subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of
nymphalid
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a red ...
butterflies
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...
that includes the tropical brushfoots. This subfamily was sometimes merged within the
Limenitidinae
The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
, but they are now recognized as quite distinct lineages. In older literature, this subfamily is sometimes called Eurytelinae.
As of 2008, some 340 valid species are in this subfamily, placed in 38 genera. Most species of Biblidinae are
Neotropical
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In bioge ...
, but there are some Old World species and genera in the tribes Biblidini and Epicaliini.
Systematics
The Biblidinae are a taxonomically stable
monophyletic
In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
group, at least since the "
wastebin genus
Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically define ...
" ''
Catagramma
''"Catagramma"'' is an obsolete genus of Neotropical butterflies; the name continues to be used e.g. among butterfly collectors as a form taxon. ''"Catagramma"'' species are popularly known as 88s, in reference to a pattern on the hindwing und ...
'' was dismantled around 1950.
The tribes, in the presumed
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
Biblis
Biblis is a municipality in the Bergstraße district in southern Hessen, Germany.
Geography
Location
The municipality lies in the Rhine rift west of the Odenwald between Darmstadt to the north and Mannheim to the south; it also lies north of B ...
'' Fabricius, 1807 (= ''Zonaga'')
* ''
Ariadne
Ariadne (; grc-gre, Ἀριάδνη; la, Ariadne) was a Cretan princess in Greek mythology. She was mostly associated with mazes and labyrinths because of her involvement in the myths of the Minotaur and Theseus. She is best known for having ...
Mesoxantha
''Mesoxantha'' is a genus of Nymphalidae, nymphalid butterflies.Byblia'' Hübner, 1819 (= ''Hypanis'' Boisduval, 1833 (''non'' Pander in Menetries, 1832:
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
))
* ''
Mestra
In Greek mythology, Mestra ( grc, Μήστρα, ''Mēstra'') was a daughter of Erysichthon of Thessaly. Antoninus Liberalis called Mestra as Hypermestra while Erysichthon as Aethon.
Family
Mestra was the mother of King Eurypylus of Cos by Pose ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
))
Epicaliini Guenée, 1865
* ''
Catonephele
''Catonephele'' is a nymphalid butterfly genus found in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies.
Species
Listed alphabetically:819
__NOTOC__
Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small>
* ''
Nessaea
''Nessaea'' is a genus of nymphalid butterflies found in the Neotropical realm. Unlike virtually all other butterflies with blue coloration, the blue colors in this genus are due to pigmentation terobilin (biliverdin IXγ)ref>Doug Taron"It's all ...
'' Hübner,
819
__NOTOC__
Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
), ''Sea'')
* ''
Sevenia
''Sevenia'', commonly called tree nymphs, is a genus of forest butterflies in the family Nymphalidae that, as larvae, feed on plants of the family Euphorbiaceae. There are fourteen species from continental Africa and two (or three) species from ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
819
__NOTOC__
Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
Panacea
In Greek mythology, Panacea (Greek ''Πανάκεια'', Panakeia), a goddess of universal remedy, was the daughter of Asclepius and Epione. Panacea and her four sisters each performed a facet of Apollo's art:
* Panacea (the goddess of universal ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
))
* ''
Batesia
''Batesia'' is a genus of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel ...
819
__NOTOC__
Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
))
* ''
Nica
Nica or NICA may refer to:
* Nīca, a village in Latvia
* Nica, the name in some languages of Nice, a French city
* Nica is an adjective which may refer to:
** Nicaragua
** Nicaraguan people
* Nica Airlines, an alternate name for Nicaragüense de ...
preoccupied
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
* In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linn ...
Diaethria
''Diaethria'' is a brush-footed butterfly genus found in the Neotropical realm, ranging from Mexico to Paraguay.
Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-eights like the related genera ''Callicore'' and '' Perisama'', in reference to th ...
'' Billberg, 1820
* ''
Callicore
''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic '' Catagramma'' assemblage.
Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...
'' Hübner,
819
__NOTOC__
Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
Catacore
''Catacore kolyma'', the Kolyma eighty-eight, is the only species in the genus ''Catacore''. It is a member of the brush-footed butterfly family and is found in the Neotropical realm, ranging from Colombia to Peru
, image_flag ...
'' Dillon, 1948
References
Sources
* Hill, R. I., Penz, C. M., & DeVries, P. J. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis and review of ''Panacea'' and ''Batesia'' butterflies (Nymphalidae). ''Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society'', 56, 199-215.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1983). Neotropical Nymphalidae. I. Revision of ''Hamadryas''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum'', 81, 1-146.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1984). Neotropical Nymphalidae. II. Revision of ''Myscelia''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (Gainesville)'', 87, 1-64.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1985). Neotropical Nymphalidae. III. Revision of ''Catonephele''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum of Entomology'', 92, 1-65.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1985). Neotropical Nymphalidae. IV. Revision of ''Ectima''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (Gainesville)'', 95, 1-30.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1986). Neotropical Nymphalidae. V. Revision of ''Epiphile''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (Gainesville)'', 101, 1-70.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1987). Neotropical Nymphalidae. VI. Revision of ''Asterope'' (=Callithea Auct.). ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum of Entomology'', 114, 1-66.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1989). Neotropical Nymphalidae. VII. Revision of ''Nessaea''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum (Gainesville)'', 125, 1-38.
* Jenkins, D. W. (1990). Neotropical Nymphalidae. VIII. Revision of ''Eunica''. ''Bulletin of the Allyn Museum'', 131, 1-177.
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'': Preliminary species list. Version of 18 March 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2007. Misspelled as Biblinae. Images. In Japanese but with
binomial name
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...