A tide dial, also known as a Mass or scratch dial, is a
sundial
A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a flat ...
marked with the
canonical hours
In the practice of Christianity, canonical hours mark the divisions of the day in terms of fixed times of prayer at regular intervals. A book of hours, chiefly a breviary, normally contains a version of, or selection from, such prayers.
In ...
rather than or in addition to the standard
hours of
daylight. Such sundials were particularly common between the 7th and 14th centuries in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
, at which point they began to be replaced by mechanical
clock
A clock or a timepiece is a device used to measure and indicate time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the day, the lunar month and t ...
s. There are more than 3,000 surviving tide dials in England and at least 1,500 in France.
Name
The name ''tide dial'' preserves the
Old English
Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
term ', used for
hours and
canonical hours
In the practice of Christianity, canonical hours mark the divisions of the day in terms of fixed times of prayer at regular intervals. A book of hours, chiefly a breviary, normally contains a version of, or selection from, such prayers.
In ...
prior to the
Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conque ...
of
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...
, after which the
Norman French ''hour'' gradually replaced it. The actual Old English name for sundials was ' or "day-marker".
History
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
long recited
prayers
Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deified ...
at fixed times of day.
Psalm 119
Psalm 119 is the 119th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in the English of the King James Version: "Blessed are the undefiled in the way, who walk in the law of the Lord". The Book of Psalms is in the third section of the Hebrew Bible, the ' ...
in particular mentions praising
God
In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995. God is typically ...
seven times a day,
[.] and the
apostle
An apostle (), in its literal sense, is an emissary, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (''apóstolos''), literally "one who is sent off", from the verb ἀποστέλλειν (''apostéllein''), "to send off". The purpose of such sending ...
s
Peter
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a sur ...
and
John
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Secon ...
are mentioned attending afternoon prayers. Christian communities initially followed numerous local traditions with regard to prayer, but
Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Holy ...
compelled his subjects to follow the
Roman liturgy
The Roman Rite ( la, Ritus Romanus) is the primary liturgical rite of the Latin Church, the largest of the ''sui iuris'' particular churches that comprise the Catholic Church. It developed in the Latin language in the city of Rome and, while dist ...
, and his son
Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (german: Ludwig der Fromme; french: Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. He was also King of Aqui ...
imposed the
Rule of
StBenedict upon their religious communities.
The
canonical hours
In the practice of Christianity, canonical hours mark the divisions of the day in terms of fixed times of prayer at regular intervals. A book of hours, chiefly a breviary, normally contains a version of, or selection from, such prayers.
In ...
adopted by Benedict and imposed by the
Frankish
Frankish may refer to:
* Franks, a Germanic tribe and their culture
** Frankish language or its modern descendants, Franconian languages
* Francia, a post-Roman state in France and Germany
* East Francia, the successor state to Francia in Germany ...
kings were the office of
matins
Matins (also Mattins) is a canonical hour in Christian liturgy, originally sung during the darkness of early morning.
The earliest use of the term was in reference to the canonical hour, also called the vigil, which was originally celebrated b ...
in the wee hours of the night,
Lauds at dawn,
Prime
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways ...
at the 1st hour of sunlight,
Terce
Terce is a canonical hour of the Divine Office. It consists mainly of psalms and is held around 9 a.m. Its name comes from Latin and refers to the third hour of the day after dawn. With Sext, None and Compline it belongs to the so-called "Litt ...
at the 3rd,
Sext
Sext, or Sixth Hour, is a canonical hour of the Divine Office of almost all the traditional Christian liturgies. It consists mainly of psalms and is held around noon. Its name comes from Latin and refers to the sixth hour of the day after dawn. ...
at the 6th,
Nones Nones may refer to:
* ''Nones'' (Auden), a 1951 book of poems by W. H. Auden
* ''Nones'' (Berio), a 1954 orchestral composition by Luciano Berio
*Nones (calendar), or ''Nonae'', days of the Roman Calendar
*None (liturgy)
Nones (), also known as N ...
at the 9th,
[ ]Vespers
Vespers is a service of evening prayer, one of the canonical hours in Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic Church, Catholic (both Latin liturgical rites, Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern), Lutheranism, Lutheran, and Anglican ...
at sunset, and Compline before retiring in complete silence. Monks were called to these hours by their abbot or by the ringing of the church bell
A church bell in Christian architecture is a bell which is rung in a church for a variety of religious purposes, and can be heard outside the building. Traditionally they are used to call worshippers to the church for a communal service, and to ...
, with the time between services organised in reading the Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
or other religious texts, in manual labour, or in sleep.
