Žemaičių Kalvarijos bažnyčia mišios, 2006

A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...

sacred place, built on the slopes of a

hill A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct Summit (topography), summit. Terminology The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally con ...

, composed by a set of

chapel A chapel is a Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small. The term has several meanings. Firstly, smaller spaces inside a church that have their own altar are often called chapels; the Lady chapel is a common ty ...

s, usually laid out in the form of a

pilgrims' way The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way) is the historical route supposedly taken by pilgrims from Winchester, Hampshire, Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of compa ...

. It is intended to represent the passion of

Jesus Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...

and takes its name after

Calvary Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early mediev ...

, the hill in

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

where, according to tradition, Jesus was crucified. Domodossola_Sacro_Monte

These function as greatly expanded versions of the

Stations of the Cross The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of Crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The station ...

that are usual in Catholic churches, allowing the devout to follow the progress of the stages of the

Passion of Christ In Christianity, the Passion (from the Latin verb ''patior, passus sum''; "to suffer, bear, endure", from which also "patience, patient", etc.) is the short final period in the life of Jesus Christ. Depending on one's views, the "Passion" m ...

along the

Via Dolorosa The ''Via Dolorosa'' (Latin, 'Sorrowful Way', often translated 'Way of Suffering'; ar, طريق الآلام; Hebrew: ויה דולורוזה) is a processional route in the Old City of Jerusalem. It represents the path that Jesus would have t ...

. Each chapel contains a large image of the scene from the Passion it commemorates, sometimes in sculpture, that may be up to life-size. This kind of

shrine A shrine ( la, scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: ''escrin'' "box or case") is a sacred or holy sacred space, space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor worship, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, Daemon (mythology), daem ...

was especially popular in the

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

period when the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...

was under

Turkish Turkish may refer to: *a Turkic language spoken by the Turks * of or about Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities and mi ...

rule and it was difficult to make a

pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...

to the Mount Calvary in Jerusalem. Calvaries were especially popular with the

Franciscan The Franciscans are a group of related Mendicant orders, mendicant Christianity, Christian Catholic religious order, religious orders within the Catholic Church. Founded in 1209 by Italian Catholic friar Francis of Assisi, these orders include t ...

and

Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

orders, and are most common in Italy and Habsburg Central Europe. They were usually placed in parks near a church or a monastery, typically on a hill which the visitor gradually ascends. Italian ones are usually called a ''sacro monte'' ("holy mountain" or "hill"); there are a group of nine

Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy The (plural of , Italian for "Sacred Mountain") of Piedmont and Lombardy are a series of nine calvaries or groups of chapels and other architectural features created in northern Italy during the late sixteenth century and the seventeenth century ...

that are especially notable; their dates of foundation vary between 1486 and 1712. Devotions would be most popular in

Passion Week Holy Week ( la, Hebdomada Sancta or , ; grc, Ἁγία καὶ Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς, translit=Hagia kai Megale Hebdomas, lit=Holy and Great Week) is the most sacred week in the liturgical year in Christianity. In Eastern Churches, wh ...

, before

Easter Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...

, when large processions around the stations would be held, and

mystery play Mystery plays and miracle plays (they are distinguished as two different forms although the terms are often used interchangeably) are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. Medieval mystery plays focused on the represen ...

s might be acted. If a calvary was established in an inhabited place, it might result in a location of a new village or town. Several villages and towns are named after such a complex.

Terminology

The Mount of

was the site outside the gates of

where the

crucifixion of Christ The crucifixion and death of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33. It is described in the four canonical gospels, referred to in the New Testament epistles, attested to by other ancient sources, and considere ...

took place. The scene was replicated around the world in numerous "calvary hills" after the

Counter-Reformation The Counter-Reformation (), also called the Catholic Reformation () or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It began with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) a ...

and they are used by

Roman Catholics The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

in particular as part of their worship and veneration of God. The term is derived from the Latin translation in the

Vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels u ...

of the

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...

name for original hill, ''

Golgotha Calvary ( la, Calvariae or ) or Golgotha ( grc-gre, Γολγοθᾶ, ''Golgothâ'') was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where Jesus was said to have been crucified according to the canonical Gospels. Since at least the early mediev ...

