The Calyptraeidae are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of small to medium-sized

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

prosobranch Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s. It has however been proven to be polyphyletic (consisting of more than one lineage of descent). Gene ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

s. MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 on 2019-11-04 This family includes the slipper snails (''

Crepidula ''Crepidula'', commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (''Crepidula''), hat ...

'' species), the Chinese hat snails, (''

Calyptraea ''Calyptraea'', commonly known as the Chinese hat snails is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae, a family which contains the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat sna ...

'' species), and the cup-and-saucer snails (''

Crucibulum ''Crucibulum'' is a genus in the Nidulariaceae, a family of fungi whose fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled bird's nests. Often called "splash cups", the fruiting bodies are adapted for spore dispersal by using the kinetic energy of fall ...

'' species) among others. The Calyptraeidae are the only family in the

superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...

Calyptraeoidea. This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. ''

Crepidula fornicata ''Crepidula fornicata'' is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup and saucer snails. It has many common names, including common slipper shell, common Atlantic ...

'' was brought to Europe on imported American oysters in the late 19th century and is now considered a significant pest in European oyster beds.

Description

Internally, the

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard ou ...

is distinguished by a shelf-like, cup-like, or half-cup-like structure used for muscle attachment. Some calyptraeids have shells that externally resemble those of

limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails that exhibit a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. Limpets are members of the class Gastropoda, but are polyphyletic, meaning the various groups called "limpets" descended indep ...

s, so species in the genus ''Crepidula'' are often called slipper limpets. However, these snails are not closely related to true limpets and are more closely related to

conch Conch () is a common name of a number of different medium-to-large-sized sea snails. Conch shells typically have a high spire and a noticeable siphonal canal (in other words, the shell comes to a noticeable point at both ends). In North Am ...

es and

cowrie Cowrie or cowry () is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The term ''porcelain'' derives from the old Italian term for the cowrie shell (''porcellana'') d ...

s. The "slipper" in the name "slipper limpet" is based on the appearance of the inside of the shell, which with its half-shelf resembles a traditional western bedroom

slipper Slippers are light footwear that are easy to put on and off and are intended to be worn indoors, particularly at home. They provide comfort and protection for the feet when walking indoors. History The recorded history of slippers can be traced ...

Reproduction

Calyptraeids may form a tower of up to 25 animals, sometimes referred to as a mating chain. The bottom snail is always female. When she dies, the male above her will change from male to female, and the chain continues.

Genera

Genera within the family Calyptraeidae include: Powell A. W. B. (1979) ''New Zealand Mollusca''. William Collins Publishers Ltd,

Auckland Auckland (pronounced ) ( mi, Tāmaki Makaurau) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. The List of New Zealand urban areas by population, most populous urban area in the country and the List of cities in Oceania by po ...

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, . * '' Bicatillus'' Swainson, 1840 * ''

Bostrycapulus ''Bostrycapulus'', commonly known as the spiny slipper snails, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails, cup-and-saucer snails and hat snails. Before 2005, the snails in this genus w ...

'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953 * ''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1799 * ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''

Crepipatella ''Crepipatella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup-and-saucer snails. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Crepipatella Lesson, 1831. Accessed through: World Register ...

Lesson A lesson or class is a structured period of time where learning is intended to occur. It involves one or more students (also called pupils or learners in some circumstances) being taught by a teacher or instructor. A lesson may be either one ...

, 1831 * ''

'' Schumacher, 1817 * '' Desmaulus'' Rehder, 1943 * '' Ergaea'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 * ''

Grandicrepidula ''Grandicrepidula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails. Species Species within the genus ''Grandicrepidula'' i ...

'' McLean, 1995 * ''

Maoricrypta ''Maoricrypta'' is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails, cup and saucer shells and Chinese hat shells.Bouchet, P. (2014). Maoricrypta Finlay, 1926. Accessed throug ...

Finlay Finlay is a masculine given name, and also a surname. The given name is represented in Scottish Gaelic as Fionnlagh. Given name Finlay *Finlay Mickel, Scottish skier *Finlay Currie (1878–1968), Scottish actor *Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby play ...

, 1926 * '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1930 * † '' Taimyroconus'' Guzhov, 2015 * '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 ;Genera brought into synonymy : * ''Cheila'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of ''

Cheilea ''Cheilea'' is a genus of small limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Hipponicidae, the hoof snails. Species Species within the genus ''Cheilea'' include: * '' Cheilea africana'' Rolán & Fernández-Garcés, 2014 * ...

'' Modeer, 1793 – this is actually in the Hipponicidae, not the Calyptraeidae * '' Clypeola'' Gray, 1868: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Crypta'' Gray, 1847: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Dispotaea'' Say, 1824: synonym of ''

'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Galerus'' Gray, 1847 : synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Garnotia'' Gray, 1857: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Ianacus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * '' Siphopatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of ''Syphopatella'' Lesson, 1831; synonym of''Crepidula'' Lamarck, 1799 (unjustified emendation of ''Syphopatella'') * ''Spirogalerus'' Finlay & Marwick, 1937 †: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Syphopatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Trochatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Trochilla'' Swainson, 1835: synonym of '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Verticumbo'' Berry, 1940 †: synonym of ''

'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Zeacrypta'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''

'' Finlay, 1926 * ''Zegalerus'' Finlay, 1927: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831

References

External links

Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

Marshall B.A. 2003. A review of the Recent and Late Cenozoic Calyptraeidae of New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger 46(2): 117-144

Collin R. 2005. Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144(1): 75-101

Hoagland, K.E. 1977. Systematic review of fossil and recent Crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the Calyptraeidae. Malacologia, 16(2): 353-420
{{Wikispecies, Calyptraeidae Gastropod families Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck