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A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway. Boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former
city walls A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple palisades or earthworks to extensive military fortifications with towers, bastions and gates ...
. In American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-
lane In road transport, a lane is part of a roadway that is designated to be used by a single line of vehicles to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts. Most public roads (highways) have at least two lanes, one for traffic in each ...
arterial thoroughfares, often divided with a central median, and perhaps with side-streets along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often with an above-average quality of
landscaping Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following: # Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal ...
and scenery.


Etymology

The word ''boulevard'' is borrowed from French. In French, it originally meant the flat surface of a
rampart Rampart may refer to: * Rampart (fortification), a defensive wall or bank around a castle, fort or settlement Rampart may also refer to: * "O'er the Ramparts We Watched" is a key line from " The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the ...
, and later a
promenade An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk. The historical definition of ''esplanade'' was a large, open, level area outside fortress or city walls to provide cl ...
taking the place of a demolished fortification. It is a borrowing from the Dutch word ' '
bulwark Bulwark primarily refers to: * Bulwark (nautical), a nautical term for the extension of a ship's side above the level of a weather deck * Bastion, a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification The Bulwark primarily refer ...
'.


Usage world-wide


Asia


Cambodia

Phnom Penh Phnom Penh (; km, ភ្នំពេញ, ) is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, indus ...
has numerous boulevards scattered throughout the city.
Norodom Boulevard Norodom Boulevard ( km, មហាវិថីព្រះនរោត្តម), also called Street 41 ( km, ផ្លូវលេខ៤១, link=no), is a major boulevard in Cambodia and one of Phnom Penh's oldest arterial roads. It was named a ...
, Monivong Boulevard, Sihanouk Boulevard, and Kampuchea Krom Boulevard are the most famous.


