The Canadian Football League (CFL; french: Ligue canadienne de football—LCF) is a professional
sports league
A sports league is a group of sports teams or individual athletes that compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur sports, amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and ...
in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in
Canadian football
Canadian football () is a team sport, sport played in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play long and wide attempting to advance a pointed oval-shaped ball into the opposing team's sco ...
. The league consists of nine teams, each located in a city in Canada. They are divided into two divisions: four teams in the
East Division and five teams in the
West Division.
As of 2022, it features a 21-week
regular season
In an organized sports league, a typical season is the portion of one year in which regulated games of the sport are in session: for example, in Major League Baseball the season lasts approximately from the last week of March to the last week of Se ...
in which each team plays 18 games with three
bye weeks. This season traditionally runs from mid-June to early November. Following the regular season, six teams compete in the league's three-week
playoffs
The playoffs, play-offs, postseason or finals of a sports league are a competition played after the regular season by the top competitors to determine the league champion or a similar accolade. Depending on the league, the playoffs may be eithe ...
, which culminate in the
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
championship game in late November. The Grey Cup is one of Canada's largest annual sports and television events.
The CFL was officially named on January 19, 1958, upon the merger between the
Interprovincial Rugby Football Union
The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, its counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues.
T ...
or "Big Four" (founded in 1907) and the
Western Interprovincial Football Union
The West Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League (CFL), its counterpart being the East Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the West Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagu ...
(founded in 1936).
History
Early history
Rugby football
Rugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union and rugby league.
Canadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football were once considered forms of rugby football, but are seldom now referred to as such. The ...
began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, and many of the first Canadian football teams played under the auspices of the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU), founded in 1884.
The CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891, and served as an
umbrella organization
An umbrella organization is an association of (often related, industry-specific) institutions who work together formally to coordinate activities and/or pool resources. In business, political, and other environments, it provides resources and ofte ...
for several provincial and regional unions. The
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
was donated by
Governor General
Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...
the Earl Grey in 1909 to the team winning the ''Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada''. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins with the introduction of the
Burnside rules
The Burnside rules were a set of rules that transformed Canadian football from a rugby-style game to the gridiron-style game it has remained ever since. The rules were first adopted by the Ontario Rugby Football Union in 1903, and were named after ...
, and started to become more similar to the
American game.
For much of the early part of the 20th century, the game was contested by intraprovincial leagues, or unions. In 1907, several of the stronger senior clubs in Ontario and Quebec formed the
Interprovincial Rugby Football Union
The East Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League, its counterpart being the West Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the East Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagues.
T ...
(IRFU or Big Four). It took almost 30 years for an elite interprovincial western union to emerge, when in 1936 the stronger senior clubs in Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan formed the
Western Interprovincial Football Union
The West Division is one of the two regional divisions of the Canadian Football League (CFL), its counterpart being the East Division. Although the CFL was not founded until 1958, the West Division and its clubs are descended from earlier leagu ...
(WIFU). From the 1930s to the 1950s, the Big Four and WIFU gradually evolved from
amateur
An amateur () is generally considered a person who pursues an avocation independent from their source of income. Amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal, autodidacticism, self-taught, user-generated, do it yourself, DI ...
to professional leagues, and amateur teams were no longer competitive for the Grey Cup. Apart from the
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
years, an amateur team last won the Grey Cup in 1936.
By the end of World War II, the WIFU's play was at the same level as that of the Big Four. Within a few years after the return of peace, both interprovincial unions had turned openly professional. However, while the Big Four champion got an automatic berth to the Grey Cup final, until 1954 the WIFU's champion had to play in a semi-final against the champion of the
Ontario Rugby Football Union
The Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) was an early amateur Canadian football league comprising teams in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ORFU was founded on Saturday, January 6, 1883 and in 1903 became the first major competition to adopt th ...
(ORFU)–by then, the only amateur union still competing for the Grey Cup. The ORFU withdrew from Grey Cup competition after the 1953 season, and the WIFU champion was given an automatic berth in the Grey Cup final. For this reason, 1954 is reckoned as the start of the modern era of Canadian football, in which the Grey Cup has been exclusively contested by professional teams. Since 1965, Canada's top university football teams, competing in what is now
U Sports
U Sports (stylized as U SPORTS) is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is the Ca ...
, have competed for the
Vanier Cup
The Vanier Cup (french: Coupe Vanier) is the championship of Canadian university football. It is organized by U Sports football and is currently played between the winners of the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. It is named after Georges Vanier, ...
.
In 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council (CFC). In
1958, the CFC left the CRU and reorganized as the Canadian Football League. As part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, and the amateurs were officially locked out of Grey Cup play. However, the Grey Cup had been the de facto professional championship since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, eventually adopting the name
Football Canada
Football Canada is the governing body for amateur gridiron football in Canada headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. Football Canada focuses primarily its own Canadian form of the sport, and is currently the world's only national governing body for ...
. Initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern (IRFU) and western (WIFU) teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was roughly analogous to how
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization and the oldest major professional sports league in the world. MLB is composed of 30 total teams, divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), ...
operated for almost all of the 20th century, and how the AFL and NFL operated during the 1960s prior to those leagues'
1970 merger.
The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in
1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in
1961
Events January
* January 3
** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba ( Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015).
** Aero Flight 311 ...
. Also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. Because the West played 16 games by this time while the East still only played 14, this arrangement oddly allowed both the four-team Eastern Conference and the five-team Western Conference to play three games per intraconference opponent and one game per interconference opponent. It was not until 1974 that the East expanded its schedule to 16 games, just like the West. In
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
, the two conferences agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a fully balanced and interlocking schedule of 16 games per season (with all nine teams playing each other twice, once at home and once on the road). Since 1986 (with exception of 2021), the CFL's regular season schedule has been 18 games.
The separate histories of the IRFU and the WIFU accounted for the fact that two teams had basically the same name: the IRFU's
Ottawa ''Rough Riders'' were often called the "Eastern Riders", while the WIFU's
Saskatchewan ''Roughriders'' were called the "Western Riders" or "Green Riders". Other team names had traditional origins. With
rowing
Rowing is the act of propelling a human-powered watercraft using the sweeping motions of oars to displace water and generate reactional propulsion. Rowing is functionally similar to paddling, but rowing requires oars to be mechanically ...
a national craze in the late 19th century, the
Argonaut Rowing Club
The Argonaut Rowing Club is an amateur rowing club in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The club was founded in 1872. The current junior head coach is Connor Elsdon. In the past, the club fielded teams in ice hockey and football, and the football team ...
of Toronto formed a rugby team for its members' off-season participation. The football team name
Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts (officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club and colloquially known as the Argos) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), based in Toronto, Ontario ...
still remains even though it and the rowing club have long since gone their separate ways. After World War II, the two teams in
Hamilton Hamilton may refer to:
People
* Hamilton (name), a common British surname and occasional given name, usually of Scottish origin, including a list of persons with the surname
** The Duke of Hamilton, the premier peer of Scotland
** Lord Hamilt ...
—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Fiel ...
.
The league remained stable with nine franchises—the
BC Lions
The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Lions compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and play their home games at BC Place.
The Lions played their first season ...
,
Calgary Stampeders
The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary, Alberta. The Stampeders compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The club plays its home games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-old ...
,
Edmonton Eskimos
The Edmonton Elks are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta. The club competes in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member of the league's West Division and plays their home games at the Brick Field at Commo ...
,
Saskatchewan Roughriders
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Roughriders compete in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member club of the league's West Division.
The Roughriders were founded in 1 ...
,
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are a professional Canadian football team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Blue Bombers compete in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member club of the league's West division. They play their home games at IG Fiel ...
,
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Fiel ...
,
Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts (officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club and colloquially known as the Argos) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), based in Toronto, Ontario ...
,
Ottawa Rough Riders
The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded in 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America, the Rough Riders won the Grey Cup championship nine ...
and
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
—from its 1958 inception until
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
. After the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes.
In
1986
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1
** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.
**Spain and Portugal ente ...
the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, but the team folded the next year. The loss of the Montreal franchise forced the league to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division from 1987 to 1994.
United States expansion
In
1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, the
Sacramento Gold Miners
The Sacramento Gold Miners were a Canadian football team based in Sacramento, California. The franchise was the first American team in the Canadian Football League. The Gold Miners inherited a home stadium, front office staff and much of the rost ...
. After modest success, the league then expanded further in the U.S. in
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
with the
Las Vegas Posse
The Las Vegas Posse were a Canadian Football League (CFL) team, that played at the Sam Boyd Silver Bowl in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, in the league's 1994 season as part of the CFL's short-lived American expansion. Lasting only one seaso ...
,
Baltimore Stallions
The Baltimore Stallions (known officially as the "Baltimore Football Club" and previously as the "Baltimore CFL Colts" in its inaugural season) were a Canadian Football League team based in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States, which played ...