'', where it was called ''calvariae locus'',

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

for "the place of the skull".Bibliotheca Augustana: Hieronimi Vulgata, Evangelium Secondum Lucam, 23:33
/ref>

Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Reformation, Protestant Refo ...

translated Golgatha as "skull place" (''Scheddelstet''). This translation is debated; at the very least it is not clear whether it referred to the shape of the hill, its use as a place of execution or burial or refers to something else."Mount Calvary" article in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (English)
/ref> "Calvary hill" today refers to a roughly life-size depiction of the scenes of the

, with sculptures of additional figures. These scenes are set up on the slopes of a

. The traditional fourteen

stations of the cross The Stations of the Cross or the Way of the Cross, also known as the Way of Sorrows or the Via Crucis, refers to a series of images depicting Jesus Christ on the day of Crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion and accompanying prayers. The station ...

are usually laid out on the way up to the top of the

hill and there is often a small, remote

church Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a building for Christian religious activities * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian communal worship * Chris ...

located between a few dozen to several hundred metres away. Calvary hills must not be confused with calvaries, which are a specific type of wayside monumental crucifix, a tradition mostly found in

Brittany Brittany (; french: link=no, Bretagne ; br, Breizh, or ; Gallo language, Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'' ) is a peninsula, Historical region, historical country and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known ...

especially in the

Finistère Finistère (, ; br, Penn-ar-Bed ) is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany. In 2019, it had a population of 915,090.

, built in

parish close Parish close is a translation of the French term ''enclos paroissial''. It refers to a number of locations in Brittany, mainly though not exclusively in the historic diocese of Léon, corresponding roughly to the northern half of the department ...

s between 1450 and the 17th century. File:GuentherZ 2010-08-21 0197 Retz Kalvarienberg Kreuzigungsgruppe.jpg, Multi-figure wayside monument
(

Retz Retz is a town with a population of 4,168 in the Hollabrunn District in Lower Austria, Austria. Geography Retz is located in the north western Weinviertel in Lower Austria. The municipality's area covers 45,01 km². 11.83 percent of this ...

) File:085 Grazer Kalvarienberg Lend, - J.F.Kaiser Lithografirte Ansichten der Steiermark 1830.jpg, The Calvary Hill in Lend (Graz) around 1830 File:St. Radegund Kalvarienberg 20090925 208.jpg, Calvary hill and stations of the cross chapel
( St. Radegund bei Graz) File:Graz-Kalvarienberg 1651a.jpg, Shrine with numerous chapels
(

Graz Graz (; sl, Gradec) is the capital city of the Austrian state of Styria and second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. As of 1 January 2021, it had a population of 331,562 (294,236 of whom had principal-residence status). In 2018, the popul ...

) File:Innsbruck-Arzl-Kalvarienberg4.jpg, Hill chapel with

( Arzl bei Innsbruck) File:Kalva06b.JPG, Park-like layout
( Cvikov) File:Kreuzweg bei Jiřetín pod Jedlovou.jpg, Freely visible landscape monument on the summit
( Calvary hill near Jiřetín pod Jedlovou) Krastowa Gora Palmsonntag 2009-04-05 07-46.jpg, Layout at a monastery
( Krastowa Gora)

Calvaries in the world

Austria

Burgenland

* Calvary Hill, Bergkirche in Eisenstadt * Calvary Hill, Frauenkirchen * Calvary Hill, Lockenhaus * in

Neusiedl am See Neusiedl am See (; cs, Nezider; hr, Niuzalj; hu, Nezsider; sk, Nezider) is a town in Burgenland, Austria, and administrative center of the district of Neusiedl am See. Neusiedl am See is located on the northern shore of the Neusiedler See. ...

* in

Pinkafeld Pinkafeld ( hu, Pinkafő, hr, Pinkafelj, sl, Pinkafel, Romani: ''Pinkafa'') is a city in Burgenland in Austria and the second largest settlement (after Oberwart) in the district Oberwart. Geography Parts of the commune are Hochart, Gfa ...