India

*
Bengaluru Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan population of around , making it the third most populous city and fifth most ...
's Mahatma Gandhi Raste (South Parade Road and Queens Road) is an important boulevard that connects Bengaluru's downtown at Minsk Square (Queens Road Circle/M G Road Circle) to Trinity Circle in East Bengaluru where it meets Swami Vivekananda Raste (Old Madras Road), Old Airport Road (Trinity Church Road) and Kensington Road. It is named after freedom fighter
Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
. Second one is Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road connecting South End Circle in
Jayanagara Jayanegara or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara, or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet), Prince of Kediri in 1295, reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a J ...
to Marenahalli Road in Jayaprakash Narayan Nagara. This boulevard is lined with parks on both the sides. Third one is Chord Road lined with parks on both sides passes through the localities of
Mahalakshmi Layout Mahalakshmi Layout or Mahalakshmipura is a neighborhood in northwest Bengaluru, India. It is near Rajajinagara, Basaveshwaranagara and Yeshwanthpura. Global Tech was the distributor for Chotta Bheem merchandise for South India, Together with N ...
,
Rajajinagara Rajajinagar, officially Rajajinagara is a residential neighborhood and business hub in the west of Bangalore. It is one of the zones of BBMP. It is bordered by Basaveshwaranagara, Malleshwara, Mahalakshmipura alias West of Chord road second sta ...
,
Basaveshwaranagara Basaveshwaranagara is a largely residential neighbourhood in the west of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is located to the west of Rajajinagara and is sandwiched between the localities of Mahalakshmi Layout to the north and Vijayanagara to the ...
and
Vijayanagara Vijayanagara () was the capital city of the historic Vijayanagara Empire. Located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, it spread over a large area and included the modern era Group of Monuments at Hampi site in Vijayanagara district, Bell ...
. It connects Tumakuru Road to Mysuru Road. Fourth one is a section of Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar Vartula Raste (Outer Ring Road) in
Horamavu Horamavu is an area in Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO 15919, ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Kar ...
. This road is named after Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar. A fifth one is under construction is the upcoming Nadaprabhu Kempegowda Layout connecting Magadi Road to Mysuru Road. This is expected to be one of the widest boulevards in Bengaluru. Apart from these major roads there are many minor avenues and boulevard in Bengaluru. This makes Bengaluru one of the few cities in India with so many boulevards mainly due to its title as the "Garden City". *
Chennai Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...
's
Anna Salai Anna Salai (), formerly known as St. Thomas Mount Road or simply Mount Road, is an arterial road in Chennai, India. It starts at the Cooum Creek, south of Fort St George, leading in a south-westerly direction towards St. Thomas Mount, and e ...
(Mount Road) is a major road that connects Chennai's downtown Fort St. George near
Cooum The Cooum river, or simply Koovam, is one of the shortest classified rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. This river is about in length, flowing in the city of Chennai (urban part) and the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted ...
Creek to the then suburbs of
Parangimalai Parangimalai (known in English as St. Thomas Mount) is a small hillock in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, near the neighbourhood of Guindy and very close to Chennai International Airport. The ancient Syrian Christian community of India trace the ...
(St. Thomas Mount). It ends at Kathipara Junction in
Guindy Guindy is one of the most important neighborhoods of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and is nicknamed as ''The Gateway to Chennai''. The Kathipara junction where Anna Salai, Mount-Poonamallee Road, Inner Ring Road, 100 Feet Road or Jawaharlal Nehru Ro ...
. It is named after former chief minister of Tamil Nadu
C. N. Annadurai Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai (15 September 1909 – 3 February 1969), popularly known as Anna also known as Arignar Anna or Perarignar Anna (''Anna, the scholar'' or ''Elder Brother''), was an Indian Tamil politician who served as the fo ...
. Another important boulevard is Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai (Cathedral Road). which connects Kamarajar Promenade (South Beach Road) along the Marina Beach in
Mylapore Mylapore, also spelt Mayilapur, is a neighbourhood in the central part of the city of Chennai, India. It is one of the oldest residential parts of the city. It is also called Tirumayilai. The locality is claimed to be the birthplace of the cel ...
to
Anna Flyover Anna Flyover, also known as Gemini Flyover, is a dual-armed grade separator in the central business district of Chennai, India. Built in 1973 and dubbed one of the top-rated flyovers in the country, it is Asia's First Grade Separator, the firs ...
(Gemini Circle) where it meets Anna Salai, Mahatma Gandhi Salai (Nungambakkam High Road) and Gopathi Narayanaswamy Chetty Road. It is named after former President
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975), natively Radhakrishnayya, was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He served as the 2nd President of India from 1962 to 1967. He also 1st Vice President of India from 1952 ...
. *
Kolkata Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, comme ...
's
Indira Gandhi Sarani Indira Gandhi Sarani, formerly Red Road, is a road in Central Kolkata that runs from Eden Gardens (Rashmoni Avenue-Gostho Paul Sarani Junction) to Fort William West Gate (Dufferin Road-Outram Road Junction). South of Fort William West Gate, R ...
(Red Road), is a road that runs from
Raj Bhavan Raj Bhavan () is the common name of the official residences of the governors of the states of India and may refer to: List of Raj Bhavan See also *Raj Niwas * Rashtrapati Bhavan * Rashtrapati Nilayam *Rashtrapati Niwas The Rashtrapati Niw ...
to Fort William. The road, a wide boulevard, was built in 1820 and bisects the historic Maidan. The British authorities during the colonial era intended for the road to be able to host large parades. The name 'Red Road' was given due to its surfacing. During the Second World War, the road, in the heart of Kolkata, served as a landing strip for fighter aircraft. The annual
Kolkata Marathon The Kolkata Marathon (officially IDBI Federal Life Insurance Kolkata Full Marathon) is a marathon held annually in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was launched in 2008. The marathon is the largest in Eastern India and the only full marathon h ...
starts from outside the Rangers Club on the road. The name Indira Gandhi Sarani was officially adopted in 1985 after former Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; ''née'' Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was elected as third prime minister of India in 1966 and was al ...
. *
Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
's Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Marg (Marine Drive) is a -long
crescent A crescent shape (, ) is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase in the first quarter (the "sickle moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself. In Hinduism, Lord Shiva is often shown wearing a crescent moon on his ...
-shaped coastal road located in
South Mumbai South Mumbai, colloquially SoBo from South Bombay in Anglo-Indian English, administratively the Mumbai City District, is the city centre and the southernmost precinct of Greater Bombay. It extends from Colaba to Mahim and Sion neighbour ...
along the
Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea ( ar, اَلْبَحرْ ٱلْعَرَبِيُّ, Al-Bahr al-ˁArabī) is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channe ...
. It is also called the Queen's Necklace because if the stretch is viewed from an elevated point, the lamp posts along the road seem like pearls and thus in continuation look like a necklace. A
promenade An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk. The historical definition of ''esplanade'' was a large, open, level area outside fortress or city walls to provide cl ...
lies parallel to the road. It is one of the major tourist attractions in Mumbai. The
Gateway of India The Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in the early 20th century in the city of Mumbai (Bombay), India. It was erected to commemorate the landing of King-Emperor George V, the first British monarch to visit India, in December 1911 a ...
is located just away from this road. Local residents use it for morning exercises as well. It is also popular among youths who come here to enjoy the splash of water during high tide. It is named after the freedom fighter and founder of the Indian National Army
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose ( ; 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945 * * * * * * * * *) was an Indian nationalist whose defiance of British authority in India made him a hero among Indians, but his wartime alliances with Nazi Germany and Imperia ...
. * Mysuru's
Krishnaraja Boulevard Krishnaraja Boulevard is an important street of Mysore city in Karnataka state of India. Location Krishnaraja Boulevard is located on the southern side of Mysore between Saraswathipuram and Ballal Circle. History Krishnaraja Boulevard is co ...
is Asia's first boulevard. It was built in 1799, by the
Krishnaraja Wadiyar III Krishnaraja Wadiyar III (14 July 1794 – 27 March 1868) was the twenty-second maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore. Also known as Mummadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar, the maharaja belonged to the Wadiyar dynasty and ruled the kingdom for nearly seventy ...
, taking inspiration from his France tour. The road runs almost a kilometre from Balla Circle to Hunsuru Road. Many landmarks are located on it. *
New Delhi New Delhi (, , ''Naī Dillī'') is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament Hous ...
's
Kartavya Path Rajpath, officially named Kartavya Path, and formerly known as Kingsway, is a ceremonial boulevard in New Delhi, India, that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill through Vijay Chowk and India Gate, National War Memorial to Natio ...
(Rajpath/Kingsways), which is also a thoroughfare. New Delhi being the national capital, many such thoroughfares were built widely to sustain the exploding traffic growth that New Delhi and most Indian metro cities have seen in recent decades. Kartavya path, a tree-lined road with ponds and fountains, was designed, along with Janpath (Queensway), by British architect
Edwin Lutyens Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memor ...
during the
British Raj The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; * * it is also called Crown rule in India, * * * * or Direct rule in India, * Quote: "Mill, who was him ...
. Various national events such as
Independence Day An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Many ...
parades and Republic Day parades among many others take place over here annually. *
Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern Indi ...
's P. V. Narasimha Rao Marg (Necklace Road) is a boulevard adjoining
Hussain Sagar Hussain Sagar (alternatively referred to as Tank Bund; ) is a heart-shaped lake in Hyderabad, Telangana, built by Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah in 1563. It is spread across an area of and is fed by the River Musi. A large monolithic statue of the Gau ...
lake. It is named after former Prime Minister
P. V. Narasimha Rao Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer, statesman and politician who served as the 9th prime minister of India from 1991 to 1996. He is known for introducing various liberal reforms to Indi ...
. *
Vijayawada Vijayawada, formerly known as Bezawada, is the second largest city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and is a part of the state's Capital Region. It is the administrative headquarters of the NTR district. Its metropolitan region comprises N ...
's
Mahatma Gandhi Road This is a list of roads across the world named after the Indian anti-colonial nationalist and lawyer, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Mahatma Gandhi), known for his nonviolent resistance to lead a successful campaign for India's independence from ...
(Bandar Road) is a 4 km long major road and boulevard which connects
Benz Circle Benz Circle is not only a busy junction and also a major Residential and Commercial Locality in the East - Central part of the city. It is one of the most expensive commercial and residential locations in Andhra Pradesh land values near Benz Ci ...
, the busiest traffic circle in the city to Avatar Park. It runs almost parallel to the Bandar Canal. *
Srinagar Srinagar (English: , ) is the largest city and the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is known for its ...
's
Foreshore Road Foreshore Road is one of the prestigious roads in the city of Srinagar. The notability of the road lies in the fact that the entire road lies on the banks of Dal Lake. The road starts from Hazratbal, Srinagar and ends at Nishat. The famous M ...
is also famous.