, and
Shreveport Pirates
The Shreveport Pirates were a Canadian Football League team, playing at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States, in 1994 and 1995. Despite a relatively strong fan base, they were one of the least successful of the CFL's A ...
. For the
1995
File:1995 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: O.J. Simpson is O. J. Simpson murder case, acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman from the 1994, year prior in "The Trial of the Century" in the United States; The ...
campaign, the American teams were split off into their own South Division, and two more teams, the
Birmingham Barracudas
The Birmingham Barracudas were a Canadian football team that played the 1995 season in the Canadian Football League. The Barracudas were part of a failed attempt to expand the CFL into the United States.
Franchise history
In the beginning
Ins ...
and
Memphis Mad Dogs
The Memphis Mad Dogs were a Canadian football team that played the 1995 season in the Canadian Football League. The Mad Dogs were part of a failed attempt to expand the CFL into the United States. They played at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium.
...
, were added; at the same time, the Posse folded and the Gold Miners relocated to become the
San Antonio Texans
The San Antonio Texans were a Canadian Football League (CFL) team that played in the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, in the 1995 CFL season. They had relocated from Sacramento, California, where the team had been called the Sacramento Gold Miners ...
. In 1995, the Stallions became the only non-Canadian team to win the
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
.
Despite all American teams having the advantage of not being bound to the CFL's minimum Canadian player quotas, only the Stallions proved to be an on-field and off-field success. The
establishment of the NFL's Baltimore Ravens
The Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Ravens compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. The team plays its ...
, worsening financial problems among the league's core Canadian teams, and the inconsistent performance of the other American teams prompted the CFL to abandon its American experiment and retrench its Canadian operations. The Stallions organization was used as the basis for a revival of the
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
.
Post-U.S. expansion era
The CFL returned to an all-Canadian format in
1996 with nine teams; the league conducted a
dispersal draft
A dispersal draft is a process in professional sports for assigning players to a new team when their current team ceases to exist or is merged with another team. Like most other sports drafts, most dispersal drafts are conducted in North America. ...
to distribute players from the disbanded American-based teams; however, the
Ottawa Rough Riders
The Ottawa Rough Riders were a Canadian Football League team based in Ottawa, Ontario, founded in 1876. Formerly one of the oldest and longest-lived professional sports teams in North America, the Rough Riders won the Grey Cup championship nine ...
, in existence since 1876, folded after the 1996 season (another dispersal draft was conducted the next year to distribute the former Rough Rider players among the remaining eight teams). Toronto and recently revived Montreal also were struggling; Montreal's woes were solved by moving to
Percival Molson Memorial Stadium
Percival Molson Memorial Stadium (also known in French as ''Stade Percival-Molson''; commonly referred to as Molson Stadium in English or Stade Molson in French) is an outdoor football stadium in Downtown Montreal, on the slopes of Mount Royal, ...
, a much smaller venue than the cavernous
Olympic Stadium
''Olympic Stadium'' is the name usually given to the main stadium of an Olympic Games. An Olympic stadium is the site of the opening and closing ceremonies. Many, though not all, of these venues actually contain the words ''Olympic Stadium'' as ...
. The Winnipeg team again moved to the East Division from 1997 to 2001 to make up for the loss of Ottawa.
In 1997, the NFL provided a interest-free loan to the financially struggling CFL. In return, the NFL was granted access to CFL players entering a defined two-month window in the option year of their contract. This was later written into the CFL's collective bargaining agreement with its players. The CFL's finances have since stabilized and they eventually repaid the loan. The CFL–NFL agreement expired in 2006. Both leagues have been attempting to reach a new agreement, but the CFL broke off negotiations in November 2007 after Canadian telecommunications firm
Rogers Communications
Rogers Communications Inc. is a Telecommunications in Canada, Canadian communications and media company operating primarily in the fields of mobile phone operator, wireless communications, cable television, telephony and Internet access, Intern ...
paid $78 million to
host seven Bills games in
Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
over five seasons (the last Bills Toronto Series game was played during the
2013 NFL season).
![Commonwealth Stadium](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Commonwealth_Stadium.jpg)
In
2002
File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, indepe ...
, the league expanded back to nine teams with the creation of the
Ottawa Renegades
The Ottawa Renegades were a Canadian Football League franchise based in Ottawa, Ontario founded in 2002, six years after the storied Ottawa Rough Riders folded. After four seasons, the Renegades franchise was suspended indefinitely by the league ...
. After four seasons of financial losses, the Renegades were suspended indefinitely before the
2006 season; their players were absorbed by the remaining teams in a dispersal draft. Winnipeg was moved to the East Division again in 2006, a situation that continued until 2013.
In
2005
File:2005 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico; the Funeral of Pope John Paul II is held in Vatican City; "Me at the zoo", the first video ever to be uploaded to YouTube; Eris was discovered in ...
, the league set an all-time
attendance record with a total attendance of more than 2.3 million.
In June 2006 the league announced the launch of CFL Broadband, an internet streaming service designed to provide fans with another media platform, in addition to TSN and CBC broadcasts, to watch games live.
Mark Cohon era (2007–2015)
With Mark Cohon as commissioner of the league the CFL entered a period of stability and growth. New television deals, two new collective bargaining agreements, the
100th Grey Cup celebration, and widespread stadium renovation and rebuilding highlighted this era. The
100th anniversary of the Grey Cup had the highest ever television ratings for a championship game in English Canada.
During the 2000s the CFL had the third highest per-game attendance of any North American sports league and the seventh highest
per-game attendance of any sports league worldwide. A 2006 survey conducted at the
University of Lethbridge
, mottoeng = '' Let there be light''
, type = Public
, established =
, academic_affiliations = Universities Canada
, endowment = $73 million (2019)
, chancellor = Charles Wease ...
confirmed that the CFL was the second most popular sports league in Canada, with the following of 19% of the total adult Canadian population compared to 30% for the
NHL
The National Hockey League (NHL; french: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH, ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams—25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. It is considered to be the top ranked professional ...
. The
NFL had 11% following, with a total of 26% following at least one of the pro football leagues. In other words, approximately 80% of Canadian football fans follow the CFL, and about 55% follow the NFL.
With the absence of Ottawa from 2006 to 2013, league attendance hovered around the 2 million mark. It stood at 2,029,875 in 2012 for a single game average of 28,193. The
2007 season was a recent high point with average game attendance of 29,167, the best since 1983.
During Mark Cohon's time in office many of the teams either undertook major renovations to their existing stadiums, or constructed brand new stadiums. The
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
were the first to undertake this project, adding 5,000 seats to
Percival Molson Memorial Stadium
Percival Molson Memorial Stadium (also known in French as ''Stade Percival-Molson''; commonly referred to as Molson Stadium in English or Stade Molson in French) is an outdoor football stadium in Downtown Montreal, on the slopes of Mount Royal, ...
in time for the
2010 CFL season. The
Edmonton Eskimos
The Edmonton Elks are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta. The club competes in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member of the league's West Division and plays their home games at the Brick Field at Commo ...
and
Calgary Stampeders
The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary, Alberta. The Stampeders compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The club plays its home games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-old ...
also renovated their respective stadiums and facilities for the 2010 season. In
2011
File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...
, the
BC Lions
The BC Lions are a professional Canadian football team based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Lions compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and play their home games at BC Place.
The Lions played their first season ...
played under a new, retractable roof in
BC Place
BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Located at the north side of False Creek, it is owned and operated by the BC Pavilion Corporation (PavCo), a crown corporation of the province.
The venue is currently ...
after spending one and a half seasons at
Empire Field
Empire Field was a temporary Canadian football and soccer stadium built at Hastings Park in the Canadian city of Vancouver, British Columbia. Located on the site of the former Empire Stadium, the 27,528 spectator venue was constructed to allow ...
. In
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
, the
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
The Winnipeg Blue Bombers are a professional Canadian football team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Blue Bombers compete in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member club of the league's West division. They play their home games at IG Fiel ...
moved to Investors Group Field, now known as
IG Field
IG Field (formerly Investors Group Field) is an outdoor stadium in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The stadium, which opened in 2013, is located on the University of Manitoba campus next to University Stadium.
Owned by Triple B Stadium Inc., a consortium ...
, an entirely new stadium at the
University of Manitoba
The University of Manitoba (U of M, UManitoba, or UM) is a Canadian public research university in the province of Manitoba.[Hamilton Tiger-Cats
The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Fiel ...](_blank)
began using their new stadium,
Tim Hortons Field
Tim Hortons Field, nicknamed "The Donut Box", is a multi-purpose stadium in Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Built as a replacement for Ivor Wynne Stadium, Tim Hortons Field is primarily used for Canadian football and association fo ...
, after spending 2013 at
University of Guelph's stadium and the first half of the 2014 season at
McMaster University's football field following the demolition of the iconic
Ivor Wynne Stadium
Ivor Wynne Stadium (formerly Civic Stadium) was a Canadian football stadium located at the corner of Balsam and Beechwood avenues, two blocks west of Gage Avenue North in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The stadium was the home of the Hamilton Tiger ...