The need for these monastic communities and others to organize their times of prayer prompted the establishment of tide dials built into the walls of churches. They began to be used in England in the late 7th century and spread from there across continental Europe through copies of Bede
Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom o ...
's works and by the Saxon and Hiberno-Scottish mission
The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries by Gaelic missionaries originating from Ireland that spread Celtic Christianity in Scotland, Wales, England and Merovingian France. Celtic Christianity spr ...
s. Within England, tide dials fell out of favour after the Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conque ...
.[.] By the 13th century, some tide dials – like that at Strasbourg Cathedral
Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (french: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, or ''Cathédrale de Strasbourg'', german: Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg or ''Straßburger Münster''), also known as Strasbourg ...
– were constructed as independent statues rather than built into the walls of the churches. From the 14th century onwards, the cathedral
A cathedral is a church that contains the '' cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denomination ...
s and other large churches began to use mechanical clock
A clock or a timepiece is a device used to measure and indicate time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the day, the lunar month and t ...
s and the canonical sundials lost their utility, except in small rural churches, where they remained in use until the 16th century.
There are more than 3,000 surviving tide dials in England and at least 1,500 in France, mainly in Normandy
Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...
, Touraine
Touraine (; ) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. During the political reorganization of French territory in 1790, Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, :Loir-et-Cher, Indre and Vie ...
, Charente
Charente (; Saintongese: ''Chérente''; oc, Charanta ) is a department in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, south western France. It is named after the river Charente, the most important and longest river in the department, an ...
, and at monasteries along the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain.
Design
With Christendom
Christendom historically refers to the Christian states, Christian-majority countries and the countries in which Christianity dominates, prevails,SeMerriam-Webster.com : dictionary, "Christendom"/ref> or is culturally or historically intertwine ...
confined to the Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...
, the tide dials were often carved vertically onto the south side of the church chancel
In church architecture, the chancel is the space around the altar, including the choir and the sanctuary (sometimes called the presbytery), at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building. It may terminate in an apse.
Ove ...
at eye level near the priest's door. In an abbey or large monastery, dials were carefully carved into the stonen walls, while in rural churches they were very often just scratched onto the wall.
Some tide dials have a stonen gnomon, but many have a circular hole which is used to hold a more easily replaced or adjusted wooden gnomon. These gnomons were perpendicular to the wall and cast a shadow upon the dial, a semicircle divided into a number of equal sectors. Most dials have supplementary lines marking the other 8 daytime hours, but are characterized by their noting the canonical hours particularly. The lines for the canonical hours may be longer or marked with a dot or cross. The divisions are seldom numbered.
Dials often have holes along the circumference of their semicircle. As additional gnomons were needless and these holes are often quite shallow, T.W. Cole suggests they were used as markers to quickly and easily reconstruct the tide dials following a fresh whitewash
Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint is a type of paint made from slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) or chalk calcium carbonate, (CaCO3), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are sometimes used.
...
of the church walls with chalk or lime.
Examples
Bewcastle Cross
The oldest surviving English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
tide dial is on the 7th- or 8th-century Bewcastle Cross
The Bewcastle Cross is an Anglo-Saxon cross which is still in its original position within the churchyard of St Cuthbert's church at Bewcastle, in the English county of Cumbria. The cross, which probably dates from the 7th or early 8th century, ...
in the church graveyard of St Cuthbert's in Bewcastle
Bewcastle is a large civil parish in the City of Carlisle district of Cumbria, England. It is in the historic county of Cumberland.
According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 411, reducing to 391 at the 2011 Census. The pari ...
, Cumbria
Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumb ...
. It is carved on the south face of a Celtic cross at some height from the ground and is divided by five principal lines into four tides. Two of these lines, those for 9am and noon, are crossed at the point. The four spaces are further subdivided so as to give the twelve daylight hours of the Romans
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
. On one side of the dial, there is a vertical line which touches the semicircular border at the second afternoon hour. This may be an accident, but the same kind of line is found on the dial in the crypt of Bamburgh
Bamburgh ( ) is a village and civil parish on the coast of Northumberland, England. It had a population of 454 in 2001, decreasing to 414 at the 2011 census.
The village is notable for the nearby Bamburgh Castle, a castle which was the seat of ...
Church, where it marks a later hour of the day. The sundial may have been used for calculating the date of the spring equinox
A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator. On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise "due east" and se ...
and hence Easter
Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...
.[''Bewcastle: A Brief Historical Sketch''.]["Bilberries and Tickled Trout: Reflections on the Bewcastle Cross".]
