Bicosoecida (

ICZN The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the I ...

) or Bicosoecales/Bicoecea (

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...

) is an order of Bikosea, a small group of unicellular

flagellate A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The word ''flagellate'' also describes a particular construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thei ...

s, included among the

heterokont Heterokonts are a group of protists (formally referred to as Heterokonta, Heterokontae or Heterokontophyta). The group is a major line of eukaryotes. Most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which a ...

s. Informally known as bicosoecids, they are a small group of unicellular

s. The cells are free-living, with no

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it i ...

s, and in some genera are encased in a lorica. The name of the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal ...

'' Bicosoeca'' described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus ''oekein'', inhabit). The philologically preferable compound would be ''Bicoeca'', as "corrected" by

Stein Stein is a German, Yiddish and Norwegian word meaning "stone" and "pip" or "kernel". It stems from the same Germanic root as the English word stone. It may refer to: Places In Austria * Stein, a neighbourhood of Krems an der Donau, Lower Aust ...

in 1878 and followed by most subsequent authors. However, according to the

and

, the original spelling of the name cannot be considered incorrect and it must be used in its original form. The group was formerly considered to be related to the

Chrysophyceae The Chrysophyceae, usually called chrysophytes, chrysomonads, golden-brown algae or golden algae are a large group of algae, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species, '' Prymnesium parvum'', whic ...

. Some authors use the vernacular term "bicosoecid" (or "bicoecid") in a narrower sense, only for ''Bicosoeca'', applying "bicoeceans" to ''Bicosoeca'' and related groups like ''

Cafeteria A cafeteria, sometimes called a canteen outside the U.S., is a type of food service location in which there is little or no waiting staff table service, whether a restaurant or within an institution such as a large office building or sch ...

''. With the advent of using molecular phylogenies to resolve relationships of many

eukaryote Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacter ...

s the original circumscription of bicosoecids has been greatly expanded upon to include other orders and the rank has changed from an order to a class.

Classification

* Family Labromonadidae

Cavalier-Smith Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of evolutionary biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford. His research has led to disc ...

2006 ** Genus '' Labromonas'' Cavalier-Smith 2006 * Family

Bicosoecaceae Bicosoecaceae is a family of bicosoecids in the order Bicosoecida. The name of the type genus ''Bicosoeca'' described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus , inhabit). The philologically preferable compound woul ...

Ritter von Stein 1878 ** ?Genus ''

Platytheca ''Platytheca'' is a genus of small shrubs in the family Elaeocarpaceae from the south-west of Western Australia. The genus was formally described by Joachim Steetz, his description published in ''Plantae Preissianae ''Plantae preissianae ...

'' Stein 1878 nom. nud. ** Genus '' Bicosoeca'' Clark 1866 ** Genus '' Codonoeca'' Clark 1867 ** Genus '' Hedraeophysa'' Kent 1880

References

Bibliography

* Hibberd, D. J. (1986). Ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae. Colorless forms
p. 29-30
In: ''Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems''. Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen ds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

External links

* Heterokont orders SAR supergroup orders {{Heterokont-stub