.
In 2014 the
Ottawa Redblacks
The Ottawa Redblacks (officially stylized as REDBLACKS) ( French: Le Rouge et Noir d'Ottawa) are a professional Canadian football team based in Ottawa, Ontario. The team plays in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Startin ...
kicked off their inaugural season (having been awarded a franchise in 2008), becoming the third Ottawa franchise in CFL history. The new Ottawa franchise returned the league to a nine-team structure, with five teams in the West Division and four in the East; the Winnipeg Blue Bombers moved back to the West Division. The expansion Ottawa Redblacks played at the massively renovated
Frank Clair Stadium
TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is an outdoor stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Lansdowne Park, on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood, where Bank Street crosses the ...
, now branded as
TD Place Stadium
TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is an outdoor stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Lansdowne Park, on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood, where Bank Street (Ottawa), Bank S ...
.
In Mark Cohon's last year as commissioner he negotiated a new five-year collective bargaining agreement (from 2014 through the 2018 season) between the CFL and the
Canadian Football League Players' Association
The Canadian Football League Players' Association (or CFLPA) represents Canadian football players in the Canadian Football League (CFL). The association was established in 1965, when local lawyer John Agro became concerned by the number of Hamilton ...
(CFLPA).
Jeffrey Orridge era (2015–2017)
The
Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts (officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club and colloquially known as the Argos) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), based in Toronto, Ontario ...
entered a period of transition off the field, with new ownership and a new stadium. The Argonauts were sold by politician/businessman
David Braley
David Osborn Braley (31 May 1941 – 26 October 2020) was a Canadian businessman and politician who was the owner of the BC Lions and previously owner of the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada ...
to
Bell Media
Bell Media Inc. ( French: ) is a Canadian company formed by the amalgamation of several companies.
Establishment (2011–13)
On December 9, 2011, the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan announced the sale of its majority stake in Maple Leaf Sports ...
and
MLSE chairman
Larry Tanenbaum
Lawrence M. Tanenbaum (born 1945) is a Canadian businessman and chairman of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE). He owns a 25% stake in MLSE through his holding company Kilmer Sports Inc.
Early life
Tanenbaum was born to a Jewish family, ...
. At the start of the 2016 season the Argos moved to
BMO Field
BMO Field is an outdoor stadium located at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which is home to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. Constructed on the site of the former Exhibit ...
after more than twenty seasons at the
Rogers Centre (formerly called the SkyDome from 1989 to 2005). Construction on the New
Mosaic Stadium
Mosaic Stadium is an open-air stadium at REAL District in Regina, Saskatchewan. Announced on July 12, 2012, the stadium replaced Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field as the home field of the Canadian Football League's Saskatchewan Roughriders. It was ...
for the
Saskatchewan Roughriders
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Roughriders compete in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member club of the league's West Division.
The Roughriders were founded in 1 ...
was completed in October 2016 and the first game was played in the
2017 season.
In 2015,
Michael Sam
Michael Alan Sam Jr. (born January 7, 1990) is an American professional football defensive lineman for the Barcelona Dragons in the European League of Football. A defensive end, Sam played college football for the Missouri Tigers and was d ...
signed a two-year contract with
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
of the CFL,
becoming the first openly gay player in the league's history.
Sam left the team the day before the first preseason game, citing personal reasons. As reported by
Fox Sports
Fox Sports is the brand name for a number of sports channels, broadcast divisions, programming, and other media around the world.
The ''Fox Sports'' name has since been used for other sports media assets. These assets are held mainly by the Fo ...
, Sam returned to Montreal to continue his professional football career. He left again on August 14, this time permanently, again citing personal reasons.
Immediately following the 2015 season Jeffrey Orridge announced a re-branding for the CFL, including a new logo, motto, uniforms for all nine teams and website. After not having a drug enforcement policy in effect for the 2015 season the league and the CFLPA agreed to a new drug policy. In 2017, the Board of Governors and
Jeffrey Orridge
Jeffrey Lyndon Orridge (born 1960) is the chief executive officer of TVOntario, the provincial educational television network. He was appointed effective November 30, 2020. Previously he served as 13th Commissioner of the Canadian Football Leagu ...
agreed to part ways, effective June 30, 2017; Orridge cited "differing views on the future of the league" between him and the Board of Governors for the departure, with both sides stating the decision was mutual and amicable. His last day as commissioner was June 15, 2017.
Jim Lawson, the CFL's Chair of the Board of Governors, took over the duties of interim Commissioner until a suitable replacement was found.
Randy Ambrosie era (2017–present)
On June 29, 2017, the CFL announced Randy Ambrosie would succeed Orridge as CFL commissioner. The move was made official on July 5, with Ambrosie named as the 14th commissioner of the league. Having spent nine seasons as a player with the
Calgary Stampeders
The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary, Alberta. The Stampeders compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The club plays its home games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-old ...
,
Toronto Argonauts
The Toronto Argonauts (officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club and colloquially known as the Argos) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), based in Toronto, Ontario ...
and
Edmonton Eskimos
The Edmonton Elks are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta. The club competes in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member of the league's West Division and plays their home games at the Brick Field at Commo ...
from 1985 to 1993, Ambrosie is the first commissioner to have played in the league since
Larry Smith left the position in 1997.
On September 12, 2018, it was announced that
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of New York (behind only New York City) and the seat of Erie County. It is at the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the head of the Niagara River, and is across the Canadian border from South ...
-based
New Era Cap Company
The New Era Cap Company is an American headwear company headquartered in Buffalo, New York. It was founded in 1920. New Era has over 500 different licenses in its portfolio. Since 1993 they have been the exclusive baseball cap supplier for Major ...
would become the official apparel supplier of the CFL beginning in 2019, replacing
Adidas
Adidas AG (; stylized as adidas since 1949) is a German multinational corporation, founded and headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufactur ...
.
In October 2018, the CFL began focusing marketing internationally again after the unsuccessful expansion into the United States during the 1990s, with Ambrosie's plan being called ''CFL 2.0''. Ambrosie partnered with the
Professional American Football League of Mexico
A professional is a member of a profession or any person who works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the particular knowledge and skil ...
(LFA) for player development, as part of the league's plan to expand globally.
Ambrosie also later announced a special edition of the
CFL Combine
The CFL Combine (formerly known as the Evaluation Camp or E-Camp) is a three-day program in which athletes from Canadian universities and Canadians in the NCAA are scouted by general managers, coaches and scouts of the Canadian Football League (C ...
to be held in 2019 in Mexico for Mexican players, which was held on January 13, 2019.
Ambroise said he wished the combine in Mexico to become annual, and that a combine could be held in Europe.
On January 14, 2019, the league held a
draft of LFA and Mexican university players where wide receiver
Diego Viamontes
Diego Jair Viamontes Cotera (born September 23, 1990) is a Mexican free agent professional gridiron football wide receiver and kickoff returner who most recently played for the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was t ...
was the first pick, selected by the Edmonton Eskimos. The CFL announced in February 2019 that German and French football players from the
German Football League
The German Football League (GFL) is an American football league in Germany and was formed in 1979. Playing rules are based on those of the American National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA. In 1999, the league switched its name from ''Ameri ...
and the would participate in the CFL national combine. Throughout early 2019, Ambrosie actively travelled Europe forming partnerships between the CFL and top-level European American football leagues and associations, specifically
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
(
GFL),
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
(
AFL
AFL may refer to:
Sports
* American Football League (AFL), a name shared by several separate and unrelated professional American football leagues:
** American Football League (1926) (a.k.a. "AFL I"), first rival of the National Football Leagu ...
),
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
(FFFA), the
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or ''Norden''; literal translation, lit. 'the North') are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmar ...
(
NL,
VL,
SS, and NAFL), and Italy (
IFL IFL may refer to:
;American football
*Intense Football League, (2004–2008) in the United States, merged into the Indoor Football League
*Indoor Football League, (2008–present) in the United States
*Intercontinental Football League, a European l ...
). By January 2020 football leagues from 13 countries had signed partnerships with the CFL, these partnerships included mutual exchanging of players and coaches with leagues like the Mexican LFA holding reserved roster spots for Canadians with up to 25 playing in the league's 2020 season. In February 2020, the CFL expanded its global alliance system, welcoming the Japanese
X-League, generally regarded the third-best professional gridiron league in the world. This coincided with the CFL announcing that its global combine in 2020 with new rules, including two designated active-roster international players and three practice-squad international players with as many as 45 global players in the league.
The league took over operations of the
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
prior to the 2019 season after
Robert C. Wetenhall, the league's last non-Canadian owner, surrendered the franchise to the league in May.
The Alouettes found new ownership in January 2020 in Crawford Steel executives Sid Spiegel and Gary Stern, whose holding company S and S Sportsco will oversee the team.