File:Bewcastle cross - south and east faces.jpg, Bewcastle Cross
File:BewcastleCross2.jpg, Its four faces, with the tide dial on the second from the left
Nendrum Sundial
Nendrum Monastery
Nendrum Monastery was a Christian monastery on Mahee Island in Strangford Lough, County Down, Northern Ireland. Medieval records say it was founded in the 5th century, but this is uncertain. The monastery came to an end at some time between 974 ...
in Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
, supposedly founded in the 5th century by St Machaoi, now has a reconstructed tide dial.[.] The 9th-century tide dial gives the name of its sculptor and a priest.
File:Sun Dial Nendrum Monastery Ruins - geograph.org.uk - 346240.jpg, The pillar bearing the tide dial
Nendrum Monastery, January 2011 (14).JPG, The Nendrum sundial
Kirkdale Sundial
The 1056 1065 tide dial at St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale in North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is the largest ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county (lieutenancy area) in England, covering an area of . Around 40% of the county is covered by National parks of the United Kingdom, national parks, including most of ...
has four principal divisions marked by five crossed lines, subdivided by single lines. One marking ¼ of the way between sunrise and noon is an incised cross that would indicate about 9 am at midwinter and 6 am at midsummer. It was dedicated to a "Hawarth".[.]
St Gregory's Minster.jpg, St Gregory's Minster
File:Kirkdale sundial.jpg, Its tide dial
File:Kirkdale Sundial.jpg, Another image of the dial
Gallery
Proper tide dials prominently displaying the canonical hours:
File:St Andrew, Bishopstone, the sundial.JPG, A photograph of StAndrew's tide dial in Bishopstone, East Sussex
Bishopstone Village is a rural hamlet located in the South Downs National Park. Bishopstone Village has a population of about 200 people, including the nearby hamlet of Norton. It is located on a no-through country lane west of the town of Sea ...
, England
File:Bywell St. Peter - scratch clock - geograph.org.uk - 1570705.jpg, Tide dial at StPeter's in Bywell
Bywell is a village and civil parish in Northumberland, England. It is situated on the north bank of the River Tyne opposite Stocksfield, between Hexham and Newcastle. The parish has a population of around 380 and Newton is now its most populo ...
, Northumberland, England
File:St Andrew's church - scratch dial - geograph.org.uk - 802475.jpg , Tide dial at StAndrew's at Hempstead near Lessingham
Lessingham is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 16.3 south-east of Cromer, 17.6 miles north-east of Norwich and 136 miles north-east of London. The village lies 9 miles south-east of the town of North W ...
, Norfolk, England
File:Uzeste (33) Collégiale Notre-Dame Extérieur 05.JPG, Tide dial of Notre Dame in Uzeste, France
File:Dahmen-Kirche-Sonnenuhr.JPG, Tide dial of the church in Dahmen, Germany
File:Stpierrepalais eg3.JPG, Tide dial of StPeter's in St-Pierre-du-Palais, France
File:Kanonische Sonnenuhr evangelische Kirche Pattensen.jpg, The medieval tide dial at the church in Pattensen
Pattensen () is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately south of Hanover.
Geography
Pattensen is located in the historic landscape Calenberg Land between the Leine and the Deister hills. The ...
, Germany, with a modern gnomon inserted
File:Hist. Sonnenuhr.jpg, The tide dial at St Marien's in Homberg, Germany
File:Deial Haul Eglwys Beuno Sant Clynnog Fawr Sundial - geograph.org.uk - 587261.jpg, The tide dial at St Beuno's in Clynnog Fawr, Wales (10–11thc.)
File:Sundial, Corhampton Church - geograph.org.uk - 830692.jpg , Tide dial of the Saxon Church in Corhampton
Corhampton is a village in Hampshire, England. It lies on the western bank of the River Meon. It forms a civil parish with Meonstoke which adjoins it on the eastern bank. It is in the civil parish of Corhampton and Meonstoke.
Archaeology
Bronz ...
, Hampshire, England[.] (11thc.)
File:WAK BerkaWerra Stadtkirche 14.jpg, A tide dial on the church at Berka, Germany (15thc.)
Other ecclesiastical sundial
A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a flat ...
s ("Mass dials") used to determine times for prayer and Mass during the same period:
The Bangor sundial - geograph.org.uk - 214906.jpg, The Bangor Sundial in Bangor, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
()
File:Dolisqana church. A solar clock on the southern wall (Marr, 1911).JPG, The mosque sundial at the former Doliskana monastery in Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
's Artvin Province
Artvin Province ( tr, ; ka, , ''Artvinis p’rovincia''; Laz: ართვინიშ დობადონა ''Artviniş dobadona'') is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the northeastern corner of the country, on the border w ...