Carinthia

* in

Sankt Paul im Lavanttal Sankt Paul im Lavanttal ( or ''Šentpavel'') is a municipality of the Wolfsberg district in the Austrian state of Carinthia. Geography Sankt Paul lies in the Lavant River valley. A large part of the municipality lies in the Granitz River va ...

* in

Sankt Stefan im Gailtal Sankt Stefan im Gailtal ( Slovene: ''Štefan na Zilji'') is a small municipality in the district of Hermagor in the Austrian state of Carinthia Carinthia (german: Kärnten ; sl, Koroška ) is the southernmost States of Austria, Austrian st ...

Lower Austria

* near the Aggsbach Charterhouse in Aggsbach, a village in the Wachau * in Falkenstein in the wine quarter * in

Kirchberg am Wechsel Kirchberg am Wechsel is a town in the district of Neunkirchen in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is notable for hosting the International Wittgenstein Symposium The International Wittgenstein Symposium is an international conference ded ...

* in

Lilienfeld Lilienfeld () is a city in Lower Austria (Niederösterreich), Austria, south of St. Pölten, noted as the site of Lilienfeld Abbey. It is also the site of a regional hospital Landesklinikum Voralpen Lilienfeld. The city is located in the valley ...

, largest calvary hill in Austria * in

Marbach an der Donau Marbach an der Donau is a town in the district of Melk in the Austrian state of Lower Austria Lower Austria (german: Niederösterreich; Austro-Bavarian: ''Niedaöstareich'', ''Niedaestareich'') is one of the nine states of Austria, located in th ...

* in Maria-Lanzendorf near Vienna * in Pillersdorf in the wine quarter * Calvary Hill, Retz * in

Eggenburg Eggenburg is a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria, Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation o ...

* in

Zwettl __NOTOC__ Zwettl (; Central Bavarian: ''Zwedl''; Czech: ''Světlá'') is a town and district capital of the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is chiefly known as the location of Zwettl Abbey, first mentioned in October 1139. History The n ...

Upper Austria

* Calvary Hill, Aigen in the Mühlkreis * in

Freistadt Freistadt (, literally "Freetown") is a small Austrian town in the state of Upper Austria in the region Mühlviertel. With a population of approximately 7,500 residents, it is a trade centre for local villages. Freistadt is the economic centre of ...

* Calvary Hill, Gosau * Calvary Hill, Kremsmünster * in St. Martin im Innkreis * in

Schwertberg Schwertberg is a market town in the district of Perg in the Austrian state of Upper Austria Upper Austria (german: Oberösterreich ; bar, Obaöstareich) is one of the nine states or of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders Germ ...

Salzburg

* Calvary Hill, Maria Bühel * Calvary Hill, Maria Plain * in

Oberndorf bei Salzburg Oberndorf bei Salzburg (Central Bavarian: ''Owerndorf ba Såizburg'') is a List of cities and towns in Austria, small city in the Austrian state of Salzburg (state), Salzburg, about 17 km (11 mi) north of the Salzburg, City of Salzburg. I ...

Styria

* Calvary Hill, (Bruck an der Mur) * Calvary Hill, (Deutschfeistritz) * Kalvarienberg (Graz) * Calvary Hill, Leoben * in

Sankt Margarethen bei Knittelfeld Sankt Margarethen bei Knittelfeld is a municipality in the district of Murtal in Styria, Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Easter ...

* Calvary Hill (Sankt Radegund bei Graz) * Calvary Hill, (Feldbach)

Tyrol

* Calvary Hill Chapel, Arzl, in the Innsbruck quarter of Arzl * in

Kufstein Kufstein (; Central Bavarian: ''Kufstoa'') is a town in the Austrian state of Tyrol, the administrative seat of Kufstein District. With a population of about 19,600 it is the second largest Tyrolean town after the state capital Innsbruck. The great ...

* Calvary Hill, Thaur

Vienna

* in

Hernals Hernals (; Viennese German: Hernois) is the 17th district of Vienna, Austria (german: 17. Bezirk, Hernals). Hernals is in northwest Vienna.Statistik Austria, 2007, webpagestatistik.at-23450. Wien.gv.at webpage (see below: References). It was anne ...

Belarus

* in Miadziel (a small town north of Minsk (Мядзел)) * in

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the admi ...