On August 17, 2020, the CFL cancelled its
2020 season after
coronavirus-related social distancing
In public health, social distancing, also called physical distancing, (NB. Regula Venske is president of the PEN Centre Germany.) is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious dis ...
mandates and travel restrictions imposed in most of Canada prevented the league from selling tickets and the league was unable to secure a bailout from the federal government to cover any losses. It was the first cancelled season in the league's history, and the first year without a Grey Cup championship since the canceled 1916–1919 seasons. The league
returned in 2021, playing a shortened 14-game schedule which began that August, with the season concluding with the Grey Cup game in December for the first time since 1972. On March 10, 2021, the
XFL
XFL may refer to:
Sports
* XFL (2001), a defunct American football league that played its only season in 2001
* XFL (2020), a professional American football league
Vehicles
* Bell XFL Airabonita, a 1940 U.S. Navy experimental interceptor aircra ...
announced that it was in talks with the CFL over the possibility of a future collaboration; these discussions were called off four months later with nothing coming of them.
Teams
Active teams
Future teams
Defunct teams
Proposed and disbanded teams
;Notes
Timeline
DateFormat = yyyy
ImageSize = width:1350 height:auto barincrement:25
PlotArea = left:20 right:20 bottom:20 top:20
Period = from:1870 till:2028
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
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id:lineColor value:gray(0.5)
id:notpro value:rgb(0.82,0.80,0.80)
id:aqua value:rgb(0,0.255,0.255)
id:black value:rgb(0.0,0.0,0.0)
id:blue value:rgb(0.0,0.25,0.49)
id:brown value:rgb(0.36,0.20,0.10)
id:darkblue value:rgb(0.0,0.16,0.36)
id:darkgreen value:rgb(0,0.20,0)
id:darkred value:rgb(0.50,0,0)
id:gold value:rgb(0.75,0.63,0.36)
id:gold2 value:rgb(1,0.75,0.0)
id:green value:rgb(0,0.51,0.28)
id:lightblue value:rgb(0.0,0.5,0.75)
id:navy value:rgb(0,0,0.30)
id:orange value:rgb(0.90,0.36,0)
id:purple value:rgb(0.16,0.01,0.32)
id:red value:rgb(0.90,0.01,0.07)
id:sand value:rgb(0.77,0.66,0.46)
id:silver value:rgb(0.75,0.75,0.75)
id:teal value:rgb(0,0.65,0.65)
ScaleMajor = start:1870 increment:10 gridcolor:majorGridColor
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at:1909 color:lineColor layer:back width:0.66 #Grey Cup begins
at:1958 color:lineColor layer:back width:0.66 #CFL forms
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Define $UpLeft = anchor:from align:right shift:(-1,1)
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Define $Right = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,)
Define $RightMargin = anchor:till align:right shift:(-2,)
Define $RightIn = anchor:till align:right shift:(-0,)
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Define $UpUpRight = anchor:till align:left shift:(2,10)
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text:
text:"1909: The Grey Cup championship begins"
text:"1943-44: Only military-based teams competed"
text:"1958: CFL is founded"
text:"2020 season was cancelled"
text:"* indicates Grey Cup championship season"
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bar:TorontoArgonauts
bar:OttawaRedblacks
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders
bar:EdmontonElks
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers
bar:CalgaryStampeders
bar:MontrealAlouettes
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats
bar:BCLions
bar:SacramentoGoldMiners
bar:ShreveportPirates
bar:LasVegasPosse
bar:BaltimoreStallions
bar:BirminghamBarracudas
bar:MemphisMadDogs
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color:notpro
$t:black
width:20
fontsize:S
mark:(line, black)
anchor:middle # other options are anchor:from anchor:till
align:center # other options are align:left align:right
shift:(0,-7)
# – BCLions
bar:BCLions from:1954 till:2020 color:orange $LeftIn text:"B.C. Lions"
bar:BCLions from:2021 till:end color:orange $LeftIn text:
bar:BCLions at:1964 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
bar:BCLions at:1985 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
bar:BCLions at:1994 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
bar:BCLions at:2000 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
bar:BCLions at:2006 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
bar:BCLions at:2011 $champ $Right mark:(line, orange)
# – CalgaryStampeders
bar:CalgaryStampeders from:1945 till:2020 color:red $LeftIn text:"Calgary Stampeders"
bar:CalgaryStampeders from:2021 till:end color:red $LeftIn text:
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:1948 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:1971 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:1992 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:1998 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:2001 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:2008 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:2014 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:CalgaryStampeders at:2018 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
# – EdmontonEskimos
bar:EdmontonElks from:1911 till:1925 color:darkgreen $t:gold2 $Down text:"Edmonton Eskimos"
bar:EdmontonElks from:1928 till:1940 color:darkgreen $t:gold2 $Down text:"Edmonton Eskimos"
bar:EdmontonElks from:1949 till:2020 color:darkgreen $t:gold2 $LeftIn text:"Edmonton Eskimos"
bar:EdmontonElks from:2021 till:end color:gold2 $t:darkgreen $RightIn text:"Edmonton Elks"
bar:EdmontonElks at:1954 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1955 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1956 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1975 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1978 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1979 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1980 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1981 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1982 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1987 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:1993 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:2003 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:2005 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
bar:EdmontonElks at:2015 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkgreen)
# – SaskatchewanRoughriders
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1910 till:1912 color:green $t:white text:
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1912 till:1924 color:black $t:red text:"Regina Rugby Club"
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1924 till:1942 color:red $t:black text:"Regina Roughriders"
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1945 till:1947 color:red $t:black text:
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1947 till:1948 color:notpro $t:green text:
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:1948 till:2020 color:green $t:white $LeftIn text:"Saskatchewan Roughriders"
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders from:2021 till:end color:green $t:white $LeftIn text:
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders at:1966 $champ $Right mark:(line, green)
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders at:1989 $champ $Right mark:(line, green)
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders at:2007 $champ $Right mark:(line, green)
bar:SaskatchewanRoughriders at:2013 $champ $Right mark:(line, green)
# – WinnipegBlueBombers
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers from:1930 till:1937 color:gold $t:lightblue $Down text:"Winnipegs"
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers from:1937 till:1942 color:lightblue $t:gold $LeftIn text:"Winnipeg Blue Bombers"
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers from:1945 till:2020 color:lightblue $t:gold $LeftIn text:
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers from:2021 till:end color:lightblue $t:gold $LeftIn text:
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1935 $champ $Right mark:(line, gold)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1939 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1941 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1958 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1959 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1961 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1962 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1984 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1988 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:1990 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:2019 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
bar:WinnipegBlueBombers at:2021 $champ $Right mark:(line, lightblue)
# – HamiltonTiger-Cats
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats from:1950 till:2020 color:black $t:yellow $LeftIn text:"Hamilton Tiger-Cats"
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats from:2021 till:end color:black $t:yellow $LeftIn text:
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1953 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1957 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1963 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1965 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1967 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1972 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1986 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:HamiltonTiger-Cats at:1999 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
# – TorontoArgonauts
bar:TorontoArgonauts from:1873 till:1942 color:navy $t:lightblue $LeftIn text:"Toronto Argonauts"
bar:TorontoArgonauts from:1945 till:2020 color:navy $t:lightblue $LeftIn text:
bar:TorontoArgonauts from:2021 till:end color:navy $t:lightblue $LeftIn text:
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1914 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1921 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1933 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1937 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1938 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1945 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1946 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1947 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1950 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1952 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1983 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1991 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1996 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:1997 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:2004 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:2012 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:2017 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
bar:TorontoArgonauts at:2022 $champ $Right mark:(line, navy)
# – OttawaRedblacks
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:1876 till:1898 color:red $t:black $LeftIN text:"Ottawa Football Club"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:1898 till:1925 color:black $t:red text:"Ottawa Rough Riders"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:1925 till:1931 color:red $t:white text:"Ottawa Senators"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:1931 till:1943 color:black $t:red $LeftIN text:"Ottawa Rough Riders"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:1945 till:1997 color:black $t:red $LeftIN text:
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:2002 till:2006 color:black $t:red $Down text:"Ottawa Renegades"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:2014 till:2020 color:black $t:red $Down text:"Ottawa Redblacks"
bar:OttawaRedblacks from:2021 till:end color:black $t:red $Left text:
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1925 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1926 $champ $Right mark:(line, red)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1940 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1951 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1960 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1968 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1969 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1973 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:1976 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
bar:OttawaRedblacks at:2016 $champ $Right mark:(line, black)
# – MontrealAlouettes
bar:MontrealAlouettes from:1946 till:1982 color:darkred $t:darkblue $LeftIn text:"Montreal Alouettes"
bar:MontrealAlouettes from:1982 till:1986 color:darkblue $t:darkblue $Left text:"Montreal Concordes"
bar:MontrealAlouettes from:1986 till:1987 color:darkred $t:darkblue $Right text:"Montreal Alouettes"
bar:MontrealAlouettes from:1996 till:2020 color:darkred $t:darkblue $LeftIn text:"Montreal Alouettes"
bar:MontrealAlouettes from:2021 till:end color:darkred $t:darkblue $LeftIn text:
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:1949 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:1970 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:1974 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:1977 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:2002 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:2009 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
bar:MontrealAlouettes at:2010 $champ $Right mark:(line, darkred)
# – SacramentoGoldMiners
bar:SacramentoGoldMiners from:1993 till:1995 color:aqua $Left text:"Sacramento Gold Miners"
bar:SacramentoGoldMiners from:1995 till:1996 color:teal $Right text:"San Antonio Texans"
# – ShreveportPirates
bar:ShreveportPirates from:1994 till:1996 color:purple $Left text:"Shreveport Pirates"
# – LasVegasPosse
bar:LasVegasPosse from:1994 till:1995 color:sand $Left text:"Las Vegas Posse"
# – BaltimoreStallions
bar:BaltimoreStallions from:1994 till:1995 color:silver $Left text:"Baltimore FC"
bar:BaltimoreStallions from:1995 till:1996 color:blue $Right text:"Baltimore Stallions"
bar:BaltimoreStallions at:1995 $champ $Right mark:(line, blue)
# – BirminghamBarracudas
bar:BirminghamBarracudas from:1995 till:1996 color:teal $Left text:"Birmingham Barracudas"
# – MemphisMadDogs
bar:MemphisMadDogs from:1995 till:1996 color:darkgreen $Left text:"Memphis Mad Dogs"
Note: team franchise history is listed as it is recognized by the CFL in its publication ''CFL Guide and Record Book (2017)''.