Indonesia

*Some of the most important thoroughfares in
Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital city, capital and list of Indonesian cities by population, largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coa ...
are not named as a boulevard while do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and/or landscaping. Examples of these are
Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Jalan Jenderal Sudirman or Jalan Sudirman (Sudirman Road) is a major thoroughfare in Jakarta, Indonesia. Named after Indonesian national hero Sudirman, the road runs from Patung Pemuda Membangun at the south end to the bridge of the West Flood Ca ...
,
Jalan M.H. Thamrin Jalan M.H. Thamrin or Jalan Thamrin (M.H. Thamrin Road or Thamrin Road) is a major thoroughfare in Jakarta, Indonesia. The road is located at the center of Jakarta, running from the north end of Jalan Jenderal Sudirman at West Flood Canal at the ...
,
Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto (Gatot Subroto Avenue) is one of the major road in Jakarta, Indonesia. The road starts from Dirgantara statue in South Jakarta, which crosses 14 administrative villages and ends at Slipi, Central Jakarta. The road i ...
,
Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said or Jalan Rasuna Said is one of the main avenues of Jakarta, Indonesia. It was constructed during the 1970s. It is located in the Golden Triangle of Jakarta. The road was named after Hajjah Rangkayo Rasuna Said, a National ...
, Jalan Gajah Mada/ Jalan Hayam Wuruk, Jalan Haji Benyamin Sueb, Jalan Teuku Umar (formerly Van Heutszboulevard), and
Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio or ''Jalan Satrio'' is one of main streets of Jakarta, Indonesia. The road has many important commercial buildings and shopping centers. It is named after former Minister for Health of Indonesia, Major General (Ret.) Pr ...
. The term boulevard - sometimes under its Indonesian translation "bulevar" - is however commonly used for thoroughfares in integrated urban centers as developed by private developers, such as Jalan Boulevard Raya in
Kelapa Gading Kelapa Gading or also known as KG, Gading, is a district (Indonesian: ''kecamatan'') of North Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. Kelapa Gading neighborhood is known to the local population as a city within a city, due to the integrated residential ...
, Jalan Boulevard BSD Timur in
Bumi Serpong Damai BSD City, formerly referred to Bumi Serpong Damai is a planned community located within Greater Jakarta in Indonesia. The project was initiated in 1984 by a group of private developers and started in 1989. The town is currently managed by the ho ...
and Jalan Boulevard Gading Serpong in
Gading Serpong Gading Serpong is a township, 21 km west of Jakarta at Kelapa Dua and Pagedangan, Tangerang Regency of Banten province in Indonesia. Total land area of this satellite city is about 1500 hectares, which was being first developed by PT Sum ...
. Note that the term "Jalan" (Indonesian word for
Street A street is a public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which people may freely assemble, interact, and move about. A street can be as simple as a level patch of di ...
or
Road A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike streets, the main function of roads is transportation. There are many types o ...
) is still officially used despite the use of the term "Boulevard". *Examples of boulevards in other Indonesian cities are Jalan Dago (Jalan Ir. H. Juanda) in
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
, Jalan Pahlawan in
Semarang Semarang ( jv, ꦏꦸꦛꦯꦼꦩꦫꦁ , Pegon: سماراڠ) is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia. It was a major port during the Dutch colonial era, and is still an important regional center and port today ...
, and Jalan Mayjen Sungkono and Jalan Raya Darmo in
Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern border of Java island, on the M ...
.


Iran

In Iran, ''"Boulevard"'' is generally defined as a wide road surrounded by trees in sides and divided by a green space line including grass, trees or buxuses in the middle. There are many boulevards in Iran. One of the most famous Boulevard in
Tehran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...
,
Keshavarz Boulevard Keshavarz Boulevard (Blvd.) ( fa, بلوار کشاورز ''Bolvār e Keshāvarz'') or simply ''Bolvār'' (the Boulevard) is a central Boulevard in Tehran, Iran. It is a 2.2 km long, East-West boulevard which connects Valiasr Street and Val ...
,conclusively defines how Boulevards are designed in iran. From the
Safavid Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often conside ...
era onward, with the growth of the city out of the old part of town road was also sorted out as an urban designing elements. During this period, wide and long streets such as
Chaharbagh Chaharbagh ( fa, چهارباغ; formerly, Chahar Dangeh (Persian: چهار دانگه), also Romanized as Chahār Dāngeh) is a city and capital of Chaharbagh District, in Savojbolagh County, Alborz Province, Iran Iran, officially t ...
Street in Isfahan were built.
Charbagh ''Charbagh'' or ''Chahar Bagh'' ( ''chahār bāgh'', ''chārbāgh'', ''chār bāgh'', meaning "four gardens") is a Persian and Indo-Persian quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Quran. The quad ...
(which seems to be a concept originated in Persian gardens) is one of the symbolic elements in the history of Safavid urban planning, which has been one of the main elements of the development and improvement of cities in this era. According to an Iranian historian “In the Safavid period (about 400 years ago), in lieu of the beyaban (desert path), the concept of the kheyaban (street/Boulevard) has been formed, which either leads to the main square of the city or runs parallel to it. these streets has countless trees on its sides, and are called Chaharbagh or Chenarestan (a place where planes trees are) based on their geographical location” Habibi, 1995:93 This axe (Charbagh) has become the main backbone of the city and by having dominant buildings at the ends, guaranteed the development of the city linearly in this direction. Due to the temporal precedence of Iranian Charbags, over the boulevards of Paris, and the existence of accurate drawings of it by European tourists, some experts assume Iranian Charbags as the precursor of the contemporary boulevards formation.


Israel

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( he, תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, translit=Tēl-ʾĀvīv-Yāfō ; ar, تَلّ أَبِيب – يَافَا, translit=Tall ʾAbīb-Yāfā, links=no), often referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the G ...
, was originally designed along the guidelines set out by
architect An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that h ...
Sir
Patrick Geddes Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a British biologist, sociologist, Comtean positivist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning ...
. Geddes designed a green or garden ring of boulevards surrounding the central city, which still exists today and continues to characterize Tel Aviv. One of the most famous and busy streets in the city is
Rothschild Boulevard Rothschild Boulevard (, ''Sderot Rotshild'') is one of the principal streets in the center of Tel Aviv, Israel, beginning in Neve Tzedek at its southwestern edge and running north to Habima Theatre. It is one of the most expensive streets in the ...
.


