''Callicore'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

nymphalid The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a red ...

butterfly found in the

Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

'' Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-eights or numberwings like the related genera ''

Diaethria ''Diaethria'' is a brush-footed butterfly genus found in the Neotropical realm, ranging from Mexico to Paraguay. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-eights like the related genera ''Callicore'' and '' Perisama'', in reference to th ...

'' and '' Perisama'', in reference to the characteristic patterns on the hindwing undersides of many. In ''Callicore'', the pattern consists of bluish dots surrounded by black and looks more like "αB" or "8°", though some members of this genus have a completely different arrangement of dots. The forewing undersides vary little between species, being black with one or two broad orange-yellow bands in the basal part and one thin and one very faint yellowish band near the apex. '' C. hydarnis'' is listed as an

endangered species An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inv ...

Minas Gerais Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

Species

Listed alphabetically within species groups:"''Callicore''_Hübner,_[1819]"
at_Markku_Savela's_''Lepidoptera_and_Some_Other_Life_Forms'' The_''atacama''_species_group: *_''Callicore_atacama.html" ;"title="819]"">"''Callicore'' Hübner, [1819]"
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' The ''atacama'' species group: * ''Callicore atacama">819]"">"''Callicore'' Hübner, [1819]"
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' The ''atacama'' species group: * ''Callicore atacama'' (Hewitson, 1852) – yellow-banded eighty-eight * ''Callicore felderi'' (Hewitson, 1864) – 8-spot numberwing * ''Callicore hesperis'' (Guérin, 1844) – hesperis eighty-eight The ''cyllene'' species group: * ''Callicore pygas'' (Godart,

824 __NOTOC__ Year 824 ( DCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * November 11 – The '' Constitutio Romana'' establishes the authority of the ...

– pygas eighty-eight The ''cynosura'' species group: * '' Callicore astarte'' (Cramer, 1779) – Astarte eighty-eight * ''

Callicore cynosura ''Callicore cynosura'', the BD butterfly or Cynosura eighty-eight, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The common name refers to the markings on the underside of the hindwings, which resemble the letters "B" and "D". It is found ...

'' (Doubleday & Hewitson, 1847) – Cynosura eighty-eight * ''

Callicore excelsior ''Callicore excelsior'', the superb numberwing or excelsior eighty-eight, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Br ...

'' (Hewitson, 1857) – excelsior eighty-eight or superb numberwing * ''

Callicore ines ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic ''Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Hopp, 1922) * ''

Callicore sorana ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic ''Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Godart, 1832) – Sorana eighty-eight The ''hydarnis'' species group *''

Callicore hydarnis ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic ''Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Godart,

The ''hydaspes'' species group: * ''

Callicore brome ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic ''Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Doyère,

840 __NOTOC__ Year 840 ( DCCCXL) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar, the 840th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 840th year of the 1st millennium, the 40th year of the 9th century, and the ...

– four-spotted eighty-eight * ''

Callicore hydaspes ''Callicore hydaspes'', the Hydaspes eighty-eight or little callicore, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Description The wingspan is . The uppersides of the forewings are black with a broad red median band and a blue basal ar ...

'' (Drury, 1782) – Hydaspes eighty-eight * ''

Callicore lyca ''Callicore lyca'', the Aegina numberwing, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from the south of Mexico to Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , oth ...

'' (Doubleday,

847 __NOTOC__ Year 847 ( DCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe ...

– Aegina numberwing * ''

Callicore maronensis ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic ''Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Oberthür, 1916) The ' species group: * ''

Callicore cyclops ''Callicore'' is a genus of nymphalid butterfly found in the Neotropical realm. This genus, like some related ones, was formerly lumped together as the paraphyletic '' Catagramma'' assemblage. Species in this genus are commonly called eighty-e ...

'' (Staudinger, 1891) * '' Callicore '' (Latreille, 1811) – two-eyed eighty-eight The ''texa'' species group: * '' Callicore texa'' (Hewitson, 1854) – Texa eighty-eight The ''tolima'' species group: * ''

Callicore eunomia ''Callicore eunomia'', the Eunomia eighty-eight or Eunomia numberwing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the upper Amazonian region, from Colombia and Guyana to Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. The wingspan is 30–4 ...

'' (Hewitson, 1853) – Eunomia eighty-eight * '' Callicore hystaspes'' (Fabricius, 1781) – Hystaspes eighty-eight * '' Callicore tolima'' (Hewitson, 1851) – blue-and-orange eighty-eight

Gallery

File:Callicoreastarte.jpg, Astarte eighty-eight,
'' C. astarte'', upperside File:Callicoreaeginasalamis.jpg, Aegina numberwing,
'' C. l. salamis'', underside File:Callicoreeunomia.jpg, Eunomia eighty-eight,
'' C. eunomia'', underside File:Pastazzauns.jpg, Superb numberwing,
'' C. e. pastazza'', underside File:NymphalidOslo.jpg, Cynosura eighty-eight,
'' C. cynosura'', underside Callicore pygas, Iguazu Falls Brazil.jpg, Pygas eighty-eight,
('' C. pygas'')

Iguazu Falls Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls ( gn, Chororõ Yguasu , es, Cataratas del Iguazú, links=no ; pt, Cataratas do Iguaçu ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná. ...

References

* Casagrande, M. M., Mielke, O. H. H., & Brown, K. S., Jr. (1998). Butterflies (Lepidoptera) considered as threatened in Minas Gerais, Brazil (in Portuguese). ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'', 15(1), 241-259. * Garwood, K. M., Lehman, Carter, W., & Carter, G. (2007). ''Butterflies of Southern Amazonia''. Mission, Texas: Neotropical Butterflies. * Lamas, G., ed. 2004. ''Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea''. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers/Association of Tropical Lepidoptera.

External links

images representing ''Callicore''
at

Consortium for the Barcode of Life The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of ...

''Callicore''
Tree of Life

in Japanese but with

binomial name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

s. {{Taxonbar, from=Q258624 Biblidinae Nymphalidae of South America Nymphalidae genera Taxa named by Jacob Hübner