Potential expansion
Potential CFL expansion markets are
the Maritimes
The Maritimes, also called the Maritime provinces, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. The Maritimes had a population of 1,899,324 in 2021, which makes up 5.1% of Ca ...
,
Quebec City
Quebec City ( or ; french: Ville de Québec), officially Québec (), is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Communauté métrop ...
,
Saskatoon
Saskatoon () is the largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province. It is located along the Trans-Canada Hig ...
,
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
, and
Windsor
Windsor may refer to:
Places Australia
* Windsor, New South Wales
** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area
* Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland
**Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...
, all of which have been lobbying for Canadian Football League franchises in recent years.
During the 1970s and 1980s,
Harold Ballard
Harold Edwin Ballard (born Edwin Harold Ballard, July 30, 1903 – April 11, 1990) was a Canadian businessman and sportsman. Ballard was an owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL) as well as their home arena, Maple ...
attempted multiple times to secure a second CFL team for Toronto (either by way of expansion or by relocating the Hamilton Tiger-Cats), under the premise that Canada's largest city could support two teams.
Maritimes
Since the 1980s, the CFL has occasionally played exhibition and, later, regular-season games at various cities in the Maritimes, including
Canada Games Stadium
Canada Games Stadium is a multi-purpose, fully lit stadium in Saint John, New Brunswick. It was built on the campus of UNB Saint John for the 1985 Canada Summer Games and has a seating capacity of 5,000 spectators. It hosts the UNB Saint John S ...
in
Saint John, New Brunswick
Saint John is a seaport city of the Atlantic Ocean located on the Bay of Fundy in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada, established by royal charter on May 18, 1785, during the reign of Ki ...
;
Huskies Stadium
Huskies Stadium is a Canadian football stadium at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, home to the Saint Mary's Huskies.
It had a promoted capacity of 9,000 to 11,000 that is achievable via temporary seating, but the actual perman ...
in
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The ...
; and
Moncton Stadium
Medavie Blue Cross Stadium (french: Stade Croix-Bleue Medavie), formerly Moncton Stadium (french: Stade Moncton), is a track and field stadium on the campus of the Université de Moncton in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, built to host the IAAF 201 ...
in
Moncton
Moncton (; ) is the most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of New Brunswick. Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the The Maritimes, Maritime Provinces. The ...
, New Brunswick. The league conditionally approved an expansion franchise, the
Atlantic Schooners
The Atlantic Schooners were a conditional Canadian Football League (CFL) expansion team that was to begin play in 1984 in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. However, team ownership could not secure funding for a stadium and the franchise application was w ...
, for play in the 1984 season, but the team never made it to play after plans for a stadium collapsed.
No city in the Maritimes has a permanent stadium that meets CFL standards. As of 2010, the largest stadium in the Maritimes is
Croix-Bleue Medavie Stadium
Medavie Blue Cross Stadium (french: Stade Croix-Bleue Medavie), formerly Moncton Stadium (french: Stade Moncton), is a track and field stadium on the campus of the Université de Moncton in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, built to host the IAAF ...
, which has 10,000 permanent seats and is expandable to 20,000 with temporary seats. A pre-season game, dubbed
Touchdown Atlantic
Touchdown Atlantic (French: ''Touché Atlantique'') is a series of neutral site Canadian Football League games played in the maritime provinces of Canada.
In 2003, the league had struck a committee to examine the feasibility of adding a tenth t ...
, was held in Halifax in the
2005 CFL season
The 2005 CFL season is considered to be the 52nd season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 48th Canadian Football League season.
CFL News in 2005
New ownership groups took control of two CFL franchises in the 2005 sea ...
and regular season games were played in Moncton under the same branding in 2010, 2011, and 2013. All 20,000 seats for the 2010 Moncton game sold out in 32 hours; the 2013 game did not sell out. Former Commissioner Mark Cohon said that Moncton Stadium would require massive renovations to host a CFL team permanently. The cost of the required renovations would be the equivalent of building a brand-new stadium. In November 2015 the Halifax city council voted 9–7 against purchasing land that would then be used to build a 20,000-seat stadium. It was agreed that the price tag for the land was too much, but the close vote indicated municipal interest in building a near CFL sized stadium in Halifax.
=Atlantic Schooners revival
=
In November 2017, the CFL conducted further discussions with a group in Halifax interested in securing a franchise for the city; the group made a "very credible" pitch to the CFL head office.
According to TSN analyst Dave Naylor the group named 'Maritime Football Ltd.' consists of Anthony LeBlanc (former president and CEO of the NHL's Arizona Coyotes), Bruce Bowser (president of AMJ Campbell Van Lines) and Gary Drummond (former president of hockey operations for the Coyotes).
In June 2018 the group met with the Halifax Regional Council in private about plans to bring a CFL team to Halifax, with the possibility of playing at Université de Moncton while a stadium in Halifax is being built. Maritime Football Ltd. ownership group selected a site in Shannon Park, Nova Scotia, Shannon Park, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia to develop a new stadium. The stadium was estimated to cost between $170 to $190 million, seat 24,000 and have a business model similar to the
Ottawa Redblacks
The Ottawa Redblacks (officially stylized as REDBLACKS) ( French: Le Rouge et Noir d'Ottawa) are a professional Canadian football team based in Ottawa, Ontario. The team plays in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Startin ...
, who entered the league in 2014. On October 30, 2018, Halifax City Council unanimously voted in favour of proceeding with a business case analysis of a stadium in the Halifax municipality. Following this positive momentum, Maritime Football Ltd. and CFL commissioner Randy Ambrosie announced that the group would proceed with a season ticket drive to further gauge interest, and also running a team name contest in the hopes of making an announcement on the team name just prior to the 106th Grey Cup game. The target year for the proposed team to enter the league was 2021, with the team name including "Atlantic" in its name, but no franchise was actually awarded in this announcement.
Further to the previous discussions with Moncton and New Brunswick politicians, it was also suggested that the potential new franchise could begin play in Moncton while the stadium in Halifax is built.
On November 23, 2018, two days before the 106th Grey Cup, Maritime Football Ltd., since renamed Schooners Sports and Entertainment, and commissioner Ambrosie announced the new team would be called the ''Atlantic Schooners''.
Quebec City
There has been interest in adding a team in Quebec City. In 2003, an exhibition game was held at PEPS, Telus Stadium between the
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
and
Ottawa Renegades
The Ottawa Renegades were a Canadian Football League franchise based in Ottawa, Ontario founded in 2002, six years after the storied Ottawa Rough Riders folded. After four seasons, the Renegades franchise was suspended indefinitely by the league ...
where Montreal won 54–23.
In 2008, the federal government rejected a proposal that could have paved the way for a CFL franchise in Quebec City, saying Ottawa is not in the business of subsidizing professional sports. The following year in May 2009, Christina Saint Marche, a British businesswoman, announced her interest in operating a team in Quebec City—stating that there would be a natural rivalry with the Montreal Alouettes.
During the 98th Grey Cup, 2010 Grey Cup state of the league news conference, Cohon noted that the Alouettes hold the rights for the entire province of Quebec and that any expansion would have to be negotiated with them first. Another exhibition game was held at Telus Stadium on June 13, 2015, with Ottawa (whose
TD Place Stadium
TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is an outdoor stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Lansdowne Park, on the southern edge of The Glebe neighbourhood, where Bank Street (Ottawa), Bank S ...
was in use by the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup) hosting Montreal.