Philippines

Roxas Boulevard Roxas Boulevard is a popular waterfront promenade in Metro Manila in the Philippines. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of Manila Bay, is well known for its sunsets and stretch of coconut trees. The divided roadway has become a tradema ...
is a major boulevard in
Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila (often shortened as Metro Manila; fil, Kalakhang Maynila), officially the National Capital Region (NCR; fil, link=no, Pambansang Punong Rehiyon), is the capital region, seat of government and one of three List of metrop ...
,
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of
Manila Bay Manila Bay ( fil, Look ng Maynila) is a natural harbor that serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. Strategically located around the Manila, capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between t ...
, is popular for its view of Manila's famous sunsets and stretch of
coconut trees The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the ...
. The boulevard is an eight-lane major arterial road designated as Radial Road 1 that connects the center of
Manila Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populated ...
with
Pasay Pasay, officially the City of Pasay ( fil, Lungsod ng Pasay; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 440,656 people. Due to its location jus ...
and
Parañaque Parañaque, officially the City of Parañaque ( fil, Lungsod ng Parañaque, ), is a first class highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,992 people. It is ...
. Other boulevards in Metro Manila include the
Shaw Boulevard Shaw Boulevard (formerly known as Jose Rizal Boulevard and Pasig Boulevard or commonly known as Crossing) is a 4-8 lane highway connecting the cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig in the Philippines. The boulevard is named after William James Shaw, ...
, España Boulevard, Pedro Tuazon Boulevard and Quezon Boulevard. Not all boulevards in the Philippines have ornamentation, or slow lanes, like the
Aurora Boulevard Aurora Boulevard is a four-to-ten lane major thoroughfare in Quezon City and San Juan in Metro Manila, Philippines. It was named after Doña Aurora Quezon, the consort of Commonwealth President Manuel Luis Quezon. It is one of the major roa ...
and E. Rodriguez Sr. Boulevard, which have no ornamentation at all.
Osmeña Boulevard Osmeña Boulevard is a major arterial thoroughfare in Cebu City, Philippines. It is the city's "main street" which travels in a generally northwest–southeast orientation linking the old downtown district of San Roque near the harbor with the mo ...
is a boulevard in
Cebu City Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu ( ceb, Dakbayan sa Sugbo; fil, Lungsod ng Cebu; hil, Dakbanwa sang Sugbo), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines and capital of the Cebu Province. Ac ...
, the Philippines' second city. It is Cebu's most important street and is its primary ceremonial avenue, the conventional route of the city's civic and cultural parades. Measuring six to ten lanes wide with 3-5 meter-wide sidewalks on both sides and a landscaped central median, the boulevard is lined with narra trees. Midway is the park and
roundabout A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction.''The New Shorter Oxford Eng ...
of Fuente Osmeña.


Europe


Austria

The Ring Road (German: Ringstraße) is a circular ring road surrounding the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria and is one of its main sights. Constructed in the mid-19th century after the dismantling of the city fortification walls, its architecture is typical of the eclectic, historicist style called Ringstraßenstil (Ring Road Style) of the 1860s to s. Known for its unique architectural beauty and history, it has also been called the "Lord of the ring roads", and is inscribed by UNESCO as part of Vienna's World Heritage Site. The Ringstraße is 5.2 kilometers (3.2 miles) long and has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the
Donaukanal The Donaukanal ("Danube Canal") is a former arm of the river Danube, now regulated as a water channel (since 1598), within the city of Vienna, Austria. It is long and, unlike the Danube itself, it borders Vienna's city centre, Innere Stadt, ...
(a branch of the
Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
). Starting from the
Ringturm Ringturm (Ring Tower) is a prominent skyscraper in Vienna, Austria, and is the headquarters of the Vienna Insurance Group. It was built from 1953 to 1955 after a design by Erich Boltenstern at the Schottenring. The tower is tall, with of offic ...
at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are: * Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift) * Universitätsring (
university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United Stat ...
) * Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (named after
Karl Renner Karl Renner (14 December 1870 – 31 December 1950) was an Austrian politician and jurist of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" because he led the first government of German ...
), formerly called "Parlamentsring" * Burgring (near the
Hofburg The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty. Located in the centre of Vienna, it was built in the 13th century and expanded several times afterwards. It also served as the imperial winter residence, as Schönbrun ...
) * Opernring (near the
Vienna State Opera The Vienna State Opera (, ) is an opera house and opera company based in Vienna, Austria. The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue was the first major building on the Vienna Ring Road. It was built from 1861 to 1869 following plans by August ...
) * Kärntner Ring (named after Kärntner Straße, the road that led south to
Carinthia Carinthia (german: Kärnten ; sl, Koroška ) is the southernmost Austrian state, in the Eastern Alps, and is noted for its mountains and lakes. The main language is German. Its regional dialects belong to the Southern Bavarian group. Carin ...
) * Schubertring (named after
Franz Schubert Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wo ...
) * Parkring (near the Stadtpark) * Stubenring (named after the ''Stubenbastei'' fortification, part of Vienna's city walls since 1156)


Azerbaijan

Neftchiler Avenue (Azerbaijani: Neftçilər Prospekti) is an arterial road in Baku, Azerbaijan. It begins at the west end of the Bayil district of Baku and continues east until terminating at Javanshir Bridge (formerly Gagarin Bridge) intersecting Uzeyir Hajibeyov Street. It is used as part of the Baku City Circuit, including the Start-Finish straight located next to Government House Previous names of Neftchilar Avenue were Alexander II Quay, Gubanov Quay, and Stalin Avenue. The street was named Neftchilar Avenue in 1961 in honour of workers of oil industry in Azerbaijan. The larger section of the avenue runs along
Baku Boulevard Baku Boulevard ( az, Dənizkənarı Milli Park, also known as National Park) is a promenade established in 1909 which runs parallel to Baku's seafront. Its history goes back more than 100 years, to a time when Baku oil barons built their mansion ...
.


