The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

New World monkeys New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea ...

, including

marmoset The marmosets (), also known as zaris or sagoin, are 22 New World monkey species of the genera '' Callithrix'', '' Cebuella'', '' Callibella'', and ''Mico''. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" ...

tamarin The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goel ...

s, and

lion tamarin The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion. Description Living in the eastern rainforests ...

s. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae. This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.Naish, Darren
Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics

Scientific American ''Scientific American'', informally abbreviated ''SciAm'' or sometimes ''SA'', is an American popular science magazine. Many famous scientists, including Albert Einstein and Nikola Tesla, have contributed articles to it. In print since 1845, it i ...

November 27, 2012 Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were "normal-sized" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...

. All callitrichids are

arboreal Arboreal locomotion is the Animal locomotion, locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. Th ...

. They are the smallest of the

simian The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...

primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...

s. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree exudates, with some species (e.g. '' Callithrix jacchus'' and '' Cebuella pygmaea'') considered obligate exudativores. Callitrichids typically live in small,

territorial A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal. In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or a ...

groups of about five or six animals. Their

social organization In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, s ...

is unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring. They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in the

cotton-top tamarin The cotton-top tamarin (''Saguinus oedipus'') is a small New World monkey weighing less than . This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recogn ...

(''Saguinus oedipus''), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin ('' Saguinus o. oedipus'').

Animal Behaviour Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism as a term also describes the scientific and objectiv ...

(1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444 The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

Species and subspecies list

Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are: *Family Callitrichidae ** Genus ''

Saguinus The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goel ...

'' *** Subgenus ''

'' ****

Red-handed tamarin The golden-handed tamarin (''Saguinus midas''), also known as the red-handed tamarin or Midas tamarin, is a New World monkey belonging to the family Callitrichidae. Distribution and habitat This species is native to wooded areas north of the Ama ...

, ''Saguinus midas'' **** Western black tamarin, ''Saguinus niger'' **** Eastern black-handed tamarin, ''Saguinus ursulus'' ****

Pied tamarin The pied tamarin (''Saguinus bicolor''), sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a Critically Endangered primate species found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Bra ...

, ''Saguinus bicolor'' ****

Martins's tamarin Martins's tamarin (''Saguinus martinsi'') or Martin's ochraceous bare-face tamarin, is a species of tamarin endemic to Brazil. Taxonomy Martin's tamarin is a monkey in the genus ''Saguinus''. It has two subspecies: '' S. m. martinsi'' and '' ...

, ''Saguinus martinsi'' ***** '' Saguinus martinsi martinsi'' ***** '' Saguinus martinsi ochraceus'' ****

White-footed tamarin The white-footed tamarin (''Saguinus leucopus'') is a tamarin species endemic to Colombia. It is a silvery brown colour with pale streaks and russet underparts, and is very similar in appearance to the cotton-top tamarin, from which it is separa ...

, ''Saguinus leucopus'' **** Cottontop tamarin, ''Saguinus oedipus'' ****

Geoffroy's tamarin Geoffroy's tamarin (''Saguinus geoffroyi''), also known as the Panamanian, red-crested or rufous-naped tamarin, is a tamarin, a type of small monkey, found in Panama and Colombia. It is predominantly black and white, with a reddish nape. Diu ...

, ''Saguinus geoffroyi'' *** Subgenus ''

Tamarin The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus ''Saguinus''. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goel ...

us'' ****

Moustached tamarin The moustached tamarin (''Saguinus mystax'') is a New World monkey and a species of tamarin. The moustached tamarin is named for the lack of coloring in the facial hair surrounding their mouth, appearing similar to a moustache. As with all New Wo ...

, ''Saguinus mystax'' *****

Spix's moustached tamarin The moustached tamarin (''Saguinus mystax'') is a New World monkey and a species of tamarin. The moustached tamarin is named for the lack of coloring in the facial hair surrounding their mouth, appearing similar to a moustache. As with all New Wo ...

, ''Saguinus mystax mystax'' ***** Red-capped moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pileatus'' ***** White-rump moustached tamarin, ''Saguinus mystax pluto'' **** White-lipped tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus'' ***** Geoffroy's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus labiatus'' ***** Gray's red-bellied tamarin, ''Saguinus labiatus rufiventer'' *****

Thomas's red-bellied tamarin Thomas' is a brand of Muffin (English), English muffins and bagels in North America, established in 1880. It is owned by Bimbo Bakeries USA, one of the largest baking companies in the United States, which also owns Entenmann's, Boboli (brand), B ...

