The ''CPSS-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures'' (PFMIs) were published in 2012 by the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems of the Bank for International Settlements and the Technical Committee of the International Organization of Securities Commissions. It sets out twenty-four principles to be followed to manage market risk in financial market infrastructure. In the United Kingdom, the

Bank of England The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker, and still one of the bankers for the Government of ...

acts as regulator for payment systems, central securities depositories and central counterparties. For these regulated organisations, the bank requires the operator complies with the CPSS-IOSCO principles.

Principles

General organisation

Principle 1: Legal basis

The operations of the system must have a clear basis in the law of the jurisdictions it operates in. This is important to avoid the uncertainty that would result if there was the possibility that the courts might void or hold-up transactions.

Principle 2: Governance

Market governance arrangements must be clear and transparent. They should support the stability of the market and take account of the wider public interest.

Principle 3: Framework for the comprehensive management of risks

The market operator must have a proper risk management framework.

Credit and liquidity risk management

Principle 4: Credit risk

The market operator must carefully manage its credit exposure to market participants, and have sufficient resources to cover any credit risk it is exposed to.

Principle 5: Collateral

If the market requires

collateral Collateral may refer to: Business and finance * Collateral (finance), a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan * Marketing collateral, in marketing and sales Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Collate ...

, it must choose collateral with low credit, liquidity and market risks.

Principle 6: Margin

Central counterparties must manage their credit exposure to market participants by ensuring they have an effective margin system.

Principle 7: Liquidity risk

The market operator must monitor and manage

liquidity risk Liquidity risk is a financial risk that for a certain period of time a given financial asset, security or commodity cannot be traded quickly enough in the market without impacting the market price. Types Market liquidity – An asset cannot be so ...

Settlement

Principle 8: Settlement finality

Liabilities incurred must be settled with finality, at the very least at the end of the day where value is credited, but ideally in real-time.

Principle 9: Money settlements

The system should settle in central bank money wherever possible. Credit risk and

must be minimised.

Principle 10: Physical deliveries

If the market deals with securities or

commodities In economics, a commodity is an economic good, usually a resource, that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them. The price of a comm ...

, there must be clear rules about their physical delivery. Risks relating to the storage and delivery of physical securities and commodities must be managed.

Central securities depositories and exchange-of-value settlement systems

Principle 11: Central securities depositories

Where a securities depository holds the underlying securities of a market it must manage this 'safeguarding' risk, and ensure the securities are held separately from its own assets.

Principle 12: Exchange-of-value settlement systems

Where two linked obligations are exchanged in a transaction (for example, foreign exchange), the settlement of one must be conditional on the settlement of the other.

Default management

Principle 13: Participant-default rules and procedures

The market needs to have rules to cope with the

default Default may refer to: Law * Default (law), the failure to do something required by law ** Default (finance), failure to satisfy the terms of a loan obligation or failure to pay back a loan ** Default judgment, a binding judgment in favor of ei ...

of a market participant, ensuring the losses are contained and liquidity preserved to allow the market to continue to operate.

Principle 14: Segregation and portability

For a central counterparty, it must be possible to segregate and move the positions of the participants' customers.

General business and operational risk management

Principle 15: General business risk

The market operator must manage its own business risks to ensure it can continue as a going concern. It must maintain a reserve to ensure it can be

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in an orderly fashion if the need arises.

Principle 16: Custody and investment risks

Assets, whether belonging to the market operator or market participants, must be safeguarded against losses. Any investments must be chosen for minimal credit, liquidity and market risks.

Principle 17: Operational risk

A financial market must identify operational risks: both internally and across the market and its participants. Where appropriate, they should mitigate the risks through controls. Systems used by the market must have a high degree of reliability and security, and must have sufficient capacity for the needs of the market. Business continuity must be in place to recover from disruption.

Access

Principle 18: Access and participation requirements

Criteria for participating in the market must be objective and transparent, ensuring fair and open access.

Principle 19: Tiered participation arrangements

Where the financial market has participants at different tiers (i.e. direct participants, and indirect participants who are themselves serviced by the direct participants) then the market operator needs to monitor and manage the risks that such indirect relationships could cause.

Principle 20: FMI links

If a financial market infrastructure (FMI) is interlinked to another FMI then it needs to monitor and manage the risks relating to that relationship.

Efficiency

Principle 21: Efficiency and effectiveness

Financial markets should be structured to efficiently and effectively meet the needs they were created to serve.

Principle 22: Communication procedures and standards

The market should use relevant and internationally accepted methods of communicating transactions.

Transparency

Principle 23: Disclosure of rules, key procedures, and market data

The rules and procedures of the financial market must be clear. Participants must have sufficient information to enable them to understand the risks that they take by participating in the market, and the costs of doing so. Rules and key procedures must be disclosed publicly.

Principle 24: Disclosure of market data by trade repositories

A trade repository must disclose relevant market information to the public and government authorities that is timely and accurate.

References

External links

''CPSS-IOSCO Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures''
2012 documents Works about finance {{finance-stub