Denmark

In
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan a ...
, a Boulevard Ring, consisting of a North Boulevard (Danish: Nørre Boulevard) and a
West Boulevard West Boulevard is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the suburbs of Brooklyn and Linndale to the south, Interstate 90 and the neighborhoods of Cudell and Detroit–Shoreway to the north, Stockyards to the east, an ...
(Danish: Vestre Boulevard), emerged on the site of the city's former Bastioned Fortification Ring in the second half of the 19th century. It lends its name to the underground Boulevard Line. The North Boulevard is now known as
Nørre Voldgade Nørre Voldgade ( lit. "North Rampart Street") is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs north-east from Jarmers Plads for approximately 600 metres to Gothersgade where it turns into Øster Voldgade. The succession of Nørre Voldgade ...
and the West Boulevard was renamed
H. C. Andersens Boulevard H. C. Andersens Boulevard is the most densely trafficked artery in central Copenhagen, Denmark. The 1.3 km long six-lane street passes City Hall Square on its way from Jarmers Plads, a junction just north of Vesterport station, to Lange Bridge ...
in honour of the writer
Hans Christian Andersen Hans Christian Andersen ( , ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales. Andersen's fairy tales, consist ...
in 1955. The first part of
Vesterbrogade Vesterbrogade () is the main shopping street of the Vesterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. The 1.5 km long street runs from the City Hall Square in the east to Pile Allé in Frederiksberg in the west where it turns into Roskildevej. O ...
, then known as Vesterbro Passage, was also laid out as a boulevard. A South Boulevard (Danish: Sønder Boulevard) was established in the grounds of a defunct railway in the Vesterbro district in 1905. Other streets that incorporate 'Boulevard' in their names include Dalgas Boulevard in
Frederiksberg Frederiksberg () is a part of the Capital Region of Denmark. It is formally an independent municipality, Frederiksberg Municipality, separate from Copenhagen Municipality, but both are a part of the City of Copenhagen. It occupies an area of ...
and
Strandboulevarden Strandboulevarden (literally "Beach Boulevard") is a major street in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Fridtjof Nansens Plads as in the south to Østerbrogade in the north, linking Kristianiagade with Jagtvej. History D ...
(The Beach Boulevard) in
Østerbro Østerbro () (literally, "Eastern Bridge") is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located just north of the city centre, outside the old city gate Østerport which, after it was moved around 1700, used to be located clos ...
. Another street that meets the criteria for being described as a boulevard is
Frederiksberg Allé Frederiksberg Allé is a tree-lined avenue which runs through the southernmost part of the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It connects Vesterbrogade at Værnedamsvej to Frederiksberg Runddel in front of the main entrance to Freder ...
. A more recent example of a boulevard in Copenhagen is Ørestad Boulevard, the principal artery of the new
Ørestad Ørestad () is a developing city area in Copenhagen, Denmark, on the island of Amager. The area was developed using the new town concept, closely linked with the M1 line of the Copenhagen Metro. Economically, income for the plan would be gener ...
district.


France

The Grands Boulevards of Paris were first built in the 17th and 18th centuries. They are: the boulevards
Beaumarchais Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (; 24 January 1732 – 18 May 1799) was a French polymath. At various times in his life, he was a watchmaker, inventor, playwright, musician, diplomat, spy, publisher, horticulturist, arms dealer, satirist, ...
, des Filles-du-Calvaire, du Temple, Saint-Martin, Saint-Denis, de Bonne-Nouvelle, Poissonnière,
Montmartre Montmartre ( , ) is a large hill in Paris's northern 18th arrondissement. It is high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank. The historic district established by the City of Paris in 1995 is bordered by Rue Ca ...
, des Italiens, des Capucines and the de la Madeleine.
Baron Haussmann Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knigh ...
created many boulevards in his renovation of Paris during the
Second Empire Second Empire may refer to: * Second British Empire, used by some historians to describe the British Empire after 1783 * Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) * Second French Empire (1852–1870) ** Second Empire architecture, an architectural styl ...
. from 1859 to 1869.


Germany

;Berlin The historically most famous boulevard in
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...
and arguably in all of Germany is
Unter den Linden Unter den Linden (, "under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the central Mitte district of Berlin, the capital of Germany. Running from the City Palace to Brandenburg Gate, it is named after the linden (lime in England and Ireland, not rela ...
: location of the
Berlin State Opera The (), also known as the Berlin State Opera (german: Staatsoper Berlin), is a listed building on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic center of Berlin, Germany. The opera house was built by order of Prussian king Frederick the Great ...
,
Berlin Cathedral The Berlin Cathedral (german: link=yes, Berliner Dom), also known as the Evangelical Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church, is a monumental German Evangelical church and dynastic tomb ( House of Hohenzollern) on the Museum Island in centra ...
, the former
royal palace This is a list of royal palaces, sorted by continent. Africa * Abdin Palace, Cairo * Al-Gawhara Palace, Cairo * Koubbeh Palace, Cairo * Tahra Palace, Cairo * Menelik Palace * Jubilee Palace * Guenete Leul Palace * Imperial Palace- ...
,
Humboldt University Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (german: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a German public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin. It was established by Frederick William III on the initiati ...
, the Neue Wache state memorial, the Germany Historical Museum housed in the
old arsenal Old or OLD may refer to: Places * Old, Baranya, Hungary * Old, Northamptonshire, England * Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD) *OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, ...
and
Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate (german: Brandenburger Tor ) is an 18th-century Neoclassical architecture, neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II of Prussia, Frederick William II after Prussian invasion ...
being the boulevard's focal point. Most famed for its classy shopping facilities is Berlin's
Kurfürstendamm The Kurfürstendamm (; colloquially ''Ku'damm'', ; en, Prince Elector Embankment) is one of the most famous avenues in Berlin. The street takes its name from the former ''Kurfürsten'' (prince-electors) of Brandenburg. The broad, long boulevar ...
. In the 1920s it was considered one of the most cosmopolitan places in Europe, being not only an elegant residential area but also a major centre of nightlife and leisure. Ku'damm retained this air throughout the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because t ...
becoming the hub of free
West-Berlin West Berlin (german: Berlin (West) or , ) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin during the years of the Cold War. Although West Berlin was de jure not part of West Germany, lacked any sovereignty, and was unde ...
. It is still the city's most frequented shopping district. A notable boulevard in Berlin's East is
Karl-Marx-Allee Karl-Marx-Allee ( en, Karl Marx Alley) is a monumental socialist boulevard built by the GDR between 1952 and 1960 in Berlin Friedrichshain and Mitte. Today the boulevard is named after Karl Marx. It should not be confused with the ''Karl-Mar ...
, which was built primarily in the 1950s in
Stalinist Classicism Stalinist architecture, mostly known in the former Eastern Bloc as Stalinist style () or Socialist Classicism, is the architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, between 1933 (when Boris Iofan's draft for the Palace ...
architecture with decorative buildings. One section of the boulevard is more decorative while the other is more modern. In the center of the boulevard is the Strausberger Platz, which has buildings in wedding-cake style. The boulevard is divided into various blocks. Between 1949 and 1989, it was the main center of
East Berlin East Berlin was the ''de facto'' capital city of East Germany from 1949 to 1990. Formally, it was the Soviet sector of Berlin, established in 1945. The American, British, and French sectors were known as West Berlin. From 13 August 1961 u ...
. The Königsallee in
Düsseldorf Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in ...
is known for its many famous fashion stores and showrooms. The (Boulevard der Stars) was unveiled in 2010, with the first of 40 stars devoted to actors and filmmakers of the German-speaking film and TV industry. First to be honoured in the Boulevard was German-American actress
Marlene Dietrich Marie Magdalene "Marlene" DietrichBorn as Maria Magdalena, not Marie Magdalene, according to Dietrich's biography by her daughter, Maria Riva ; however Dietrich's biography by Charlotte Chandler cites "Marie Magdalene" as her birth name . (, ; ...
. ;Other cities
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and ...
is well known for its four royal avenues constructed by the Bavarian monarchs of the 19th century, which can also be classified as boulevards: Brienner Straße,
Leopoldstraße Leopoldstraße is a street in the Munich districts Maxvorstadt, Schwabing and Milbertshofen. It is a major boulevard, and the main street of the Schwabing district. It is a continuation of Ludwigstraße, the boulevard of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, n ...
, Maximilianstraße, and Prinzregentenstraße.