, ''Saguinus labiatus thomasi'' ****

Emperor tamarin The emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator'') is a species of tamarin allegedly named for its resemblance to the German Empire, German List_of_German_monarchs#German_Empire,_1871–1918, emperor Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm II. It lives in ...

, ''Saguinus imperator'' ***** Emperor tamarin, ''Saguinus imperator imperator'' *****

Bearded emperor tamarin The bearded emperor tamarin (''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens'') is one of the two subspecies of the emperor tamarin. It is mostly found in the tropical forests of southwestern Brazil and eastern Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichid ...

, ''Saguinus imperator subgrisescens'' **** Mottle-faced tamarin, ''Saguinus inustus'' ** Genus ''

Leontocebus The saddle-back tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus or subgenus ''Leontocebus''. They were split from the tamarin genus '' Saguinus'' based on genetic data and on the fact that saddle-back ...

'' *** Black-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis'' **** Spix's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis nigricollis'' **** Graells's tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi'' **** Hernández-Camacho's black-mantle tamarin, ''Leontocebus nigricollis hernandezi'' *** Brown-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis'' ****

Avila Pires' saddle-back tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivorous ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis avilapiresi'' ****

Spix's saddle-back tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivoro ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis fuscicollis'' ****

Mura's saddleback tamarin Mura's saddleback tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura'') is a subspecies of monkey that was first seen by scientists in 2007 in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. The monkey, which is mostly gray and brown, weighs , is tall, and has a tail. ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis mura'' ****

Lako's saddleback tamarin The brown-mantled tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscicollis''), also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This Omnivore, ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscicollis primitivus'' *** Andean saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus leucogenys'' ***

Lesson's saddle-back tamarin Lesson's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus fuscus'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Lesson's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, ''L. fus ...

, ''Leontocebus fuscus'' ***

Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus cruzlimai'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin ...

, ''Leontocebus cruzlimai'' ***

Weddell's saddle-back tamarin Weddell's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus weddelli'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Weddell's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, ''L. f ...

, ''Leontocebus weddelli'' **** Weddell's tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli weddelli'' **** Crandall's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli crandalli'' **** White-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus weddelli melanoleucus'' *** Golden-mantled tamarin, ''Leontocebus tripartitus'' *** Illiger's saddle-back tamarin, ''Leontocebus illigeri'' ***

Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin The red-mantled saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus lagonotus'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. The red-mantled saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled t ...

, ''Leontocebus lagonotus'' ***

Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin (''Leontocebus nigrifrons'') is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, ...

, ''Leontocebus nigrifrons'' ** Genus ''

Leontopithecus The four species of lion tamarins or maned marmosets make up the genus ''Leontopithecus''. They are small New World monkeys named for the mane surrounding their face, similar to the mane of a lion. Description Living in the eastern rainforests ...

'' ***

Golden lion tamarin The golden lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus rosalia'', pt, mico-leão-dourado , ), also known as the golden marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Native to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the golden lion t ...

, ''Leontopithecus rosalia'' ***

Golden-headed lion tamarin The golden-headed lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore i ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas'' ***

Black lion tamarin The black lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysopygus''), also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to the Brazilian state of São Paulo, almost exclusively at the Morro do Diabo State Park. Its limited geographical ...

, ''Leontopithecus chrysopygus'' *** Superagui lion tamarin, ''Leontopithecus caissara'' ** Genus ''

Micodon ''Micodon'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colomb ...

'' *** ''

Micodon kiotensis ''Micodon'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colom ...

'' ** Genus ''

Callimico The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus ''C ...

'' ***

Goeldi's marmoset The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (''Callimico goeldii'') is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus ''Call ...

, ''Callimico goeldii'' ** Genus ''

Mico People * Mićo Janić (born 1979), Croatian sprint canoer * Mićo Ljubibratić (1839–1889), Serbian revolutionary * Mico Palanca (1978–2019), Filipino actor * Mićo Smiljanić (born 1974), Serbian/Montenegrin footballer * Mićo Stanišić (born ...

'' ***

Silvery marmoset The silvery marmoset (''Mico argentatus'') is a New World monkey that lives in the eastern Amazon Rainforest in Brazil. The fur of the silvery marmoset is colored whitish silver-grey except for a dark tail. Remarkable are its naked, flesh-color ...

, ''Mico argentatus'' ***

Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset The Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Mico humilis''), also known as the black-crowned dwarf marmoset, is a small New World monkey native to the Amazon Rainforest, on the east bank of the lower Madeira River, and the west bank of the Aripuanã Rive ...