(10thc.)
File:Mass-Clock at St George's Church - geograph.org.uk - 449101.jpg, Sundial with a triangular gnomon at St George's in Damerham
Damerham is a rural village and civil parish in Hampshire, England, located near Fordingbridge, on the River Allen. Damerham has notable Neolithic and Bronze Age barrows. It was the site of an Anglo-Saxon religious community, mentioned in the ...
, Hampshire, England
File:Chalgrove StMaryV MassDials.JPG, Two sundials on a buttress at St Mary's in Chalgrove
Chalgrove is a village and civil parish in South Oxfordshire about southeast of Oxford. The parish includes the hamlet of Rofford and the former parish of Warpsgrove with which it merged in 1932. The 2011 Census recorded the parish populatio ...
, Oxfordshire, England
File:Scratch dial, St Martin's Church - geograph.org.uk - 1038528.jpg, Sundial with half-hour marks at StMartin's in Cheselbourne, Dorset, England
File:Exterieur ZONNEWIJZER BIJ STEUNBEER ZUIDGEVEL - Oldenzaal - 20264783 - RCE.jpg, St Plechelm's sundial in Oldenzaal
Oldenzaal (; Tweants: ''Oldnzel'') is a municipality and a city in the eastern province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It is part of the region of Twente and is close to the German border.
It received city rights in 1249. Historically, the city ...
in the Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
(12thc.)
Arbo Church-Sundial.JPG, The church sundial in Arbo Arbo may refer to:
Places
* Arbo, Pontevedra, a municipality in Galicia, Spain
* Arbo, Mardin (Turkish: ''Taşköy''), a Syriac village in Turkey
* Arbo, Georgia, a village in Georgia
People
* Aribo of Austria (c. 850 – 909), or Arbo, margr ...
, Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
File:Sundial, West Clandon Church - geograph.org.uk - 598612.jpg, Sundial preserved amid a newer wall at SSPeter & Paul's in West Clandon
West Clandon is a village in Surrey, EnglandOS Explorer map 145:Guildford and Farnham. Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton. within 1 mile of the A3. It is situated one mile north west of the much smaller separate villa ...
, Surrey, England
File:GENOVA 2008.jpg, San Lorenzo's "Knifegrinder" sundial in Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...
, Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
[.]
File:Condé-sur-Ifs église cadran solaire.JPG, The sundial at SSPeter & Martin's in Condé-on-the-Ifs, France
File:Retiendas (Guadalajara) Bonaval 2 0 2 Fachada Sur Reloj sol.png, The sundial on the monastery church at Bonaval, Spain
File:Stelzen-St.-Marien03.jpg, A sundial at St Marien's in Stelzen, Germany, marked with Runic numerals
File:Sundial - Canonical Hour.jpg, A sundial at the Istanbul Museum marked with Greek numerals
Greek numerals, also known as Ionic, Ionian, Milesian, or Alexandrian numerals, are a system of writing numbers using the letters of the Greek alphabet. In modern Greece, they are still used for ordinal numbers and in contexts similar to tho ...
Զւարթնոցի արևային ժամացոյց.JPG, The sundial at Zvartnots Cathedral
Zvartnots Cathedral ( hy, Զուարթնոց ( classical); ( reformed), sometimes rendered in scholarly works as Zuart'nots' or Zuart'noc' ; literally 'celestial angels cathedral') is a medieval Armenian cathedral near Vagharshapat (Ejmiatsin) ...
, marked with Armenian numerals
The system of Armenian numerals is a historic numeral system created using the majuscules (uppercase letters) of the Armenian alphabet.
There was no notation for zero in the old system, and the numeric values for individual letters were added to ...
File:Reloj de sol en Tlacochahuaya.JPG, The sundial on the church patio at San Jerónimo Tlacochahuaya
San Jerónimo Tlacochahuaya is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, 21 km from the city of Oaxaca on Federal Highway 190 between Santa Maria del Tule and Mitla.
It is part of the Tlacolula District in the east of the Va ...
, Mexico (16thc.)
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
* .
*
* {{citation , url=http://www.fulking.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/H_Michell_Whitley_1919_Primitive_Sundials.pdf , first=H. Michell , last=Whitley , title=Primitive Sundials on West Sussex Churches , series=''Sussex Archeological Collections'', Vol. 60 , date=1919 , pages=126–140 .
External links
* Exhaustive treatment of Mass dials in the Gironde, France, at Wikicommons
Tide dials in Touraine, France
Tide dials in Tarn, France
* The Kirkdale Sundial
* The Bishopstone Sundial
1
2
Horology
Timekeeping
Sundials