Hungary

The Hungarian capital
Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population o ...
is also known for its well planned street system with wide avenues and boulevards, running through the city. There are three main boulevards, named Little Boulevard, Grand Boulevard and Hungária Boulevard. Little Boulevard was built on the demolished
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
city
walls Walls may refer to: *The plural of wall, a structure *Walls (surname), a list of notable people with the surname Places * Walls, Louisiana, United States * Walls, Mississippi, United States * Walls, Ontario, neighborhood in Perry, Ontario, C ...
of Pest in the late 19th century. Grand Boulevard, the most prominent, was built for the 1000th anniversary of the Hungarian conquest in 1896. It has a uniform facade, and the busiest
tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ...
line in
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. Hungária Boulevard was built from 1980 to 2000 and it is the widest (70 meters, like
Champs-Élysées The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (, ; ) is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, long and wide, running between the Place de la Concorde in the east and the Place Charles de Gaulle in the west, where the Arc de Triomphe is l ...
) and longest (13 kilometers) boulevard in Budapest with six to ten
traffic lane In road transport, a lane is part of a roadway that is designated to be used by a single line of vehicles to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts. Most public roads (highways) have at least two lanes, one for traffic in eac ...
s and a rapid tram line. Although the construction of the boulevard was finished in 2000, the facade is still incomplete, as there are many empty parcels due to
demolition Demolition (also known as razing, cartage, and wrecking) is the science and engineering in safely and efficiently tearing down of buildings and other artificial structures. Demolition contrasts with deconstruction, which involves taking a bu ...
of old
apartment An apartment (American English), or flat (British English, Indian English, South African English), is a self-contained housing unit (a type of residential real estate) that occupies part of a building, generally on a single story. There are ma ...
s and
factories A factory, manufacturing plant or a production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another. T ...
.


Ireland

Ireland has relatively few boulevards, but
O'Connell Street O'Connell Street () is a street in the centre of Dublin, Ireland, running north from the River Liffey. It connects the O'Connell Bridge to the south with Parnell Street to the north and is roughly split into two sections bisected by Hen ...
in Dublin is one of Europe's widest streets and resembles a Victorian boulevard. In recent housing developments in Dublin, the boulevard is becoming more and more common in addresses (e.g. Tyrellstown Blvd, Park Blvd, Bayside Blvd), and a boulevard was opened in Gorey,
County Wexford County Wexford ( ga, Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. Named after the town of Wexford, it was based on the historic Gaelic territory of Hy Kinsella (''Uí C ...
in early 2015.


Italy

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...
's historic centre, for example, is surrounded by the Viali di Circonvallazione, a series of six-lane streets; the boulevards follow the outline of the ancient walls of Florence, that were demolished since 1865 to make Florence, then the capital of Italy (for five years, 1865–1870), a modern and big city like the other European capitals. The Viali were inspired by the similar Parisian boulevards. The first boulevard in Italy was constructed in Parma in 1759.
Ennemond Alexandre Petitot Ennemond Alexandre Petitot (1727-1801) was a French-born architect, mainly active in the Duchy of Parma. Biography He was born in Lyon in 1727, and by 1741, he had joined the studio of the architect Jacques Soufflot. From there he moved to study a ...
(1727-1801) was a French-born architect, mainly active in the Duchy of Parma. He was recruited by the Prime Minister
Guillaume du Tillot Léon Guillaume (du) Tillot (Bayonne, 22 May 1711 — Paris, 1774) was a French politician infused with liberal ideals of the Enlightenment, who from 1759 was the minister of the Duchy of Parma under Philip, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Lou ...
to become the architect of the recently installed Bourbon Dukes in Parma. He was the architect of the first Italian boulevard-promenade (1759-1763), based on the French promenades publiques, along what is now Stradone Martiri della Liberta (at the time, the name had changed from the Stradone Farnese to Stradone Borbone).
Antonio Gaidon Antonio Gaidon (1738–1829), was an architect, urban planner and naturalist. Early life and training Antonio Gaidon was born in Castione di Brentonico (Trentino) in 1738. His parents were Salvatore and Barbara Burma, residents of Bassano del ...
(1738 – 1829), an architect, civil engineer and town planner from
Bassano del Grappa Bassano del Grappa ( vec, Basan or ''Bassan'', ) is a city and ''comune'', in the Vicenza province, in the region of Veneto, in northern Italy. It bounds the communes of Cassola, Marostica, Solagna, Pove del Grappa, Romano d'Ezzelino, Campolongo ...
built a boulevard in the town (1791 – 1794), now known as the Viale delle Fosse. The large central avenue, flanked in turn by two pedestrian avenues, was adorned with a double row of lime trees and numerous statues that, starting from the Porta delle Grazie, reached the Parolini Garden. This new road was called the "''Passeggio pubblico di Belvedere o Fosse''". (In English: "Belvedere or Fosse public walk".)


Spain

Barcelona has several impressive boulevards, notably Gran Via de les Corts Catalans / Avinguda de la Granvia and Avinguda Diagonal. The infamous pedestrian tourist promenade, Las Ramblas, might be described as such, although the vehicular lanes to the sides are relatively insignificant.


Portugal

In Lisbon, Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon), Avenida da Liberdade with extensive side gardens and Avenida da República. In Porto and Setúbal, Avenida dos Aliados and Avenida Luísa Todi have oval gardens in the center of the street, separating the two directions.