(Мінск)

Belgium

* in Moresnet/

Plombières Plombières (; german: Bleyberg or ''Bleiberg'', nl, Blieberg; wa, So-on-Mont-d'-Plomb) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. On 1 January 2006, Plombières had a total population of 10,401. The total are ...

* in

Malmedy Malmedy (; german: Malmünd, ; wa, Måmdiy) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. On January 1, 2018, Malmedy had a total population of 12,654. The total area is 99.96 km2 which gives a populati ...

Bolivia

* Cerro Calvario

Canada

* The Oka Calvary Trail near Oka, Québec

Croatia

* Calvary Hill near Aljmaš

Czech Republic

* in Jiřetín pod Jedlovou * in Cvikov

Ethiopia

Lalibela Lalibela ( am, ላሊበላ) is a town in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Lasta district and North Wollo Zone, it is a tourist site for its famous rock-cut monolithic churches. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important site ...

England

Mount St Bernard Abbey Mount St Bernard Abbey is a Roman Catholic, Trappist monastery near Coalville, Leicestershire, England, founded in 1835 in the parish of Whitwick and now in that of Charley. The abbey was the first permanent monastery to be founded in England ...

, Leicestershire.

Germany

: (in alphabetical order by place) * Calvary Hill, Ahrweiler (with Kalvarienberg Abbey), Ahrweiler, county of Ahrweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate * Calvary Hill, Aiterbach, Aiterbach, county of Freising, Bavaria * Calvary Hill Chapel, Altomünster *in

Bad Kissingen Bad Kissingen is a German spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and seat of the district Bad Kissingen. Situated to the south of the Rhön Mountains on the Franconian Saale river, it is one of the health resorts, which be ...

*in

Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler () is a spa town in the German States of Germany, Bundesland of Rhineland-Palatinate that serves as the Capital (political), capital of the Ahrweiler (district), Ahrweiler district. The Bundesautobahn 61, A61 motorway conne ...

(as a school) *in

Bad Laer Bad Laer is a municipality and health resort in the district of Osnabrück, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Teutoburg Forest, approx. 20 km south of Osnabrück Osnabrück (; wep, Ossenbrügge; archaic ''Osnaburg'') is a ...

*in

Bad Tölz Bad Tölz (; Bavarian language, Bavarian: ''Däiz'') is a Town#Germany, town in Bavaria, Germany and the administrative center of the Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district. History Archaeology has shown continuous occupation of the site of Bad Tö ...

, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Bavaria *in

Berchtesgaden Berchtesgaden () is a municipality in the district Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria, in southeastern Germany, near the border with Austria, south of Salzburg and southeast of Munich. It lies in the Berchtesgaden Alps, south of Berchtesgaden; the ...

* Calvary Hill, Bergheim, Bergheim, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia *in

Bidingen Bidingen is a municipality in the district of Ostallgäu in Bavaria in Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and ...

, county of Ostallgäu *in Birkungen (Thuringia) *in

Burladingen Burladingen is a town in the Zollernalbkreis district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. History In 1849, Burladingen and the villages of and came under the dominion of the Kingdom of Prussia. They were assigned in 1850 to , one of the of Provin ...

*in Cham (Upper Palatinate) *in

Donauwörth Donauwörth () is a town and the capital of the Donau-Ries district in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is said to have been founded by two fishermen where the rivers Danube (Donau) and Wörnitz meet. The city is part of the scenic route called "Roman ...

* Calvary Hill, Dorweiler, Dorweiler, county of Düren, North Rhine-Westphalia *in Ebnath in the Oberpfalz *in

Falkenberg (Oberpfalz) Falkenberg () is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russi ...

*in

Fichtelberg (Oberfranken) Fichtelberg is a Municipalities of Germany, municipality in the district of Bayreuth (district), Bayreuth in Bavaria in Germany. It is a state-recognised climatic spa. Geography Fichtelberg lies on the southeastern slopes of the Ochsenkopf (Fi ...

*in

Fulda Fulda () (historically in English called Fuld) is a town in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (''Kreis''). In 1990, the town hosted the 30th Hessentag state festival. History ...