Saskatoon
Saskatoon
Saskatoon () is the largest city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province. It is located along the Trans-Canada Hig ...
last hosted top-level Canadian football in 1935 when the Regina Roughriders left the Saskatchewan Rugby Football Union to form the WIFU. The Saskatoon Hilltops (along with another Saskatchewan-based team, the Moose Jaw Millers) eventually suspended operations due to World War II; the Hilltops remained an amateur team when they returned in 1947 (they have since played in the Canadian Junior Football League). Saskatoon last won a provincial title in 1921. By the time they resumed play after the war, the Roughriders had been the dominant team in the province for two decades.
In early 2012, management at Credit Union Centre publicly expressed its desire to bring a CFL team to Saskatoon. However, the Regina-based Saskatchewan Roughriders have long branded themselves as a province-wide team, and claimed that the population of Saskatchewan is too small to support two teams.
In any event, Saskatoon also lacks a suitable outdoor stadium. Its largest, Griffiths Stadium, home of the University of Saskatchewan's Saskatchewan Huskies, seats only 6,171 spectators. The Gordie Howe Bowl, which has hosted CFL exhibitions in the past, has even fewer seats (it seats 3,950 people).
Mexico
While not openly being considered for franchise expansion, Mexico was suggested by Commissioner Randy Ambrosie as a possible location for List of neutral site Canadian Football League games, neutral site regular season games (similar to the NFL's NFL International Series, Mexico Series) as early as 2019, as well as potentially partnering with the Professional American Football League of Mexico, LFA for player development, as part of the league's plan to expand globally.
Ambrosie also later announced a special edition of the
CFL Combine
The CFL Combine (formerly known as the Evaluation Camp or E-Camp) is a three-day program in which athletes from Canadian universities and Canadians in the NCAA are scouted by general managers, coaches and scouts of the Canadian Football League (C ...
to be held in 2019 in Mexico for Mexican players, and in 2019, the league held a
draft of LFA and Mexican university players. In March 2019, Commissioner Randy Ambrosie told the media that after the LFA combine, multiple parties inquired about purchasing a franchise for Mexico. Ambrosie reiterated that the league had no intention to expand internationally at this time.
Season structure
![Anthony Calvillo game action, 93rd Grey Cup](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Anthony_Calvillo_game_action%2C_93rd_Grey_Cup.jpg)
Since 2018 CFL season, 2018, the CFL season has included:
* A two-game, three-week exhibition season (or pre-season) in mid-June
* An 18-game, 21-week regular season running from late June to early November
* A six-team, three-week single elimination playoff tournament beginning in November and culminating in the
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
championship in late November. Championship teams will play either two or three playoff games, including the Grey Cup game, depending on their standing at the end of the regular season. The division leaders at the end of the regular season receive byes in the first round of the playoffs.
Preseason
Team training camps open 28 days prior to the first regular season game of the season, a camp solely devoted to first year players is allowed the 3 days before the main camp opens. The pre-season exhibition schedule is two weeks long with each team playing two games against teams from its own division.
Regular season
The regular season is 21 weeks long, with games beginning in mid-June and finishing by early November. The CFL's nine current teams are divided into two divisions: the
East Division with four teams and the
West Division, with five teams. Each team plays two games against each of the other eight teams, plus two divisional games with opponents rotating each season. With 18 regular season games being played, each team gets three bye weeks.
The most popular featured week in the CFL season is the Labour Day Classic, played over the course of the Labour Day weekend, where the matchups feature the first half of home-and-home series between the traditional geographic rivalries of Toronto–Hamilton (a rivalry which began in 1873
), Edmonton–Calgary (see Battle of Alberta#Elks vs. Stampeders, Battle of Alberta), Winnipeg–Saskatchewan, and Ottawa–Montreal. In years that Ottawa or Montreal were not in the league, BC played against one of these teams.
The following week's rematch of these games is a popular event as well, especially in recent years, where the rematch of the Saskatchewan–Winnipeg game has been dubbed the Banjo Bowl.
Other features of the regular season schedule are the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, Hall of Fame Game and the Thanksgiving Day Classic, the doubleheader held on Thanksgiving (Canada), Thanksgiving where the match ups usually do not feature traditional rivalries. From 2010 to 2013, a neutral site regular season game was played in
Moncton
Moncton (; ) is the most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of New Brunswick. Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the The Maritimes, Maritime Provinces. The ...
under the name
Touchdown Atlantic
Touchdown Atlantic (French: ''Touché Atlantique'') is a series of neutral site Canadian Football League games played in the maritime provinces of Canada.
In 2003, the league had struck a committee to examine the feasibility of adding a tenth t ...
.
The league awards points based on regular season results (much like in most ice hockey leagues, but unlike the NFL, which strictly uses winning percentages to determine their standings; two points are awarded for a win, one for a tie and none for a loss). As of the 2021 season, in the event two or more teams in a division finish the season with the same number of points, the tie is broken based on the following criteria (in descending order), with coin tosses used if all such tie-breaker steps fail:
* Number of wins in all games;
* Winning percentage in games between the tied teams;
* Net ''aggregate'' of points scored (i.e. total points scored less total points conceded) between the tied teams;
* Net ''quotient'' of points scored (i.e. total points scored divided by total points conceded) between the tied teams;
* Winning percentage in divisional games;
* Net aggregate of points scored in divisional games;
* Net quotient of points scored in divisional games;
* Net aggregate of points scored in all games;
* Net quotient of points scored in all games.
Playoffs
The playoffs take place in November. After the regular season, the top team from each division has an automatic home berth in the division final, and a bye week during the division semifinal. The second-place team from each division hosts the third-place team in the division semifinal, unless a fourth-place team from one division finishes with a better record than a third place team in the other (this provision is known as the ''crossover rule'', and while it implies that it is possible for two teams in the same division to play for the Grey Cup, only three crossover teams have won a semifinal since the rule's 1996 inception, and neither advanced to the Grey Cup). The winners of each division's semifinal game then travel to play the first place teams in the division finals. Since 2005, the division semifinals and division finals have been sponsored by Scotiabank.
The two division champions then face each other in the
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
game, which, since 95th Grey Cup, 2007, has been held either on the fourth or fifth Sunday of November; for 2021, the game was played in December, the first time this had happened since 1972.
Grey Cup
![Grey Cup circa 2006](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Grey_Cup_circa_2006.jpg)
The
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
is both the name of the championship of the CFL and the name of the trophy awarded to the victorious team. The Grey Cup is the second-oldest trophy in North American professional sports, after the Stanley Cup. The Grey Cup game is hosted in one of the league's member cities. In recent years, it has been hosted in a different city every year, selected two or more years in advance. The Toronto Argonauts have won the most Grey Cups with 18 wins total, most recently in 2022. In 2012, the game was held in
Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
at
Rogers Centre, and for the second year in row the cup was won on a team's home field, with Toronto beating Calgary 35–22. In 2013, the Grey Cup was won at home for the third consecutive time (by the
Saskatchewan Roughriders
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Roughriders compete in the Canadian Football League (CFL) as a member club of the league's West Division.
The Roughriders were founded in 1 ...
), which had not been done since Toronto Argonauts, Toronto won at home from 1945 to 1947. In 2016, the Grey Cup was won on the natural grass turf of
BMO Field
BMO Field is an outdoor stadium located at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which is home to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. Constructed on the site of the former Exhibit ...
by the
Ottawa Redblacks
The Ottawa Redblacks (officially stylized as REDBLACKS) ( French: Le Rouge et Noir d'Ottawa) are a professional Canadian football team based in Ottawa, Ontario. The team plays in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL).
Startin ...
beating the heavily favoured
Calgary Stampeders
The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary, Alberta. The Stampeders compete in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The club plays its home games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-old ...
39–33 in overtime; the first Grey Cup championship for any Ottawa CFL team in 40 years.
As the country's single largest annual sporting event,
the Grey Cup has long served as an unofficial Canadian autumn festival generating national media coverage and a large amount of revenue for the host city. Many fans travel from across the country to attend the game and the week of festivities that lead up to it. A 2014 survey found that 48% of Canadians would prefer to watch the Grey Cup over the Super Bowl if they could only watch one or the other, with 52% preferring the Super Bowl.
Since 2015, the Grey Cup game's presenting sponsor is Shaw Communications.
Awards
Following the Grey Cup game, the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player and Grey Cup Most Valuable Canadian are selected. A number of league individual player awards, such as the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award, Most Outstanding Player and CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award, Most Outstanding Defensive Player, are awarded annually at a special ceremony in the host city during the week before the Grey Cup game; this ceremony is broadcast nationally on The Sports Network, TSN. The Annis Stukus Trophy, also known as the Coach of the Year Award, is awarded separately at a banquet held during the off-season each February. While the CFL has not held an all-star game since 1988 CFL season, 1988, an All-Star Team is selected and honoured at the league awards ceremony during Grey Cup week.