Poland

Boulevards are representative places in cities situated near big rivers and usually parts of their centres, for example in Kraków, Warsaw, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Wrocław and Świnoujście. One of the most famous boulevards in Poland is the street named Wały Chrobrego (former German name: Hakenterrasse) in Szczecin, where the final events of The Tall Ships' Races took place in 2007 and 2013. This is a street complex, about 100 years old, at the river bank of Oder with some connections to Port of Szczecin, the harbour in Szczecin and the Baltic Sea. There are many tourist attractions e.g. National Museum, Szczecin, National Museum in Szczecin, the Contemporary Theater (Teatr Współczesny), Statue of Hercules fighting the Centaur and the waterfront for ships, including Port of Szczecin, harbour cruise ships and hydrofoil to Świnoujście. In the area there are more historic buildings situated, for instance Ducal Castle, Szczecin, The Ducal Castle. Some tourist towns and villages are known among others for their boulevards and esplanades. There are many localities situated by the Baltic Sea, sea, for example Sopot, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Misdroy and Świnoujście, or other types of big water areas as Trzebież lying on the Szczecin Lagoon. Feliks Nowowiejski Seaside Boulevard in Gdynia was the first stage of the Tour de Pologne in 2003. Boulevards are also representative places in Gryfino (district town in Poland) and German village Mescherin localized by both sides of the valley of Oder, Oder river protected with Lower Odra Valley Landscape Park. There are also many boulevards by lakes and small rivers, mainly in harbours areas, as in Giżycko, and in urban parks, for example in Łobez, Piotrków Trybunalski, Poznań and the oldest Polish urban park in Kalisz founded in 1798. Boulevards and paths in Łazienki Park in Warsaw surround Palace on the Water. The medieval port crane, called ''Żuraw'', over Motława river, the junction of two boulevards - Długie Pobrzeże and Rybackie Pobrzeże - is the symbol of the medieval harbour of Gdańsk. The Old Town Promenade (Promenada Staromiejska) in Wrocław was built on the former on the former defensive fortifications along the City Moat and a small section along the Oder river. The boulevard in Kasprowicz Park in Szczecin leads along Rusałka Lake from the City Hall area to The Summer Theater (Teatr Letni) and then to Różanka Rose Garden and the forest of Puszcza Wkrzańska. The scenic above ground promenade in Augustów enables the observation of the Augustów Canal and National road 8 (Poland), national roads 8 and 16.


Russia

The dictionary defines ''boulevard'' as a wide green strip in the middle of a city street or on the Embankment (transportation), embankment. The historic Boulevard Ring in Moscow emerged on the site of the former Bely Gorod, White City walls (demolished in the 1760s and 1770s) before the Fire of Moscow (1812), Fire of 1812, starting with Tverskoy Boulevard in 1796. The whole ring was replanted and rebuilt after the fire, in the 1820s; together with the embankments of Moskva River the boulevards form the second centremost city ring. Green boulevards of that period were terminated with corner hotel and shop buildings, most of them eventually demolished to make way for street traffic. Garden Ring, developed in the middle of the 19th century, had traditional median boulevards in its western part and side gardens in the east (streets with side strips of green, even those separating main traffic and frontage roads, are not usually considered boulevards). Street names of Saint Petersburg evolved differently: median greens of major avenues were called ''boulevards'', but the avenues themselves typically were and still are called ''prospekts'' (i.e. Bolshoy Prospekt of Vasilievsky Island).


United Kingdom

Owing to the lack of modern-era walled cities and the price of urban land, the UK has only a few boulevards. Glasgow's Mosspark Boulevard, a wide road along Bellahouston Park with former segregated lanes for trams and cars, and Great Western Road, colloquially known as 'The Boulevard', north of the river Clyde, is a good example, a mostly dual carriageway road running to the outer suburbs passing through the fashionable West End district, with many shops and bars dotted along the route. The Almondvale Boulevard is a major road in Livingston, West Lothian. After the Great Fire of London, London was planned to be rebuilt with straight boulevards, squares and plazas, as seen in mainland Europe, but due to land ownership issues these plans never came to fruition. Boulevards in London are rare. Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, is one of only a handful of examples where boulevards are a key feature. This is due to Milton Keynes being built as a modern new town in the 1960s. Nottingham, and to a lesser extent Leicester, also have extensive networks of boulevards, although some lower-capacity streets are named boulevards; these include Asquith Way/Boulevard in West Knighton, Leicester, West Knighton and Hungarton Boulevard in Humberstone & Hamilton, Humberstone, both of which form part of Leicester's outer ring road. Gilbert Boulevard in Arnold, Nottinghamshire, Arnold is an example of a low-capacity highway named a boulevard. The town of Warrington in Cheshire has a large number of boulevards, some more recent than others. Lining the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington is Europa Boulevard with the traditional tree-lined pavements and two-lane traffic. In Chapelford, a recent housing development built on the old Burtonwood Airbase site, are a number of boulevards such as Boston and Santa Rosa Boulevard, named in reference to the American history associated with World War II on the site. Another rare example of a road named as a "boulevard" is Bourges Boulevard in Peterborough. Birmingham, known as the UK's Second City, has many dual-carriageway boulevards. Roads such as the A4040 (Outer Ring Road) and various other sections of dual-carriageway often have great amounts of trees, grass and scenery on both sides, as well as part of the wide central reservation. Other towns and cities have sections of roadway which could be described as boulevards where central tramways have been abandoned.


Turkey

Barbaros Boulevard is opened in 1958 due to new city planning in Istanbul. Ankara also has a lot of boulevards.


North America


Canada

Lake Shore Boulevard, a six-lane thoroughfare, runs along the lakefront in Toronto from Woodbine Avenue in the east to the city limits in the west. The section between Jameson Avenue and the Humber River (Ontario), Humber River (the original section), as an example of urban planning, was laid out to provide a pleasant drive with a view of Humber Bay on Lake Ontario and easy access to the park lands by automobile. It was later expanded for commuting.


Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic, more specifically in Greater Santo Domingo there is the Winston Churchill and 27 de Febrero Boulevard in Downtown Santo Domingo and Las Americas Boulevard in Santo Domingo Este.


Jamaica

The most notable boulevards in Jamaica are the Washington Boulevard in Kingston, Jamaica, Kingston and the Jimmy Cliff Boulevard in Montego Bay, Jamaica, Montego Bay.


Mexico

Paseo de la Reforma (English: "Reform Promenade") is a 12-kilometer-long boulevard in Mexico City, Mexico that runs in a straight line, cutting diagonally across the city. It runs from Chapultepec Park, then passes alongside the Torre Mayor (currently Latin America's tallest building), continues through the fashionable Zona Rosa (Mexico), Zona Rosa and then to the Zócalo by Juárez Avenue and Francisco I. Madero Street. One of the most famous monuments of the Paseo is El Ángel de la Independencia – a tall column with a gilded statue of a Nike (mythology), Winged Victory on its top and marble statues at its base depicting the heroes of the Mexican War of Independence. The Paseo de la Reforma was designed in the 1860s during the Second Mexican Empire by the Austrian military officer and engineer Ferdinand von Rosenzweig on the orders of Maximilian I of Mexico. He wanted to connect his imperial residence, Chapultepec Castle, to the National Palace (Mexico), Palacio Nacional in the city's center. When it was inaugurated, it was named the ''Paseo de la Emperatriz'' (The Empress's Promenade), after his consort, Empress Carlota of Mexico. The name now commemorates the liberal reforms of 19th-century president Benito Juárez.