*in

Füssen Füssen is a town in Bavaria, Germany, in the district of Ostallgäu, situated one kilometre from the Austrian border. The town is known for violin manufacturing and as the closest transportation hub for the Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau cast ...

Calvary Hill A calvary, also called calvary hill, Sacred Mount, or Sacred Mountain, is a type of Christian sacred place, built on the slopes of a hill, composed by a set of chapels, usually laid out in the form of a pilgrims' way. It is intended to repr ...

, Greding, county of Roth, Bavaria *

, Füssen, county of Ostallgäu, Bavaria *in

Görlitz Görlitz (; pl, Zgorzelec, hsb, Zhorjelc, cz, Zhořelec, :de:Ostlausitzer Mundart, East Lusatian dialect: ''Gerlz'', ''Gerltz'', ''Gerltsch'') is a town in the Germany, German state of Saxony. It is located on the Lusatian Neisse River, and ...

in the Heiligen-Grab-Ensemble * Calvary Hill, Gundelsheim, Württemberg *in

Immenstadt Immenstadt im Allgäu () is a town in Oberallgäu, the southernmost district of Bavaria, Germany, in the German Alps. First mentioned in a 1275 administrative tract, it was granted town privileges in 1360, which makes it one of the oldest towns in ...

*near the Pilgrimage Church, Allerheiligen in

Jettingen-Scheppach Jettingen-Scheppach is a market community in the Günzburg ''Landkreis'' in the Schwaben (Swabia) ''Regierungsbezirk'' in Bavaria. It lies between Ulm and Augsburg. Its population as of 1 December 2005 was 7,044. Politics Jettingen-Scheppach ...

*in the

village of Kinzweiler * Calvary Hill, Kirchenthumbach, Kirchenthumbach, county of Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Bavaria * (Klosterlechfeld see below) * in

Konnersreuth Konnersreuth is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the northeast foothills of the Steinwald mountains between the Fichtelgebirge mountains and the Upper Palatinate Forest, close to the Czech bor ...

, Lauterhofen, county of Neumarkt in the Oberpfalz, Bavaria *in

Lenggries Lenggries is a municipality and a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is the center of the Isarwinkel, the region along the Isar between Bad Tölz and Wallgau. The town has about 9,500 inhabitants. By area, it is the largest rural municipality ("Gemeinde" ...

*in

Lübeck Lübeck (; Low German also ), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (german: Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany. With around 217,000 inhabitants, Lübeck is the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the stat ...

(''Jerusalemsberg'') *in

Marsberg Marsberg () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. History Although its origins are obscure, Marsberg was a prospering town by the 13th century (it was even minting coins). It was a free city until 1807, when ...

*at Kreuzberg Abbey in the Rhön *

, Neusath, county of Schwandorf, Bavaria *in

Ostritz Ostritz (, hsb, Wostrowc) is a town in the district Görlitz, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the border with Poland, on the left bank of the Lusatian Neisse, 16 km south of Görlitz. It was the scene of a small battle in the Seven ...

, Sachsen *at St. Marienthal Abbey *

, Parsberg, county of Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria *in

Peiting Peiting is a municipality in the Weilheim-Schongau district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Lech, 3 km southeast of Schongau, and 17 km west of Weilheim in Oberbayern. Transport The municipality has two ra ...

Upper Bavaria Upper Bavaria (german: Oberbayern, ; ) is one of the seven administrative districts of Bavaria, Germany. Geography Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered on the city of Munich, both state capital and seat o ...

*in

Pfreimd Pfreimd is a town in the district of Schwandorf, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Naab, 19 km north of Schwandorf, and 20 km south of Weiden in der Oberpfalz. It is also close to the border with the Czech Republic. May ...

*in Pillig in

Rhineland-Palatinate Rhineland-Palatinate ( , ; german: link=no, Rheinland-Pfalz ; lb, Rheinland-Pfalz ; pfl, Rhoilond-Palz) is a western state of Germany. It covers and has about 4.05 million residents. It is the ninth largest and sixth most populous of the ...