Broadcasting
The CFL Championship game, the Grey Cup, previously held the record for the largest television audience in Canadian history. Television coverage on CBC, CTV and Radio-Canada of the 1983 Grey Cup attracted a viewing audience of 8,118,000 people as Toronto edged B.C. 18–17, ending a 31-year championship drought for the Argonauts. At the time, this represented 33% of the Canadian population. This has since been surpassed by the 2002 and Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament#Television ratings, 2010 Men's Olympic Gold Medal Hockey Game.
Canadian broadcasters
Currently, the official television broadcasters of CFL games are cable network The Sports Network, TSN (which began televising CFL games in 1985 CFL season, 1985), while TSN's French-language network Réseau des sports, RDS broadcasts
Montreal Alouettes
The Montreal Alouettes (Canadian French, French: Les Alouettes de Montréal) are a professional Canadian football team based in Montreal, Quebec. Founded in 1946, the team has folded and been revived twice. The Alouettes compete in the Canadian F ...
games for the Quebec television market.
Games are typically scheduled for Thursday to Saturday evenings during June, July and August, but switch to more Saturday and Sunday afternoon games during September and October.
TSN has created a tradition of at least one Friday night game each week, branded as ''Friday Night Football (Canada), Friday Night Football''. CBC and TSN drew record television audiences for CFL broadcasts in 2005.
The 2006 season was the first season in which every regular-season game was televised, as the league implemented an instant replay challenge system.
In 2006, the CFL also began offering pay-per-view webcasts of every game on CFL Broadband.
Until the end of the 2007 season, CBC and RDS were the exclusive television broadcasters for all playoff games, including the
Grey Cup
The Grey Cup (french: Coupe Grey) is both the championship game of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of professional Canadian football. The game is contested be ...
, which regularly draws a Canadians, Canadian viewing audience in excess of 4 million.
In 2008 CFL season, 2008, the CFL began a new, five-year television deal with Bell Media, CTVglobemedia. Valued at $16 million per-year, it gave TSN and RDS exclusive rights to all CFL games, including the playoffs and Grey Cup.
In March 2013, TSN exercised an option to extend its contract through 2018. In 2015, the deal was extended for an additional three years, along with exclusive Grey Cup rights for Bell Media Radio stations.
Foreign coverage
In 2013, the CFL announced that its U.S. broadcast rights would return to the ESPN Inc., ESPN Networks for the 2013 season, with five games airing on ESPN2, and 55 airing on ESPN3. This agreement was renewed in 2014 for five years, the same length as the TSN deal (ESPN holds a stake in TSN), with a stipulation that at least 17 games would be carried on ESPN2 (or another ESPN network, such as ESPN or ESPNEWS) each season, including the Grey Cup; this gives ESPN exclusive CFL rights during this time frame. Originally ESPN3 carried all games not carried on one of the linear channels online, later ESPN moved those games to ESPN+.
ESPN has had a long relationship with the CFL; the channel broadcast its first CFL game on July 9, 1980, when the network was only 10 months old.
ESPN Brasil began broadcasting CFL games live in Brazil in 2015, as a result of the growth of the NFL and College Football fan base in Brazil. BT Sport, which has a licensing partnership with ESPN, has also carried CFL games in Britain and Ireland since 2015.
In June 2019, the CFL signed a broadcast deal with MVS Comunicaciones to broadcast one game a week in Mexico on MVS TV.
Previous broadcasting arrangements
Canada
The public broadcaster CBC Television, which held a monopoly on Canadian television until 1961, held Canadian professional football broadcast rights beginning the year of its debut, 1952. The private, commercial CTV Television Network, CTV network was created in 1961 in part because Toronto businessman John Bassett had won the television rights to the Eastern Football Conference, and needed an outlet to air the games. From 1962 CFL season, 1962 through
1986
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1
** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.
**Spain and Portugal ente ...
, CBC and CTV shared CFL broadcasting rights. They split playoff games and simulcast the Grey Cup. In 1962, 1965 CFL season, 1965, 1967 CFL season, 1967, 1968 CFL season, 1968 and 1970 CFL season, 1970, CTV commentators were used for the dual network telecast, while in 1963 CFL season, 1963, 1964 CFL season, 1964, 1966 CFL season, 1966 and 1969 CFL season, 1969, the CBC's announcers were provided. From 1971 CFL season, 1971 through
1986
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1
** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.
**Spain and Portugal ente ...
, one network's crew called the first half while the other called the other half. After the 1986 season, CTV dropped coverage of the CFL and the Grey Cup. From 1987 CFL season, 1987 through 1990 CFL season, 1990, the CFL operated its own syndicated network, Canadian Football Network, CFN. Like CTV, CFN split playoff games with CBC. However, CFN had completely separate coverage of the Grey Cup, utilizing its own production and commentators. From 1991 CFL season, 1991 to 2007 CFL season, 2007, all post-season games had been exclusively on CBC; beginning in 2008 CFL season, 2008, the Grey Cup and all other CFL games are exclusive to cable TV on The Sports Network, TSN, although the cable provider reserves the right to move the game to sister network CTV (as of 2022, it has never done so, opting to broadcast that Sunday's NFL games on CTV instead.)
United States
The predecessor to the CFL's East Division, the IRFU, had a television contract with NBC Sports, NBC in 1954 that provided far more coverage than the NFL's existing contract with DuMont Television Network, DuMont. NBC aired games on Saturday afternoons, competing against college football broadcasts on CBS and ABC. The revenue from the contract allowed the IRFU to directly compete against the NFL for players in the late 1950s, setting up a series of CFL games in the United States beginning in 1958 and a series of interleague exhibitions beginning in 1959. Interest in the CFL in the United States faded dramatically after the debut of the American Football League in 1960.
In 1982, during a players' strike in the
NFL, NBC broadcast CFL games in the United States in lieu of the NFL games which were cancelled; the first week of broadcasts featured the ''NFL on NBC'' broadcast teams, before a series of blowout games on the network and the resulting low ratings resulted in NBC cutting back and eventually cancelling its CFL coverage after only a few weeks. ESPN host Chris Berman became a fan of the game in the early days of ESPN, when the network first aired CFL games, and continues to cover the Canadian league on-air. The now-defunct SCORE (television), FNN-SCORE (unrelated to the Canadian cable network formerly known as The Score [now Sportsnet 360]) carried games in the late 1980s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, SportsChannel America carried games, using CBC Television, Canadian Football Network, CFN and The Sports Network, TSN feeds. In
1993, several SportsChannel Pacific-produced games that were part of the
Sacramento Gold Miners
The Sacramento Gold Miners were a Canadian football team based in Sacramento, California. The franchise was the first American team in the Canadian Football League. The Gold Miners inherited a home stadium, front office staff and much of the rost ...
' local package were also shown nationally.
Beginning in
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
, with now four US-based teams in the league, ESPN reached a four-year deal with the league to produce and air two games per week and all post-season games on its fledgling ESPN2. They also put some games on the main network to fill broadcast time vacated by the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. The 1994 and 1995 Grey Cups were shown live on ESPN2 and then re-aired on ESPN the following day, leading into the network's ''Monday Night Countdown'' show. ESPN's on-air talent included a mix of the network's American football broadcasters and established CFL broadcasters from Canada. Most of the US-based teams also had deals with local carriers to show games that were not covered in the national package. Though there were no US teams in the league after 1995, ESPN2 continued showing games until 1997, albeit on a much lighter schedule.
The now-defunct America One network held CFL broadcast rights in the United States from 2001 to 2009 and aired a majority of the league's games.
Until the
2007 season, America One syndicated CFL games to regional sports networks like Altitude Sports and Entertainment, Altitude, New England Sports Network, NESN, and Mid-Atlantic Sports Network, MASN; these were discontinued in 2008 CFL season, 2008, mainly because America One and the CFL were able to reach a deal only days before the season began, not allowing the network time to establish agreements with individual RSNs. The Grey Cup aired on Versus (TV channel), Versus on November 22, 2008, with a replay the next day on America One. From 2006 through the 2008 season, ''Friday Night Football'' was carried exclusively on World Sport HD in the United States; however, due to the January 2009 shutdown of that channel's parent company, Voom HD Networks, America One reclaimed those rights.
NFL Network took over the league broadcast contract in 2010. For the 2010 season, the network carried 14 games, no more than one each week.
For 2011, the network increased its output to two games each week. NFL Network declined to continue its coverage after the 2011 season. It offered to pick up another package in 2019 on the condition that the league change its schedule to not directly compete with the NFL regular season, something that the CFL stated needs to be negotiated with the players' union.