, ''Mico humilis'' ***

White marmoset The white marmoset (''Mico leucippe''), or golden-white bare-ear marmoset, is a Vulnerable species, vulnerable species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in Pará, Brazil. References

Mico (genus), white marmos ...

, ''Mico leucippe'' *** Black-tailed marmoset, ''Mico melanurus'' *** Schneider's marmoset, ''Mico schneideri'' *** Hershkovitz's marmoset, ''Mico intermedia'' ***

Emilia's marmoset The Emilia's marmoset (''Mico emiliae''), also known as Snethlage's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to Brazil.Emmons, L & Feer, F. (1997). ''Neotropical Rainforest Mammals''. It is found only in the Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso. It ...

, ''Mico emiliae'' *** Black-headed marmoset, ''Mico nigriceps'' ***

Marca's marmoset The Marca's marmoset (''Mico marcai'') is a species of marmoset that is endemic to the Amazon, in the Aripuanã-Manicoré interfluvium in Brazil. Its body is light grey, with orange legs, a black tail, a pinkish face, and naked ears. It is about ...

, ''Mico marcai'' ***

Santarem marmoset The Santarem marmoset (''Mico humeralifer''), also known as the black and white tassel-ear marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará. Description The Santarem marmoset is a small monkey, with a head-body leng ...

, ''Mico humeralifer'' ***

Gold-and-white marmoset The gold-and-white marmoset (''Mico chrysoleucos''), also known as the golden-white tassel-ear marmoset, is a species of marmoset, a small monkey endemic to the Amazon rainforest in eastern Amazonas state, Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), ...

, ''Mico chrysoleucos'' ***

Maués marmoset The Maués marmoset (''Mico mauesi'') is a marmoset endemic to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over ...

, ''Mico mauesi'' *** Sateré marmoset, ''Mico saterei'' *** Rio Acarí marmoset, ''Mico acariensis'' ***

Rondon's marmoset Rondon's marmoset (''Mico rondoni''), also known as the Rondônia marmoset, is a small species of monkey from the family Callitrichidae found in the south-western Amazon Rainforest, Amazon in Brazil. It is Endemism, endemic to the state of Rondô ...

, ''Mico rondoni'' ***

Munduruku marmoset The Munduruku marmoset (''Mico munduruku'') is a marmoset endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the southern Amazon rainforest, Amazon, in an area of approximately 120,000 km2, from the right bank of the Jamanxim River, below the mouth of t ...

, ''Mico munduruku'' ** Genus ''

Cebuella Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus ''Cebuella''. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just o ...

'' ***

Western pygmy marmoset The western pygmy marmoset (''Cebuella pygmaea'') is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey found in the northwestern Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar ...

, ''Cebuella pygmaea'' ***

Eastern pygmy marmoset The eastern pygmy marmoset (''Cebuella niveiventris'') is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey, found in the southwestern Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the simil ...

, ''Cebuella niveiventris'' ** Genus ''

Callithrix ''Callithrix'' is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus contains the Atlantic Forest marmosets. The name ''Callithrix'' is derived from the Greek words ''kallos'', me ...

'' ***

Common marmoset The common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus'') also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do ...

, ''Callithrix jacchus'' ***

Black-tufted marmoset The black-tufted marmoset (''Callithrix penicillata''), also known as Mico-estrela in Portuguese, is a species of New World monkey that lives primarily in the Neo-tropical gallery forests of the Brazilian Central Plateau. It ranges from Bahia ...

, ''Callithrix penicillata'' ***

Wied's marmoset Wied's marmoset (''Callithrix kuhlii''), also known as Wied's black-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern Brazil. Unlike other marmosets, Wied's marmoset lives in groups consisting o ...

, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' ***

White-headed marmoset The white-headed marmoset (''Callithrix geoffroyi''), also known as the tufted-ear marmoset, Geoffroy's marmoset, or Geoffrey's marmoset, is a marmoset endemic to forests in eastern Brazil, where it is native to Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Minas ...

, ''Callithrix geoffroyi'' ***

Buffy-tufted marmoset The buffy-tufted marmoset (''Callithrix aurita''), also known as the buffy tufted-ear marmoset or white-eared marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in the forests on the Atlantic coast of southeast Brazil. Of all the marmosets, it has the so ...

, ''Callithrix aurita'' ***

Buffy-headed marmoset The buffy-headed marmoset (''Callithrix flaviceps'') is a rare species of marmoset endemic to the rainforests of south-eastern Brazil. It occurs in southern Espírito Santo and possibly northern Rio de Janeiro and its distribution extends into Mi ...

, ''Callithrix flaviceps''

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q574338 Primate families Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Taxa described in 1903