*in Pobenhausen and also in Palling, both in

*in Possenhofen municipality of

Pöcking Pöcking is a municipality in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria in Germany. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria, consort of Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria-Hungary, grew up here in the Possenhofen Castle as daughter of Duke Max in Bavaria and Prin ...

on Lake Starnberg *in the Devil's Cave near Pottenstein *

, Prüm, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm, Rhineland-Palatinate *

, Alendorf, in the municipality of

Blankenheim Blankenheim may refer to: Places *Blankenheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, a municipality in western Germany * Blankenheim, Saxony-Anhalt, a municipality in eastern Germany *Blankenheim Castle, a schloss above the village of Blankenheim in the Eifel mo ...

* Calvary Hill, Reicholzried *in Sichtigvor on the Loermund *in

Stühlingen Stühlingen is a town in the Waldshut district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the border with Switzerland, with a border crossing to the village of Oberwiesen in Schleitheim municipality, 15 km northwest of Schaffhausen to ...

, Schwabegg, county of Augsburg, Bavaria *in

Sonthofen Sonthofen is the southernmost Town#Germany, town of Germany, located in the Oberallgäu region of the Bavarian Alps. Neighbouring Oberstdorf is situated 14 km farther south but is not classified as a town. In 2005, Sonthofen was awarded "Al ...

*in

Straelen Straelen (; Low Rhenish: ''Strale'') is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km north-east of Venlo Venlo () is a city and municipality ...

on the Lower Rhine *bei Wettenhausen in the municipality of

Kammeltal Kammeltal is a municipality in the district of Günzburg in Bavaria in Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and ...

*in Wenigmünchen (near Munich) *in

Xanten Xanten (, Low Rhenish: ''Santen'') is a town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the district of Wesel. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park, one of the largest archaeological open air museums in the wor ...

am Niederrhein *in Zell in the Wiesental chapel on the Möhrenberg *the

at the pilgrimage site of

Klosterlechfeld Klosterlechfeld is a Municipalities of Germany, municipality in the district of Augsburg (district), Augsburg in Bavaria in Germany. History What is today the village of Klosterlechfeld developed in the 17th century around the pilgrimage church ' ...

in Bavaria there is not stations of the cross path, but a monument with outside staircase.

Greece

* on the hill of Filerimos on

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...

Hungary

* Calvary Hill in

Pécs Pécs ( , ; hr, Pečuh; german: Fünfkirchen, ; also known by other #Name, alternative names) is List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, the fifth largest city in Hungary, on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the countr ...

Italy

Sacro Monte di Varallo Giovanni d' Enrico, ''Ecce Homo ''(detail of the crowd calling for crucifixion), 1608-9. The Sacred Mountain of Varallo ( it, Sacro Monte di Varallo) is a '' Sacro Monte'' ("sacred mountain", a type of mountainside Christian devotional comple ...

Sacred Mount Calvary of Domodossola 250px, View of the chapels IX and XI. The Sacred Mount Calvary of Domodossola (also known as Sacro Monte Calvario) is a Roman Catholic sanctuary on the Mattarella Hill, overlooking Domodossola (Piedmont, northern Italy). It is one of the nine Sacr ...

* San Vivaldo Monastery in

Montaione Montaione is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about southwest of Florence. History The ''frazione'' of Filicaja was the starting point of Antonio da Filicaja for the invasi ...

Sacro Monte di Orta The Sacro Monte di Orta (literally: "Sacred Mountain of Orta") is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the comune of Orta San Giulio (Piedmont, northern Italy) on the summit of a hill known as San Nicolao, which faces the western shore of Lake ...

Sacro Monte di Varese The Sacro Monte di Varese (literally ‘Sacred Mount of Varese’) is one of the nine sacri monti in the Italian regions of Lombardy and Piedmont which were inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2003. It has an altitude of 807 m ...

Sacro Monte di Crea The Sacro Monte di Crea (literally "Sacred Mountain of Crea", although it is built on a hill rather than a mountain) is a Roman Catholic sanctuary in the ''comune'' of Serralunga di Crea, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is reached via a steeply asc ...

Sacro Monte di Ghiffa The Sacred Mountain of Ghiffa is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the ''comune'' of Ghiffa, Piedmont, northern Italy, overlooking the Lake Maggiore. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage ...

