Calenduleae is a

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

tribe of the family

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

. Calenduleae has been widely recognized since

Alexandre de Cassini Count Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini (9 May 1781 – 23 April 1832) was a French botanist and naturalist, who specialised in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) (then known as family Compositae). He was the youngest of five children of Jacqu ...

in the early 19th century. There are eight genera and over 110 species, mostly found in

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

. It is a relatively stable clade of the Asteraceae, with minor alterations. The tribe also occurs in Southwest Asia, some Atlantic islands, other portions of Africa and Europe, with non-native occurrences in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. However, three new species within the tribe have been discovered as recently as 2003.

Description

Plants in Calenduleae vary from herbs to shrubs and usually exhibit showy flower heads. The defining characteristics separating members of this tribe from others within the family are a dimorphism of the

cypselae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

and the fact that each cypsela lacks a pappus.^{/sup> Calenduleae is named for its most economically important genus, '' Calendula'', known in homeopathic remedies and as a common ornamental. Other genera from Calenduleae produce ornamentals as well, including ''Osteospermum

''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.

''Osteospermum'' used to belong to the gen ...
'' and ''Dimorphotheca

''Dimorphotheca'' is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Africa. is one of eight genera of the Calenduleae, with a centre of diversity in Southern Africa. Some species can hybridize with '' Osteospermum'', and crosses are sold ...
'' (see Asteraceae

The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
for a more general description).

History and phylogeny

Cladistic

Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...
arrangement of this group of plants has been recognized as far back as Andrea Cesalpino

Andrea Cesalpino ( Latinized as Andreas Cæsalpinus) (6 June 1524 – 23 February 1603) was a Florentine physician, philosopher and botanist.

In his works he classified plants according to their fruits and seeds, rather than alphabetically ...
in the 1630s and again by Giulio Pontedera in the 1720s, but the official nomenclature arose after Cassini's work within the family. Early 20th-century botanists placed this tribe as sister to the Senecioneae; however, there has been molecular evidence of closer relationships between the Astereae and the Calenduleae. This tribe has demonstrated monophyly

In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...
through chemical analysis of the similar pimerane diterpenes found within all tested species. ''Osteospermum

''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.

''Osteospermum'' used to belong to the gen ...
'' and '' Garuleum'' share the highest number of identical chemical signatures, indicating close phylogenetic

In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
relationship and a more recent divergence than other genera of the tribe. One of the newly discovered ''Osteospermum'' has provided evidence of a link between ''Osteospermum'' and ''Chrysanthemoides''.

There have been some rearrangements of the Calenduleae tribe. '' Eriachaenium'' was originally lumped with the Calenduleae but has since been removed. Its placement remains uncertain, although it is now hypothesized to belong to the Cichorioideae

The Cichorioideae are a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce, dandelions, chicory and '' Gazania'' species. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species. It i ...
. The genus '' Castalis'' has been folded into ''Osteospermum''. One recent analysis of the Calenduleae made several phylogenetic discoveries, including:

*the ''Osteospermum'' section '' Blaxium'' is now placed in the genus ''Dimorphotheca''
*the subgenus ''Tripteris'' was separated from ''Osteospermum''
*the genus ''Oligocarpus'' was separated from ''Osteospermum''
*'' Osteospermum sanctae-helenae'', endemic to St. Helena

Saint Helena () is a British overseas territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a remote volcanic tropical island west of the coast of south-western Africa, and east of Rio de Janeiro in South America. It is one of three constit ...
, now belongs to ''Oligocarpus''.Nordenstam, B. and Trift, I. (1999) A phylogenetic Study of the Calenduleae (Asteraceae), XVI International Botanical Congress Session 3.9.6: 3885

Image gallery

Image:African daisy (Osteospermum sp. 'Pink Whirls').jpg, ''Osteospermum

''Osteospermum'' , is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies.

''Osteospermum'' used to belong to the gen ...
'' "Pink Whirls", a cultivar
Image:Osteospermum_ecklonis1.JPG, '' Dimorphotheca ecklonis'' syn. ''Osteospermum ecklonis''
Image:Chrysanthemoides_monilifera_(Rondevlei_Nature Reserve,_South_Africa).jpg, '' Chrysanthemoides monilifera''
File:Ringelblume Blüte.jpg, ''Calendula officinalis

''Calendula officinalis'', the pot marigold, common marigold, ruddles, Mary's gold or Scotch marigold, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its ...
''

References

External links

*
*

{{Taxonbar, from=Q126356

Asteraceae tribes}