In late July 2012, NBC Sports Network acquired rights to the CFL for the remainder of the 2012 season. The NBCSN deal included nine regular season games starting August 27 (including Labour Day Classic games) and all the playoffs. NBC Sports renewed their agreement with the CFL for the 2013 season.
The European ESPN America network carried a collection of CFL games as part of its lineup until the network shut down in 2013.
As of 2022, games are broadcast on ESPN2.
Internet
There are no blackout restrictions on radio broadcasts of CFL games, while TSN streams all games online for TV Everywhere, authenticated subscribers to participating television providers.
The majority of games not on ESPN television channels are streamed in the United States via the subscription service ESPN+.
In 2017, the league announced a partnership with Yare Media to offer subscription streaming packages in 130 international territories.
Radio
CFL teams have individual local broadcast contracts with terrestrial radio stations for regular season and playoff games, while TSN Radio owns the rights to the Grey Cup. In 2006, Sirius Satellite Radio gained exclusive rights for North American CFL satellite radio broadcasts and broadcast 25 CFL games per season, including the Grey Cup, through 2008.
Sirius would later extend its radio coverage through 2010, after which it merged with former rival XM Radio Canada to form Sirius XM Canada. The merged broadcaster continues to air CFL games, and , is contracted to air the CFL until the 2023 season. English language broadcasts of every CFL game air on Canada Talks, with French-language broadcasts of the Montreal Alouettes broadcast on Influence Franco.
Players and compensation
Compensation and revenue
The CFLPA agreed to include a provision allowing the CFL to enforce a salary cap in the 2002 Collective agreement, Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), but the league began enforcing it only from the
2007 season ($4.05 million per team) onward. The cap was raised to $4.2 million in the 2008 CFL season, 2008 season and remained at that level for 2009. Financial penalties for teams that breach the cap are set at $1 to $1 for the first $100,000 over, $2 to $1 for $100,000 to $300,000 over, and $3 to $1 for $300,000 and above. Penalties could also include forfeited draft picks.
On June 29, 2010, a new collective bargaining agreement was ratified that raised the salary cap to $4.25 million for the
2010 CFL season and continued to increase by $50,000 each season until
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
.
In 2014 CFL season, 2014, a new collective bargaining agreement, CBA was ratified and the salary cap was raised to $5 million per team, with that amount increasing again by $50,000 each year until 2018.
As per the 2019 collective bargaining agreement, the 2021 CFL season, 2021 salary cap, salary expenditure cap is scheduled to be $5,350,000 and with the minimum team salary set at $4,750,000.
The salary cap number was subject to increase as players now have revenue sharing of 20% from broadcast deals (outside of The Sports Network, TSN and ESPN), but since the league did not play in 2020 CFL season, 2020, the cap number will likely be static.
For 2010, the minimum team salary was set at $3.9 million while the minimum player salary was set at $42,000.
With the new CBA in 2014, the salary floor was raised to $4.4 million per team with increases of $50,000 per year, and the minimum salary was raised to $50,000 per year.
The average salary per player in 2014 was . A new collective bargaining agreement was signed in 2019 that set the minimum annual player salary at $54,000, with that number increasing to $65,000 for National and American players in 2020.
In 2019, Mike Reilly (quarterback), Mike Reilly and Bo Levi Mitchell were the highest paid players in the CFL after signing contracts in February 2019 for average yearly salaries of over $700,000. Players designated as global players (see player designations) are paid the league minimum by rule and may have a portion of their salary sent back to their original home league as part of a partnership with the CFL.
Player compensation is not tied to league revenue, which remains a trade secret. Only the four publicly held teams in the league reveal their financial information, as those companies are required to do so under Canadian law. As of 2013, prior to Ottawa's rejoining the league (at which time Toronto, which is partially owned by a public company, was still fully private), estimates of the CFL's revenue varied between $150 million and . As of 2019, five of the CFL's nine teams (including all three community-owned franchises) are profitable, and four operate at a loss; those four teams lose more than the five profitable teams, resulting in a net loss of approximately overall.
Player designations
Players in the CFL carry nationality designations referring to their country of origin: Nationals ("a Canadian citizen at the time of signing his first contract, was classified as a non-import prior to May 21, 2019, was physically resident in Canada for an aggregate period of five years prior to reaching the age of 18, or played football for a minimum of three years at a U Sports football, U Sports institution, was draft eligible in 2021 at a minimum, and has graduated with a degree at that institution"), Americans (non-National and non-Global players, almost exclusively used for United States citizens), and Globals (any player who does not hold Canadian or American citizenship and does not qualify as a National in any other way).
In prior versions of the CFL CBA and league rules, National players were known as non-import players and American players were known as international (2014–2018) and import (before 2014) players, with the criteria to qualify as a non-import player being more restrictive. Global players were introduced in 2019 CFL season, 2019.
National players enter the CFL through the CFL Draft or free agency. Global players enter the CFL in a similar method as national players, with exclusive drafts held only for eligible players. American players are typically inducted by way of the ''negotiation list'': any team can lay unilateral claim to up to 45 players that have never played in the CFL at any given time (each team must make at least ten of those names public as of 2018), with no limit on how long a player can be held on the list and no limit on how old the player must be (thus CFL teams can claim players not yet eligible for the NFL Draft). Once a player on a negotiation list expresses formal interest in joining the CFL, that team has up to ten days to offer a contract (usually a league-minimum, two-year contract) to retain the player's rights. Other than the names that are made public, the full list of names league-wide are a secret held from the general public and even from the other teams, with teams only finding out if a player is on another team's negotiating list if the league office tells them.
Roster limits
In 2006, the active roster limit was increased from 40 to 42, in 2014 it was again increased to 44, and in 2016 was increased to 46.
[CFL Roster Makeup — A CFLdb Razzle Document](_blank)
/ref> An unlimited number of players may be put on a team's disabled, injured and suspended lists.
As of 2021 CFL season, 2021, each team must abide by the National/American/Global ratio rule, which requires teams to have two quarterbacks, two Global players, and a maximum of 20 American players (excluding quarterbacks) with a minimum of 44 total Active Roster players and a maximum of 45. Each team will also have one player of any nationality on the Reserve Roster who receives the benefits of being on the Active Roster, but may not play in a game.
Through the 2018 season, quarterbacks, of which a team was required to carry three on a roster, were not allowed to be counted toward the national player requirement nor the starter requirement, which put Canadian quarterbacks at a disadvantage compared to other positions in being hired by a CFL franchise. This rule was changed in 2019 whereby teams had two roster spots for quarterbacks and a third quarterback counted in the ratio. Additionally, a National quarterback would be considered one of the club's National Starting Players as long as he remains on the field at the quarterback position.
Teams are additionally allowed up to 10 national or international players (with a minimum of one national if there are less than seven players or two nationals if there are at least seven players total) on their practice squad roster and may expand it to 12 if the team carries the maximum allowed two global practice squad players, though they are not required to do so. Every year, the practice squad roster is temporary increased in size to 15 following the start of the National Football League's season to accommodate for the influx of cut NFL players. Unlike players on the active roster, players on the practice squad may be signed at any time to another team's active roster without compensation to the player's original team.
Labour representation
CFL players are represented by the Canadian Football League Players' Association
The Canadian Football League Players' Association (or CFLPA) represents Canadian football players in the Canadian Football League (CFL). The association was established in 1965, when local lawyer John Agro became concerned by the number of Hamilton ...
(CFLPA). Each team elects two players to the CFLPA Board of Player Representatives, which meets once per year. Every two years, it elects an executive Board of Directors.
CFL Draft
Eligible Canadian nationality law, Canadian nationals (usually from U Sports football domestically or American college football) are drafted by teams in the annual CFL Draft. The draft usually takes place in May and currently consists of eight rounds. The first two rounds of the draft are usually shown live on TSN. The CFL Combine
The CFL Combine (formerly known as the Evaluation Camp or E-Camp) is a three-day program in which athletes from Canadian universities and Canadians in the NCAA are scouted by general managers, coaches and scouts of the Canadian Football League (C ...
(formerly known as the CFL Evaluation Camp), similar to the NFL Combine, precedes the draft. A junior player in the locale of a team may be claimed as a territorial exemption and sign with that team before beginning collegiate play (one recent example is when the BC Lions claimed Andrew Harris (Canadian football), Andrew Harris). Teams maintain "negotiation lists" of players they wish to sign as free agents.
League commissioners
See also
* Canadian Football Act
* Canadian Football League attendance
* List of Canadian Football League mascots
* List of Canadian Football League records
* List of Canadian Football League seasons
* List of Canadian Football League stadiums
* List of Grey Cup champions
* List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada
* Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada
* Sports in Canada
* TSN Top 50 CFL Players
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
Official
*
French Website
Canadian Football League Players Association
Media
TSN
Rogers Sportsnet
Score Media
Other
CFLapedia
{{Authority control
Canadian Football League,
1958 establishments in Quebec
Canadian football leagues
Professional sports leagues in Canada
Sports leagues established in 1958
Organizations based in Toronto