Sacro Monte di Ossuccio The Sacro Monte di Ossuccio (literally "Sacred Mount of Ossuccio") is one of the nine sacri monti in the Italy, Italian regions of Lombardy and Piedmont, in northern Italy, which were inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2003. ...

Sacro Monte di Oropa The Sacro Monte di Oropa (literally ‘Sacred Mount of Oropa’) is a Roman Catholic devotional complex in the province of Biella, Piedmont, northern Italy. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy and is on the UNESCO World He ...

* Sacro Monte di Belmonte

Lithuania

Žemaičių Kalvarija Žemaičių Kalvarija ( Samogitian: ''Žemaitiu Kalvarėjė'', pl, Kalwaria Żmudzka, en, Samogitian Calvary) is a small town in Plungė district municipality, Lithuania. It is known as a major site for Catholic pilgrimage. Every July the tow ...

Kalvarija, Lithuania Kalvarija () is a city in southwestern Lithuania, located in the Marijampolė County, close to the border with Poland. Etymology and names Variants of the name include Kalvarijos, Kalvariya, Kalwarja, Kalvarye (Yiddish), Kalwaria (Polish), Kalv ...

Verkiai Calvary Verkiai Calvary or Vilnius Calvary is the second oldest calvary in Lithuania after Žemaičių Kalvarija. It is located in Verkiai, a neighborhood of Vilnius, capital of Lithuania. The calvary was built in 1662–69 as a sign of gratitude f ...

Poland

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Kalwaria Zebrzydowska () is a town in southern Poland with 4,429 inhabitants (2007 estimate). As of 1999, it is situated in Lesser Poland or Małopolska (in Polish). Previously, the town was administered within the Voivodeship of Bielsko-Biała ( ...

, near

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...

Góra Kalwaria Góra Kalwaria (; "Calvary Mountain", yi, גער, ''Ger'') is a town on the Vistula River in the Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is situated approximately southeast of Warsaw and has a population of around 12,109 (as of 2019). ...

, near Warsaw *Wejherowo, near Gdańsk *Kalwaria Pacławska, near Przemyśl *Kalwaria Panewnicka, in Katowice *Pakość, near Inowrocław *Góra Świętej Anny, near Opole *Wambierzyce, near Kłodzko *Ujście, near Piła *Krzeszów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Krzeszów, near Wałbrzych *Pszów, near Wodzisław Śląski *Bardo, Poland, Bardo, near Kłodzko *Piekary Śląskie, near Bytom *Głotowo, near Olsztyn *Wiele, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Wiele, near Chojnice *Kodeń, near Biała Podlaska

Romania

* in the village of Biled, Billed, county of Timiș County, TimișKalvarienberg
auf panoramio.com

Slovakia

*Kalvária Banská Štiavnica *Prešov *Spišský Jeruzalem *Bratislava - the oldest calvary in Hungarian kingdom *Marianka *Skalica *Rožňava *Nitra *Doľany, Pezinok District

Slovenia

* in Šmarje pri Jelšah * Kalvarija (Maribor)

Spain

* in Pollença#Sights, Poll ença

References

Literature

German: * * * – ''Philologische Studien und Quellen'' 2, * * French: * – also in the Breton language * – ''Mémoires de l'histoire'' * – ''Les universels Gisserot'' 13,

External links

Documentation centre for Sacri Monti, calvary hills and European sites of commemorationElżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, ''European Calvaries: Analysis of Structures, Types and Origins''Sacri Monti: From Jerusalem to Sacred Mounts

Polish Calvaries: Architecture as a Stage for the Passion of Christ
{{Authority control Christianity in Jerusalem Christian buildings and structures Christian pilgrimages Stations of the Cross Sculptures depicting the Passion of Jesus, * Baroque architecture Medieval architecture Renaissance architecture

Terminology

Calvaries in the world

Austria

Burgenland

Carinthia

Lower Austria

Upper Austria

Salzburg

Styria

Tyrol

Vienna

Belarus

Belgium

Bolivia

Canada

Croatia

Czech Republic

Ethiopia

England

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Lithuania

Poland

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

See also

References

Literature

External links