United States

In many places in the United States, Local government, municipalities and Real estate developer, developers have adapted the term to refer to arterial roads, not necessarily boulevards in the traditional sense. In California, many so-called "boulevards" extend into the mountains as narrow, winding road segments only two lanes in width. However, boulevards can be any divided highway with at-grade intersections to local streets. They are commonly abbreviated Blvd. Some celebrated examples in California include: *Sunset District (San Francisco), Sunset Boulevard in San Francisco, which has rows of trees on both sides of the thoroughfare, and is bisected by a tree-filled median. It connects local streets throughout the Sunset District. *The Los Angeles area's more famous Sunset Boulevard; Santa Monica Boulevard; Wilshire Boulevard; and Hollywood Boulevard. Many important thoroughfares in Los Angeles are boulevards. In Chicago, the Chicago Boulevard System, boulevard system is a network of wide, planted-median boulevards that winds through the south, west, and north sides of the city and includes a ring of parks. Most of the boulevards and parks are 3–6 miles from Chicago Loop, The Loop. Trucks are not allowed on boulevards in Chicago. Seattle also features a network of boulevards that connect most of the city's public parks to each other, a design recommended by the Olmsted Brothers. In Philadelphia, the boulevard system includes the length of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway known as the Museum District. It also includes the arterial roadway of the Roosevelt Boulevard (Philadelphia), Roosevelt Boulevard and the Southern Boulevard Parkway built as a connecting median of two urban parks, but now also serves as the west roadway entrance of the world class centralized Philadelphia Sports Complex and gatehouse entrance of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in South Philadelphia. Pittsburgh has "The Boulevard of the Allies". Atlanta contains a roadway simply called "Boulevard (Atlanta), Boulevard. Kansas City, Missouri and St. Louis, Missouri are famous for having more boulevards and avenues in the world than any city (if the term is used lightly). In Charlotte, North Carolina, Independence Boulevard (Charlotte), Independence Boulevard connects Charlotte center city, Uptown to the southeastern section of the city, although the westernmost segment is actually a freeway. Nineteenth-century parkways, such as Brooklyn's Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn), Ocean Parkway, were often built in the form of boulevards but do not use the word in their name. Likewise, the northern section of Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in Manhattan, New York City is designed as a boulevard. A famous American example is Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas Valley, Las Vegas, Nevada.


Oceania


Australia

Melbourne has at least four roads named "the Boulevard". These are, generally, long roads with many curves which wind alongside the Yarra River (Yarra Scenic Drive) or Maribyrnong River. In addition, the spelling of boulevard with an extra 'e' is common, for example the Southlands Boulevarde shopping centre in southern Perth. Australia post officially abbreviates boulevard as "BVD". Several Melbourne thoroughfares not named as a boulevard do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and landscaping. These include St Kilda Road, Royal Parade, Melbourne, Royal Parade, Victoria Street, Melbourne, Victoria Parade, Flemington Road, and the outer section of Mount Alexander Road. Boulevards in Sydney include: *Norwest Boulevard in the The Hills Shire, Hills Shire, which runs through Norwest, New South Wales, Norwest and Bella Vista, New South Wales, Bella Vista, *The Boulevard in the City of Canterbury (New South Wales), City of Canterbury, which runs through Punchbowl, New South Wales, Punchbowl, Wiley Park and Lakemba, New South Wales, Lakemba *The Boulevard in the City of Fairfield, which runs through Canley Vale, Fairfield, New South Wales, Fairfield, Fairfield West, Fairfield Heights and Smithfield, New South Wales, Smithfield. *The Boulevarde in Inner West Council, which runs through Dulwich Hill, Lewisham, New South Wales, Lewisham and Petersham, New South Wales, Petersham. *The Boulevarde in the Sutherland Shire, which runs through Sutherland, New South Wales, Sutherland, Kirrawee, Gymea, New South Wales, Gymea, Miranda, New South Wales, Miranda and Caringbah. Additionally, single-suburb boulevards are situated in Brighton-Le-Sands, New South Wales, Brighton-le-Sands, Cammeray, Cheltenham, New South Wales, Cheltenham, Epping, New South Wales, Epping, Lidcombe, Lilyfield, Malabar, New South Wales, Malabar, Newport, New South Wales, Newport, Sans Souci, New South Wales, Sans Souci, Strathfield and Yagoona.


New Zealand

Construction began on the Orewa Boulevard in March 2009, the works are expected to be complete by February 2010. This boulevard will be approximately 400 m long with Pohutukawa and palm lined footpaths, a wide cycleway will be constructed on the beach side of the road and carparks on the business side. The Orewa Boulevard is a project commissioned by the Rodney District Council with the vision of connecting the Central business district, CBD to Orewa Beach. Central Christchurch is surrounded and connected by a series of large boulevards (usually called "avenues" in New Zealand). These include four which surround the central city, Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Deans Avenue, and Moorhouse Avenue, and also Riccarton Avenue, which traverses the large central city park, Hagley Park, Christchurch, Hagley Park. The centre of the city is often described locally as being "within the Four Avenues".For example: (1)
Reduced traffic capacity on key routes within the Four Avenues from next week
, ''Transport of Christchurch.'' 19 April 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013; (2) Wagner, Nicky
Within the Cordon - living inside the Four Avenues
, ''RebuildChristchurch''. Retrieved 27 April 2013.


South America


Argentina

Avenida 9 de Julio in the heart of Buenos Aires, which is the capital city of Argentina, is as wide as seven lanes in each direction, with four further lanes flanking the main boulevard in parallel roads on either side.


Colombia

In Bogotá, La Soledad Park Way Boulevard is a 1 kilometer important boulevard, in the Locality of Teusaquillo located in Bogotá's City Center and it crosses from the street 35 to street 45. In the boulevard you can see several monuments and restaurants including Crepes & Waffles, Kokoriko, Subway (restaurant), Subway, The Cheesecake Factory, and the historical hotel ''Hotel Park Way Boulevard''


Uruguay

In Montevideo, Artigas Boulevard is an important avenue ( wide) that encloses the central area.


References


Books

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External links

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Boulevards in Vietnam
{{Authority control Boulevards, Types of roads Types of streets