p''K''
a of 16. Hence acetic acid is a much stronger acid than ethanol. This in turn means that for equimolar solutions of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, the carboxylic acid would have a much lower
pH.
Reactions
Nucleophilic substitution
Carboxylate ions are good
nucleophiles
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are ...
. They react with
alkyl halides
The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are alkanes containing one or more halogen substituents. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely us ...
to form
ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group () is replaced by an alkoxy group (), as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Glycerides a ...
. The following reaction shows the reaction mechanism.
![Ester-from-carboxylate-and-alkyl-halide-2D-skeletal](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Ester-from-carboxylate-and-alkyl-halide-2D-skeletal.png)
The nucleophilicity of carboxylate ions are much weaker than that of
hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. I ...
and
alkoxide ions, but stronger than
halide anions (in a
polar aprotic solvent A polar aprotic solvent is a solvent that lacks an acidic proton and is polar. Such solvents lack hydroxyl and amine
In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Am ...
, though there are other effects such as
solubility
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.
The extent of the solub ...
of the ion).
Reduction
Unlike the reduction of ester, the reduction of carboxylate is different, due to the lack of the
leaving group In chemistry, a leaving group is defined by the IUPAC as an atom or group of atoms that detaches from the main or residual part of a substrate during a reaction or elementary step of a reaction. However, in common usage, the term is often limited ...
and the relatively electron-rich carbon atom (due to the negative charge on the oxygen atoms). With a small amount of acid, the reaction occurs with
lithium aluminium hydride by changing the LAH into the
Lewis acid AlH3 in the process, converting the oxyanion to 4 Al–O bonds.
Examples
This list is for cases where there is a separate article for the anion or its derivatives. All other organic acids should be found at their parent carboxylic acid.
*
Formate ion, HCOO
−
*
Acetate ion, CH
3COO
−
*
Methanetetracarboxylate
In chemistry, methanetetracarboxylate is a tetravalent anion with formula or C(COO−)4. It has four carboxylate groups attached to a central carbon atom; so it has the same carbon backbone as neopentane. It is an oxocarbon anion, that is, co ...
ion, C(COO
−)
4
*
Oxalate
Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is an anion with the formula C2O42−. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl ...
ion,
See also
*
Carboxylic acid
References
{{Reflist
Anions...........